Eco-Friendly Strategies for Managing Sucking and Borer Insect Pests in Chilli | InformativeBD

Md. Abdul Mannan, Md. Mosharraf Hossain, Md. Motaher Hossain, Muhammad Khorshed Alam, and Ashutus Singha, rom the different institute of the Bangladesh  . wrote a research article about, Eco-Friendly Strategies for Managing Sucking and Borer Insect Pests in Chilli. entitled, Development of eco-friendly management approach against sucking and borer insect pest complex in Chilli.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur during the period from September 2017 to March 2018 to find out the appropriate management approach for controlling major insect pests in chilli. Spraying of Spinosad (Success 2.5SC) and Abamectin (Toximite 1.8EC) along with blue & yellIow sticky traps was found effective for controlling sucking insect pest in chilli. Mass trapping of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera along with the spraying SNPV and HNPV @ 0.2g/l of water and Spinosad (Success 2.5SC) @ 1.2ml/l of water was found effective for controlling borer complex of chilli. A long-term pest population decrease is not achieved through only spraying chemical insecticides. In contrast, mass trapping with pheromone lures along with different bio-pesticides are eco-friendly, inexpensive, reliable and it facilitates the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) concept.

Read more: Forest Structure and Dominant Upper Canopy Flora of Mt. Katayagan, Agoo, La Union, Philippines | InformativeBD

Introduction

Chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) is an important income generating spices crop in Bangladesh. Among the different important spices crops, chilli is one of them and green chillies are important source of antioxidants which can protect our body from free radical damage and it gives us natural immunity to cancer. Green chilli slows down the ageing process providing huge amount of vitamin A and C. About two lakh thirty one thousand seventy seven acres of land is cultivated in Bangladesh every year both summer and winter and about one lakh two thousand two hundred fifty one tons dry chillies are produced (BBS, 2014). Among the major chilli growing areas in Bangladesh, Jamalpur is one of them. Only the farmers of Madargonj Upazilla cultivate local “Baliguri” variety in 3000-3500 ha area of land among seven Upazillas of Jamalpur district. Recently a lot of problems are faced by the farmers to cultivate chilli. Different insect pests contribute to lower productivity of chilli. Upward and downward leaf curling due to infestation of different sucking insect pests caused 60-80% economic yield loss qualitatively (Ghosh et al., 2009). Major constraints for chilli production are various sucking insect pests like mite, thrips, jassid, aphids and some borer complex (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera) (Kambrekar, 2013). Now Spodoptera litura is a burning issue and extremely serious pest in chilli. Females lay 1000-2000 eggs in egg masses of 100- 300 underneath leaves between 2 and 5 days after emergence. Farmers spray different insecticides frequently for controlling this pest without any preharvest interval and it causes pest resistance, resurgence and environmental health hazard.

Resistance to some selected newer insecticides along with organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroids groups in Spodoptera litura caused sporadic out breaks and drastically failure of the crop (Ahmad, 2004., Saleem, 2008., Ahmad et al., 2008., Hong et al., 2013 and Shad et al., 2012). It is becoming a threat to the chilli, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, aroids, jute etc. Insect pests of chilli can be managed effectively, economically and eco-friendly through the integration of different IPM components. Very few research works have been done to solve these problem although chilli production is hampered due to insect infestation.

Under these circumstances, in order to promote the supply of safe chilli for both domestic and export market, IPM technology needs to be developed. Major emphasis is urgently needed to find out the appropriate management approaches through biocontrol agents, bio-pesticides, other mechanical and cultural practices to ensure safe food security and socio economic development of char land people through IPM approach for chilli production

Reference

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Annonymous. 2014. Annual Research Report. 2014-2015. Entomology Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur p.199.

Annonymous. 2015. Annual Research Report. 2015-2016. Entomology Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur p. 170.

BBS. 2014. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh p.130.

El-Sayed AM, Suckling DM, Wearing CH, Byers JA. 2009. Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. Journal of Economic Entomology 99, 1550-1564.

Ghosh A, Chatterjeeml, Chakrabati K, Samanta A. 2009. Field evaluation of insecticides against chilli thrips. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci 17, 69-71.

Hong T, Qi S, Xiaomao Z, Lianyang B. 2013. Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. J. Pest Sci. 86(3), 599-609.

