Morphological & Genetic Adaptation in Amaranthus spinosus | InformativeBD

Arik Arubil Fatinah, from the institute of Indonesia. Estri Laras Arumingtyas, from the institute of Indonesia and Retno Mastuti, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Morphological & Genetic Adaptation in Amaranthus spinosus. Entitled, Morphological and genetic variation of Amaranthus spinosus L.: an adaptation evidence of climate differences and gene interaction. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) natively live in America, Africa, Australia, Europe and Asia. This plant can be used as medicinal plant and also as food or feed. A. spinosus has phenotypic variation, especially in leave and stem type. It is because of plant adaptation. Plant adaptations impact to variation on morphological and genetic. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is a common molecular marker that used in the genetic variability analyses. Phenotypic variation was analyzed using morphological and molecular data. The trnL intron, matK and rbcL genes were amplified and sequenced. The sequence data analyses using MEGA5, Bioedit and DNAsp software’s. The molecular data shown that A. spinosus from tropical zone was higher genetic variability then temperate zone. Plant in the tropical zone easy to be colonized and there isn’t gene flow barrier. So that, A. spinosus that adapt to different habitat have different morphological character and have higher genetic variability. 

Read more : Listeria Detection in Crayfish: PCR-Based Study in Iran | InformativeBD

Introduction

Amaranthus is a core genus of Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), and consists of 70 species and natively life in America, Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe (Frassen et al, 2001). Amaranthus spinosus is one of seven spesies Amaranthus that natively life in Indonesia, especially in Java Island (Backer 1986). Member of these genera widely used as traditional medicinal plant, especially as antiviral, antimalarial, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antihelminthic and snake antidote (Kusumaningtyas et al, 2006; Vardhana, 2011; Kumar et al, 2010). Amaranth genera also can be used for food, feed, and as an ornamental plant (Backer, 1986; Prosea, 2012).

Amaranthus spinosus has different morphological characteristic. The morpho-logical characteristics were affected by plant adaptation and genetic variation among them (Schlichting and Pigliucci, 1998; Fatinah et al, 2012). Amaranthus spinosus can be adapted in the different ecogeographic and wide range of edaphic factor (environmental heterogeneity) (Costea et al, 2004). Amaranth genus has capability tointerbreed among species in the same genus. The interbreeding also causes different morphological charac-teristic of A. spinosus (Murray, 1940; Popa et al, 2010).

Chloroplast DNA is a molecular marker that widely used for taxon identification (Clegg and Zurawski, 1991). The cpDNA has an independent genome that encoded several proteins, which are protein related photosynthetic and housekeeping genes. The cpDNA encode 30-50 tRNA genes and 100 other protein. The gene that encode protein divided into several kinds, they are gene as splicing factors (rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2, rpsl6 and matK) and protein related photosynthetic (rbcL, afpB, psaA and petB) (Baumgartner et al, 1993; Sugiura, 1995; De Las Rivas et al, 2002).

Genetic variation in A. spinosus was analyzed based on PCR-sequencing cpDNA, especially analyze gene that encode tRNA (trnL intron), splicing factor protein (matK) and protein related photosynthetic (rbcL). The trnL intron is a non-coding regions, this region has higher insertion and deletions (indels) which reflect the plant evolutionary (Roy and Penny, 2007). The matK gene encodes maturase protein as a splicing factor and include in intron group II. The matK gene has high nucleotide substitution rate, insertion and deletion. Mutation in matK gene reflects plesiomorphic characteristics and adaptive to environmental changing (Vogel et al, 1999; Hao et al, 2010). The rbcL gene encodes ribulose-1.5- biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (Ellis, 1979). The rbcL gene has 1428 bp in length and has conserve primer. The rbcL sequence can be used for cogeneric analysis (Kress et al, 2005). The rbcL gene is a core locus in chloroplast genome (plastome) multigenes (Newmaster et al, 2006). The rbcL gene is an adaptive gene to environment heterogeneity and widely used for plant evolutionary and plant adaptation mechanism (Golmez et al, 2005; Sen, 2011).

The previous study using trnL intron indicate that A. spinosus has high genetic variability. The genetic variability differs among molecular marker that used. So in this paper we used the third molecular marker to analyze A. spinosus genetic variation to know the relationship among phenotypic variation, genetic variation and plant adaptation in the tropical and temperate zone.