Hossain MM, Khalequzzaman KM, Mondal MTR, Alam J, Islam MS. 2016. Development of Management Approach against Thrips-Mite Complex of Chilli. International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences 3(1), 18-24.

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Kambrekar DN. 2013. Management of chilli thrips and mites. SCI-TECH. December 12. 2013.

Matthew AC. 2006. Developing and evaluating traps for monitoring Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Florida Entomologist 89(1), 1653-1670.

Saleem MA, Ahmad M, Aslam M, Sayyed AH. 2008. Resistance to selected organochlorin, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid, in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan. J Econ Entomol 101, 1667-1675

Shad SA, Sayyed AH, Fazal S, Saleem MA, Zaka SM, Ali M. 2012. Field evolved resistance to carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and new chemistry insecticides in Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Pest Sci. 85, 153-162

Sridhar V, Naik SO. 2015. Efficacy of colour sticky traps for monitoring chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on rose. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 21(1), 101-103.

Sunitha ND, Narasamma. 2018. Eco-friendly management of thrips in capsicum under protected condition. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 6(1), 617-621.

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Source : Development of eco-friendly management approach against sucking and borer insect pest complex in Chilli

al publisher.

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Forest Structure and Dominant Upper Canopy Flora of Mt. Katayagan, Agoo, La Union, Philippines | InformativeBD

Ivan G. Ticguey,  and Glennadi R. Rualo, from the different institute of the Philippines . wrote a research article about, Forest Structure and Dominant Upper Canopy Flora of Mt. Katayagan, Agoo, La Union, Philippines. entitled, Forest structure and most dominant upper canopy flora species of Mt. Katayagan, Agoo, La Union, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES).an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Mount Katayagan, the tallest peak in the Agoo Mountain Range of the Province of La Union, Philippines, is a crucial yet understudied natural resource. This research addresses the biodiversity gap in non-protected areas like Mt. Katayagan, emphasizing its role as a watershed, supplying water for irrigation and households, and providing essential commodities such as fruits and timbers. Despite its ecological and economic significance, there is a lack of research on Mt. Katayagan’s biodiversity. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive flora assessment, identifying land cover types, forest formation stand maturity and dominant upper canopy species. Using the “Terrestrial Ecosystem Biodiversity and Assessment Monitoring Manual,” the research reveals Mt. Katayagan’s predominantly closed forest with characteristics of a secondary-growth tropical moist deciduous forest. Pterocarpus indicus (narra) emerges as the dominant upper canopy species with an Importance Value of 20.85 percent. This research provides essential baseline data for environmental protection laws and emphasizes the urgent need for collaborative conservation efforts involving local communities, government bodies, and research institutions to safeguard Mt. Katayagan’s unique biodiversity.

Read more : Anatomical Variation and Molecular Characterization of Catharanthus roseus Using RAPD Analysis | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Biodiversity, the term for the variety of life forms and ecosystems on Earth, is crucial to the continuation of life and provides necessary ecosystem services (National Geographic Society, 2021). Since biodiversity is so important, there has been a global push to manage, conserve, and understand it. According to Diaz et al. (2019), a healthy, stable and resilient ecosystem is one that has a high level of biodiversity. At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the Convention on Biological Diversity emphasized the value of biodiversity and urged countries to give biodiversity management a priority (Tsiounami et al., 2020). The economic, ecological, recreational, cultural, and scientific dimensions of biodiversity’s importance all highlight how important it is to both environmental sustainability and human well-being (Australia State of the Environment, 2018). The need to thoroughly evaluate and manage biodiversity is increasing as human activities continue to have an impact on it. Unfortunately, a lot of locations that are being considered for development lack sufficient knowledge regarding biodiversity, which might have permanent consequences like habitat destruction and overexploitation (Paller, 2021).

This study focuses on two related topics in the nonprotected region of Mount Katayagan, Agoo, La Union, Philippines, in response to the need for thorough biodiversity surveys. First, over a 2 km transect line at Mount Katayagan, it seeks to identify the land cover types, forest formation, and stand maturity. Second, using the species with the highest Importance Value (IV), it seeks to determine which species is the most dominating in the upper canopy. This study fills in the gaps in laws like the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 and the Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment System (PEIAS), which frequently encounter difficulties because of insufficient data on biodiversity (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2021; Republic Act 9147). This study is significant because it adds to the larger context of biodiversity protection by concentrating on the highest peak in the Agoo Mountain Range, Mount Katayagan. With a surface area of 41.03 hectares and an elevation of 250 meters above sea level, Mount Katayagan is significant both environmentally and commercially. Even though the mountain is significant, there aren't many thorough studies on its biodiversity, which makes it a perfect topic for investigation. Unprotected landscapes such as Mount Katayagan are susceptible to multiple dangers, highlighting the necessity of preservation in order to counteract the loss of biodiversity and tackle global problems (Kohler et al., 2009).

It is significant that vulnerable locations like Mount Katayagan receive little research attention because most studies that quantify biodiversity focus on protected regions. Since 2015, Mount Katayagan has drawn a lot of tourists from La Union because of its vital roles for the local community as well as its picturesque vistas. As a watershed, Mount Katayagan is essential to the towns of Agoo, Tubao, and Sto. Tomas' water supply for domestic use and irrigation. Communities that depend on agriculture benefit from the sloping topography's natural rainwater storage. In addition to its hydrological importance, the mountain provides free water to the locals and is an important supplier of goods like lumber and fruits (Eisma et al., 2015). As a result, by supporting conservation efforts and complying with existing regulatory frameworks, this study lays the groundwork for any future developments. By carefully examining land cover, forest formation, stand maturity, and upper canopy species, this study provides important information that is necessary for managing biodiversity and promoting sustainable development. The study follows the guidelines provided in the 2017 "Terrestrial Ecosystem Biodiversity and Assessment Monitoring Manual" published by the Biodiversity Management Bureau, with modifications made to meet the unique needs of Mount Katayagan in Agoo, La Union.

Reference

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Biodiversity Management Bureau. 2017. Terrestrial Ecosystem Biodiversity and Assessment Monitoring Manual, 1–136. http://www.philchm.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/BMS-Manual-1.pdf

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Convention on Biological Diversity. 2021. International Institute for Environment and Development. https://www.iied.org/convention-biological-diversity?gclid=CjwKCAjw9aiIBhA1EiwAJ_GTSuDf9bUL9S2EJQvoWQXttVRqZ5igfYXfQ6R5bcuwT1zREJp_BJRnixoCi4IQAvD_BwE

Diaz S, Settele J, Brondizio S, Ngo HT, Gueze M, Agard J, Arneth A, Balvanera P, Brauman KA, Butchart SHM, Chan KMA, Garibaldi LA, Ichii K, Liu J, Subramanian M, Midgley GF, Miloslavich P, Molnar Z, Obura D, Zayas CN. 2019. The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Summary for Policymakers (ISBN No: 978–3-947851-13-3). Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).

Eisma RM, Asprin JR, Macusi C, Medina J, Padilla ZJ. 2014. Appraisal of Mt. Katayagan as A Watershed Resource in Agoo, La Union. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University – South La Union Campus.

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Kohler T, Maselli D. 2012. Mountains and Climate Change (ISBN: 978–3-905835-16-8). Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Institute of Geography. http://www.fao.org/3/i2869e/i2869e00.pdf

Lacson R. 2017. The leeward side of the mountain: Exploring the coastal hills of Agoo, La Union. Tourism and Adventure Magazine 8(2), 36-40.

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Source : Forest structure and most dominant upper canopy flora species of Mt. Katayagan, Agoo, La Union, Philippines

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Anatomical Variation and Molecular Characterization of Catharanthus roseus Using RAPD Analysis | InformativeBD