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Article source : Morphological and genetic variation of Amaranthus spinosus L.: an adaptation evidence of climate differences and gene interaction 

 

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Listeria Detection in Crayfish: PCR-Based Study in Iran | InformativeBD

Faham Khamesipour, Amin Khodadoustan Shahraki, Manouchehr Moumeni,  Reza Khadivi Boroujeni, and Mehrdad Yadegari, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Listeria Detection in Crayfish: PCR-Based Study in Iran. entitled, Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) by polymerase chain reaction in Iran. This research paper published by the  International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The Crayfish are the largest freshwater crustacean via high skill opposite wide range of environment variables and The freshwater Crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (A. leptodactylus) is the one of the important species of Crayfish family that rearing it significant in several nations . Iran has a significant role in export of A. leptodactylus to European nations. A number of species have been used aquaria and some use seafood consumer. Listeriosis have become an important topic in biomedical research because of its central role in food microbiology and medical microbiology. In Iran, some reports is available on prevalence of Listeria spp. in A. leptodactylus. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in A. leptodactylus meat samples in Iran. From November 2012 to February 2013, a total of 40 meat samples of A. leptodactylus samples were obtained from randomly selected localities in “Aras Dam” , Western-Azerbaijan Province , Iran. The samples were tested for the presence of L. monocytogenes using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Three samples (7.5%) were positive for L. monocytogenes by PCR method. The results show that crayfish from the studied area regularly contain this pathogen that is important to public health. Consumption of these sea foods, either raw or undercooked, may give to food borne illness in Iran.

Read more : Drinking Water Quality & Disease Risks in Rural Azad Kashmir | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The Crayfish are the largest freshwater crustacean via high skill opposite wide range of environment variables and The freshwater Crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (A. leptodactylus) is the one of the important species of Crayfish family that rearing it significant in several nations (McMahon, 1986; Holdich et al., 1997).Iran has a significant role in export of A. leptodactylus to European nations. At the moment, England, Germany, Sweden and France are the main importers of crayfish from Iran (Matinfar, 2007). A number of species have been used for aquaculture aim and more in recent times, there has been an increase in the sale of crayfish for aquaria and some use seafood consumer in the world (Alderman and Polglase, 1988).

Listeriosis is a significant bacterial infection make happen via a gram positive facultative anaerobe, rodshaped, non-spore-forming and intracellular bacteria (Gawade et al., 2010). The bacteria Listeria spp. have become an important topic in biomedical research because of their central role in food and medical microbiology. The genus Listeria is composed of six species: L. monocytogens, L. innocua, L. grayi, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, and L. welshimeri. L. monocytogenes is the most important human pathogen among Listeria spp , even though very rare cases of infection because of L. seeligeri and L. ivanovii have been described (Mclauchlin, 1997; Guillet et al., 2010). The existence of any Listeria species in food is possibly an indicator of poor hygiene. However, since L. monocytogenes is the major human pathogen, there is widespread agreement that the goal should be to exclude this organism from the food chain wherever possible, and to keep up conditions that will inhibit its multiplication in foods in which This organism is an acute and regularly fatal illness by clinical manifestations resembling sepsis or meningitis in immunocompromised patients and neonatal babies and flu-like illness or abortion during pregnancy in women, encephalitis, gastroenteritis,  this bacterium can grow (Wyller et al., 1999; Rocurt et al., 2000).

arthritis and conjunctivitis (Vázquez-Boland et al., 2001; Delgado, 2008). In ruminants, listeriosis is characterized as encephalitis presentation typical ’circling’ symptoms, conjunctivitis, stillbirth, third trimester abortion, etc. (Hoelzer et al., 2012). The case-fatality rate from listeriosis is usually about 20– 30% (Farber and Peterkin, 1991). Its public health importance lies in its presence everywhere in nature that shows clearly its wide host range, which includes 40 mammals, 20 birds, crustaceans, fishes and ticks (Gawade et al., 2010). This pathogen is generally distributed in nature and is commonly transmitted to human through contaminated water and food (Kuhn et al., 1988). Biofilm formation on food-contact surfaces via this pathogen is a sign of severe public health hazards (Zameer et al., 2010). L. monocytogenes is one of very few pathogenic organisms which can grow at frozen temperatures. Consequently, the storage of food at low temperatures don't growth of this pathogen (Junttila et al., 1988). Most important occurrences of listeriosis have been associated by the consumption of foods of animal origin (Iida et al., 1998; Rocourt et al., 2000), specially sea foods, for example shrimp, mussels and undercooked fish (Brett et al., 1998; Wan Norhana et al., 2010).