S.N. Sima, and Tanzin Afsana,  from the different institute of the Bangladesh . wrote a research article about, Anatomical Variation and Molecular Characterization of Catharanthus roseus Using RAPD Analysis. entitled, Anatomical variation and molecular characterization of Catharanthus roseus through RAPD analysis.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Catharanthus roseus is one of the most interesting groups of ornamental plants in the world with high medicinal value and member of the family Apocynaceae. The goal of this study was to investigate the anatomical and molecular characterization of five types (White yellow, White red, Pink yellow, Pink red, and Red yellow) of C. roseus plant. The anatomical study was made by cutting transverse sections of the materials and stained with double stained techniques and observed data with the help of high-powered compound microscope. Molecular analysis was done by using RAPD molecular markers with four primers. Anatomical analysis indicated that the epidermis was recorded as a single layer. Bi-collateral vascular bundle was present and frequently arranged in radial symmetry in the stem. The results of RAPD markers revealed a total of sixty-nine (69) amplified bands, forty-six (46) of them were monomorphic and twenty-three (23) of them were polymorphic from using four primers. The result of dendrogram separated the five types of C. roseus into two major clusters (C1 and C2). Cluster C1 is represented by a single type Red yellow indicating that it is distinct from other four types, and Cluster C2 is represented by the other four types of C. roseus. The dendrogram and linkage distance revealed that the highest similarity was 70% between S1 (White yellow types) and S2 (White red types). However, the lowest similarity was 41.7% between S3 (Pink yellow types) and S5 (Red yellow types). This study could provide a key platform for further crop improvement at molecular level for genetic variability and cross breeding.

Read more : Proximate Composition of Native Catfish (Mystus cavasius) Fed Protein-Rich Poultry Offal Feed in Captivity | InformativeBD

Introduction

Catharanthus roseus (L.) is a perennial tropical plant. C. roseus also referred to as Nayantara” or“Sadabahar”. It is also referred to as vinca, bright eyes, old-maid, periwinkle, pink periwinkle, rose periwinkle, and madagascar periwinkle. The word Catharanthus derives from the Greek language meaning "pure flower." While, roseus means red, roseor rosy. Although C. roseus is native to Madagascar, it has been grown as an ornamental plant for centuries in the tropics and occasionally in the subtropics. As are sult, it has naturalized in many places. Madagascar, an island in the Indian Ocean, is home to C. roseus. C. roseus is simultaneously an ornamental and amedicinal plant species. It is a member of the Apocynaceae family, which has 411 genera and 4650species, many of which have ornamental and therapeutic uses (Simpson, 2006).

It is one of the most interesting groups of or namental plants in the world, considerable variation of different colored flowers can be observed including purple, red, pink, or white corolla (Plaizier, 1981). According to Kumar et al., (2013) and Nejat et al., (2015), there are five variations of flower’s color, namely white-yellow, white-red, pink-red, pink-white, and red white.

C. roseus is an important medicinal plant. It has been used in folkloric remedies for the treatment of many different disease including diabetes (Ahmed et al.,2010) malaria (Gathirwa et al., 2007) insect bites diarrhea (Sukumar and Osmani, 1981), skin, eye and throat inflammations, indigestion, toothache, fever and lung congestion (Nejat et al., 2015) menstrual disorder (Kumar et al., 2013 ) enhances kidney and liver functions (Adekomi, 2010) vinblastine alkaloidsare used in the treatment of various types of lymphoma and leukemia (Lucas et al., 2010).Antimicrobial, antitumor, Anti-proliferative activityof extracts from the plant has been proved (Patil andGhosh, 2010; Vega-´ Avila, 2012).

It contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and several anticancer alkaloids namely vinblastine (VLB),vincristine (VCR) and leurosin (Jaleel et al., 2008;Pandiangan, 2012; Nejat et al., 2015). The leaves ofthis plant are used as alkaloid-producing the rapeutic plant components (Renault et al., widely 1999).Several studies revealed that the leaves of this medicinal plant can treat various diseases.

The leaves are infused and used to treat me norrhagia.To treat wasp stings, the leaf juice is externally applied. Alkaloids are abundant throughout the entire plant, with the root bark containing the highest concentrations, especially during flowering. All partsof the plant are also said to have hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties. This plant has long been use das a remedy for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, malaria, constipation, and diuretics.

The assessment of the genetic diversity of Catharanthus species and cultivars was accomplished by secondary metabolites, according to the literature. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and other techniques. (Kalpana et al., 2004; Arif et al., 2010;Leal et al., 2010; Chaudhary et al., 2012; El Domyatiet al., 2012). They provide quick results by revealing genetic variations without regard to stage, physiological factors, or surroundings. It isanticipated that biochemical genetic markers wouldbe crucial in characterizing the genotypes of therapeutic plants (Tharachand et al., 2012). RAPD iswidely used to study the genetic diversity of many plants (Shaw et al., 2009; El- Domyati et al., 2012; Lalet al., 2011), as this method is straightforward, quick, and affordable in comparison to other kinds of DNA based approaches. Kim et al., (2007) Shaw et al.,(2009) Vardhan et al., (2012) and Prasad (2014)discovered low- moderate to high genetic variation among Catharanthus species and cultivars.

The aim of this study to investigate the internodes, leaf midrib, and petiole of Catharanthus roseus to determine their gross anatomical characteristics and anatomical quantitative and qualitative traits as well as to ascertain the genetic diversity and relationships between the various types of C. roseus.123 Sima and AfsanaInt. J. Biosci. 

Reference

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El-Domyati FM, Ramadan AM, Gadalla NO, Edris S, Shokry AM, Hassan SM, Hassanien SE, Baeshen MN, Hajrah NH, Al-Kordy MA, Abuzinadah OA, AlHajar ASM, Akoh CC, Bahieldin A. 2012. Identification of molecular markers for flower characteristics in Catharanthus roseus producing anticancer compounds. Life Science Journal 9, 5949-5960.

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Vega-Avila E, Cano-Velasco JL, Alarcón FJ, Aguilar MDC, Fajardo Ortíz, Almanza Pérez JC, Román-Ramos R. 2012. Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extracts from Catharanthus roseus, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1- 7.

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Wahua C, Okoli BE, Sam SM. 2013. Comparative Morphological, Anatomical, Cytological, and Phytochemical Studies on Capsicum frutescens Linn. and Capsicum annum Linn. (SOLANACEAE); International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 4.

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Zietkiewicz ER, Labuda D. 1994. Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR) anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20, 176-183.

Source : Anatomical variation and molecular characterization of Catharanthus roseus through RAPD analysis

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Proximate Composition of Native Catfish (Mystus cavasius) Fed Protein-Rich Poultry Offal Feed in Captivity | InformativeBD

Nahid Sultana, Abul Kashem, and Rajia Sultana, from the different institute of the Bangladesh . wrote a research article about,  Proximate Composition of Native Catfish (Mystus cavasius) Fed Protein-Rich Poultry Offal Feed in Captivity. entitled, Determination of proximate composition of native catfish (Mystus cavasius) fed with poultry offal’s protein rich formulated feed in captive condition.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry offal feed on the body composition of Gulsha fish (Mystus cavasius) using four treatments and three replications for 60 days. Using AOAC method, dry matter (DM), moisture, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), and total ash were measured during experimental trial in a laboratory setting to assess the changes of proximate composition of Gulsha fish fed on four different poultry offal formulated feeds viz., Diet-1 (30% FM+0% POM); Diet-2 (20% FM+10 POM); Diet-3 (10% FM+20 POM), and Diet-4 (0% FM+30% POM). In dry matter basis, mean value of dry matter, moisture, crude protein, total ash and crude fat of fingerlings Gulsha were found to be 24.7%,75.3%, 63.27%, 10.6%, and 10.56%, respectively. After culturing with different formulated diets, the mean value of dry matter, moisture, crude protein, total ash and crude fat were found to be diet1 (23.53%, 76.47%, 67.22%, 10.58%, 12.09%), diet2 (22.63%, 77.37%, 71.17%, 10.16%, 12.38), diet3 (22.97%, 77.03%, 68.17%, 10.1%, 11.30%), and diet4 (23.02%, 76.97%, 65.32%, 10.24%,11.18&), respectively. The study found significant variation in proximate composition between fingerling Gulsha and cultured with formulated diets. Diet-2 had the highest protein content (71.17%), moisture content (77.37%), and fat content (higher in diet-2 compared to fingerling). The result suggests that feeding Gulsha with protein-rich poultry offal formulated fish feed as an alternative to fishmeal.

Read more : Common Fungi Found on Spoiled Fruits in Local Markets | InformativeBD

Introduction

Bangladesh has South Asia's largest flooded wetland and diverse aquatic biodiversity. Fisheries region benefits from open water resources, diverse aquatic life, but faces wetland depletion (Shamsuzzaman,2017). Bangladesh's fisheries sector is diverse, with265 species in freshwater and 475 species in marine water. Annual production is 30,616 MT and fish contributes 60% to the nation's animal protein intake(DoF, 2010). Fisheries play a crucial role in nutrition, economic development, and foreign exchange earnings, accounting for 7% employment, 3.74% GDP,and 22.23% agricultural value addition (DoF, 2022).The sector has also occupied 1.28 million fisherman and 4.23 million fish farmers (DoF, 2022).