Since fish and fishery products are perhaps a vehicle for L. monocytogenes, it is significant to have data on the prevalence of this pathogen. L. monocytogenes has been isolated often from fish and fish products from different parts of the world (Hassan et al., 2001; Mena et al., 2004; Basti et al., 2006; Parihar et al., 2008; Wan Norhana et al., 2010). Therefore, regular screening and constant surveillance of food products including seafood for the presence of this pathogen are required. PCR is a technique which possesses sensitivity, rapidity and specificity and could be employed to help rapid diagnosis of L. monocytogenes contamination (Rahimi et al., 2012). Therefore, it is considered that DNA extraction and PCR could become a practical difference to the conventional techniques for detection of L. monocytogenes (Rahimi et al., 2012 ). The current study deals by the isolation and confirmation of L.

monocytogenes from sea foods by rapid, reliable and simple PCR method. In Iran, there are not many reports is available on prevalence of Listeria spp. among crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus), but is available on prevalence of Listeria spp. in several works on other foods, specially sea foods. The aim of the current study was to study prevalence of L. monocytogenes in A. leptodactylus using PCR, in Iran.

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Modaresi R, Mardani K, Tukmechi A, Ownagh A. 2011. Prevalence of Listeria spp. in fish obtained from Urmia fish markets. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5(30), 5398-5401.

Moharem AS, Charith Raj AP, Janardhana GR. 2007. Incidence of Listeria species in seafood products of Mysore, India. Journal of Food Safety 27, 362 – 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2007.00085.x

Nakamura H, Hatanaka M, Ochi K, Nagao M, Ogasawara J, Hase A, Kitase T, Haruki K, Nishikawa Y. 2004. Listeria monocytogenes isolated from cold-smoked fish products in Osaka City, Japan. International Journal of Food Microbiology 94, 323 – 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.02.010

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Article source : Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) by polymerase chainreaction in Iran  

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Drinking Water Quality & Disease Risks in Rural Azad Kashmir | InformativeBD

Ali Akbar, Uzma Sitara, Shabir Ahmed Khan, Niaz Muhammad, Muhammad Iftikhar Khan, Yasir Hayat Khan, and Saeed Ur Rehman Kakar, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Drinking Water Quality & Disease Risks in Rural Azad Kashmir. Entitled, Drinking water quality and risk of waterborne diseases in the rural mountainous area of Azad Kashmir Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate drinking water safety at three different levels including sources, system and household in district Bagh, an earthquake affected area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan. Portable water testing kit (Oxfam-DelAgua) was used for the detection of thermo-tolerant fecal coliform (Escherichia coli). A total (n=254) number of drinking water samples were examined for the presence of fecal coliform. It was found that, 68.5% (174 out of 254) of the overall samples tested were contaminated with Escherichia coli. The 52% (40 out of 77) of the water samples at source level, whereas 69% (58 out of 84) of water sample collected from system and 71% (66 out of 93) at household level were found contaminated with Escherichia coli. It was concluded that unprotected drinking water sources, improper management of waste, vulnerable sewage and ignorance regarding health and hygiene are the main reason of water contamination in the area.

Read more : Somatic Embryogenesis in Rosa hybrida from Leaf & Petiole Explants | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Water is an important component of human body and is the need of life (Muhammad et al., 2012). Presence of deleterious chemicals and pathogenic microbes can cause a serious health problem, leading to infections and death (Lima et al., 2005). The drinking water contaminated with any pathogenic bacteria is unsafe for human consumption and household use (Muhammad et al., 2012). Access to safe drinking water is not only the prime need for survival and health but is also basic human rights (WHO, 2000). Safety of drinking water remains an important public health concern particularly in emergency situations (Ferretti et al., 2010). Pathogens that cause diarrheal diseases are being linked with contaminated water consumption, such pathogens are the main cause of gastrointestinal infections. The childhood mortality rate due to diarrheal diseases is 2.5 million each year (Muhammad et al., 2012; Oswald et al., 2007). Each year approximately five million children die due to the use of unsafe water (Shar et al., 2010). Approximately 1.8 million kids died in developing countries (excluding china) caused by biological agents or microorganisms originating from food and water in year 1998 (Akbar and Anal 2011). Vulnerable and Unsafe drinking water supplies are contributing in high rate of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has been a national concern in United States of America to provide safe drinking water since before the 20th century (Sobsey 2006). Unprotected or protected communal water sources are the key means of potable water in many developing countries (Gundry et al., 2004; WHO, 2000). It has been estimated that 1/3 of the total world population use ground water for drinking purpose (Nickson et al., 2005). Obtaining safe water from a communal source remains a prime concern of the people in developing countries (Joyce et al., 1996). Vulnerable sewage and sanitation lines and direct discharge of waste to natural reservoirs and water bodies are the major cause of fecal contamination (Huttly, 1990).