Gulsha, (Mystus cavasius), a popular fresh water catfish in Bangladesh, is a slurid species with a rich nutrient value (Hossain et al., 2015) despite habitat destruction and human activities. Feed plays a vital for aquaculture growth and production. Fish feed ensures food safety and efficient growth for various fish species (Thorarinsdottir et al., 2011).Economically productive aquaculture systems requirel ow-cost, high nutrition feeds (Akiyama et al. 1988).Poultry offal meal (POM) is a low-cost alternative animal protein source with 57-65.5% crude protein(Redoy et al., 2021). Aquaculture feeds primarily use fishmeal for protein but limited supply makes its paringly needed (Bureau et al. 1999). Alternative fish diets should include essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals for growth, health, and financial success (Thompson et al. 2012). Poultry offal is an economical substitute for fishmeal, providing essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and a high protein level. It is also relatively free of cost, making it a great alternative to fishmeal in aquadiets (Alofa & Abou, 2010; Giri et al., 2010). Around half of its 126 million citizens live in deprivation, and half of children below six show chronic malnutrition(BBS, 2004). Nutritionists and food scientists believe that better health can be ensured through increased fish production, as fish muscle contains all necessary nutrient components for human body maintenance(Borgstrom, 1962). Fish protein is highly digestible and contains all essential amino acids, making it a suitable choice for human consumption (Nowshad,2007). Proximate composition is the estimation of moisture, protein, fat, and ash components in fresh fish, accounting for 96-98% of total tissue constituents (Nowshad, 2007).

This assessment is crucial for nutritive value, processing, and preservation (Me, S.,1962). Prote in, fat, and water content are important for consumers, scientists, and manufacturers, as they determine energy content (Mridha et al., 2005; Murray et al.,1992). Fish composition and size vary depending on life history demands. The study was examined to determine the factors affecting on energy content in commercial and hand-made fish meals. 

Reference

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Alofa CS, Abou Y. 2020. “A Mixture of Chicken Viscera, Housefly Larvae and Spirulina Waste as Replacement of Fishmeal in Nile Tilapia  (Oreochromis niloticus) Diets”. Aquaculture Studies 21(1), 11-21.

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AOAC. 1995. “Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International, 16th ed., Association of official analytical chemists”. Washington DC 1285.

Ara H. 2006. “Proximate and mineral composition of four tengra (mystus sp.) fishes of Bangladesh”. Khulna University Studies 51-54.

BBS. 2004. “Child Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh 2003. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF”.

Borgstrom G, Geiger E. 1962 “Fish protein nutritive aspects. Fish as Food”. G. Academic Press 3, 29.

Borgstrom G. 1961. “New methods of appraising the role of fisheries in world nutrition”. Fishing News Int 1, 33-37.

Bureau.  1999. “Apparent digestibility of rendered animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)”. Aquaculture 180(3), 345-358.

Catacutan MR, Coloso RM. 1995. “Effect of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer”. Aquaculture 131(1), 125-133.

Chakwa O, Shaba LM. 2009. “Effect of drying method on proximate composition of cat fish (Clarialgarie pinus)”. Journal of World Agricultural Science 5(1), 114-116.

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Giri SS. 2010. “Replacement of by-catch fishmeal with dried chicken viscera meal in extruded feeds: effect on growth, nutrient utilisation and carcass composition of catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) Fingerlings”. Aquaculture International 18, 539-544.

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Hossain MA. 1998. “Nutritional value of some small indigenous fish species (SIS) of Bangladesh”. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Research 3(1), 77-85.

Hossain MN. 2015. “Evaluation of nutritional properties of some small indigenous fish’s species in Bangladesh”. International Journal of Biosciences 6(6), 102-109.

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Rahman SM. 1982. “Proximate composition and status of some small indigenous fish species in Bangladesh”. Khulna University Studies 4(1), 683-688.

Redoy MRA. 2021. “Dose titration of plantain herb (Plantago lanceolata L.) supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidants status, liver enzymatic activity and meat quality in broiler chickens”. Italian Journal of Animal Science 20(1), 1244-1255.

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Source : Determination of proximate composition of native catfish (Mystus cavasius) fed with poultry offal’s protein rich formulated feed in captive condition

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Common Fungi Found on Spoiled Fruits in Local Markets | InformativeBD

Idrees Ahmed Qureshi, Sham Lal, Sapna, Pardeep Kumar, Javed Ahmed Ujjan,Om Parkash, and Nisar Ahmed Kanhar, from the different institute of the Pakistan. wrote a research article about, Common Fungi Found on Spoiled Fruits in Local Markets. entitled, Fungi associated with spoiled fruits vended in local market. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Fruits spoilage causes threat to human health and responsible for great economic loss worldwide. This study was conducted to isolate and identify fungi responsible for spoilage of fruit commonly sold in Panj Gula market, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 60 spoiled fruits, 10 samples from each different fruit includingstrawberry (Fragariaananassa), orange (Citrus sinensis), papaya (Carica papaya), melon (Cucumis melo), apple (Malus domestica) and guava (Psidium guajava) were collected aseptically in sterile polyethene bag and delivered to microbiology laboratory at refrigerated temperature. Fungi were isolated and identifiedby using culturing and microscopic methods. Seventy seven fungal isolates belonging to five different genera, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp., and Yeastwere isolated from spoiled fruits. Aspergillus spp. had the highest occurrence in all the fruits tested with a frequency of 40.26% followed by Penicillium spp. (24.67%), Alternaria spp. (20.78%), Rhizopus spp. (9.1%), and Yeast (5.19%). The results of this study suggest that fruits are spoiled with variety of fungi which causes great economic loss of country. In addition, isolation of pathogenic fungi in this study highlights the risk to human and animal health associated with spoiled fruits. Therefore improved preservation methods are required to prolong the shelf life of fruits and minimize the health hazard.

 Read more : Phytodiversity and Ecological Evaluation of Vascular Plants in Mir Ali, North Waziristan | InformativeBD

Introduction

Fruits have got an important role commercially as well as nutritionally. For balanced diet and keeping good health, fruits intake is necessary since they are source of vitamins and essential minerals. Although fruits are easily available worldwide, the limiting factor that affects their economic value is short shelflife due to bacterial and fungal attack. 

Due to containing high amount of sugar, low pH, and ideal water activity fruits are prone to bacterial and fungal spoilage (Droby, 2006; Singh and Sharma, 2007). On fruits, fungi overgrow bacteria, since they prefer to grow at low pH. Some fungi can start spoilage of fruits from the fields, while others can only contaminate and proliferate after harvesting when the plant natural defense system is reduced (Tournas and Katsoudas, 2005). It has been reported previously that about 20% of the harvested fruits is spoiled even in developed countries (Droby, 2006; Zhu, 2006). In developing countries, post-harvest losses of fruit is more severe due to less storage facilities.

Globally various researchers have reported postharvest fungalspoilage. For example, Akhter et al., (2009) isolated Colletotrichum species from strawberry; Sharma et al., (2013) isolated 11 fungal species from local fruits; El-Gali, (2016) isolated 12 fungal species of 8 genera from various fruits; Mailafiaet al., (2017) isolated 7 fungal isolates from variety of fruits; Biyik (2018)isolated 11 different fungal species from strawberries.

Fungal spoilage is responsible for organoleptic changes including change in texture and flavors of fruit. In addition, some moldshave been reported to produce hazardous metabolic products such as patulin, byssotoxin A, malformins, naphthopyrones and related mycotoxins (Frisvad and Samson, 1991; Pitt and Hocking, 1997; Beuchat and Pitt, 2001; Tournas and Stack, 2001), which poses threat to human and animal health. The use of synthetic fungicides mayreduce the fungal spoilage, however, use of same fungicides for long time could lead to resistance among fungiagainst fungicides (Spotts and Cervantes, 1986). Moreover, high residue of pesticides in fruits limits the use of pesticides.

There is limited published data on fungi which cause the post-harvest diseases in local fruits. Therefore, present study was conducted to study fungal pathogens responsible for post harvesting spoilage of some fruits available locally. 

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Akhter MS, Alam S, Islam MS, Lee MW. 2009. Identification of the fungal pathogen that causes strawberry anthracnose in Bangladesh and evaluation of in vitro fungicide activity. Microbiology 37(2), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.2.077

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Source : Fungi associated with spoiled fruits vended in local market

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