A group of bacteria called coliform are the primary indicator of water pollution. The presence of these microbes is associated with the presence of disease causing microorganisms (Muhammad et al., 2013; Shar et al., 2010). Bacteriological examination of water samples are usually undertaken to estimate the water quality. Most of the waterborne disease is related to faecal pollution of water sources. Therefore water microbiology is largely based on the need to identify indicators of faecal pollution such as Escherichia coli (Barrell et al., 2000). The detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria for the evaluation of microbiological drinking water quality has been exist from since 1912 (Bancroft et al., 1989). Drinking water should be pathogens free and with good organoleptic characteristics (Nevondo and Cloete, 1999). Contamination of drinking water during or after the collection from a safe source has been identified as a problem in rural areas particularly. A vast variety of pathogens are associated with water to cause severe diseases such as diarrhea, Poliomyelitis and hepatitis. The microbes such as, Vibrio cholera, Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Cryptosporidium, Gardia, Entameoba histolytica, Shagella etc are important pathogens, can cause severe damage to human health associated to unsafe water (Gundry et al., 2004; Hamer et al., 1998). In developing countries huge population are suffering from health problems associated with unavailability of drinking water or contaminated drinking water (Leeuwen, 2000).

In Pakistan it has been estimated that 40% of all deaths and 30% of all diseases is associated to unsafe water. Every fifth person suffers from illness due to polluted water. It has been estimated that three million Pakistanis suffer, while 0.1 million die from waterborne diseases annually (Haydar et al., 2009). It has been estimated that 44% of the Pakistani population does not have access to safe drinking water, while the figures rise to 80 percent in rural area population. Almost 1.1 billion people are lacking adequate access to water, whereas 2.4 billion people live without ample sanitation (Rosemann, 2005). The objective of this study was to evaluate and highlight the bacteriological quality of drinking water at three different levels such as, sources, water supply system and household and possible exposure to the pathogenic bacteria during daily consumption of water in the remote mountainous area of Azad Kashmir Pakistan.

Study area The study conducted in different areas of district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan. Topography of the study area is mountainous and majority of the people used to live in small scattered villages dependent on natural springs particularly well and flowing water channels generally as their primary source of water (drinking and household use). The area was severely affected by October, 2005 earthquake (Figure1). In the current study a detail survey regarding the existing drinking water quality of the area in term of microbiological contamination was conducted.

Reference

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Ferretti E, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Libera SD, Semproni M, Ottaviani M. 2010. A case study of sanitary survey on community drinking water supplies after a severe (post-Tsunami) flooding event. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità 46(3), 236-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.4415/ANN_10_03_03

Gundry S, Wright J, Conroy R. 2004. A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries. Journal of Water and Health 2(1), 1-13.

Hamer DH, Simon J, Thea DM, Keusch G. 1998. Childhood diarrhoea in Sub-Saharan Africa, Harvard University, Harvard. 1-32.

Haydar S, Arshad M, Aziz JA. 2009. Evaluation of drinking water quality in urban areas of Pakistan: A case study of southern Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 5, 16-23.

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Joyce TM, Meguigan KG, Elmore-Meegan M, Conroy RM. 1996. Inactivation of fecal bacteria in drinking water by solar heating. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(2), 399-402.

Kress M, Gifford G. 1984. Fecal coliform release from cattle fecal deposits. Water Recourses Bulletin 20(1), 61-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.17521688.1984.tb04642.x

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Nickson RT, McArthur JM, Shrestha B, Kyaw-Myint TO, Lowry D. 2005. Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh district, Pakistan. Applied Geochemistry 20, 55-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.06.004

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Shar AH, Kazi YF, Kanhar NA, Soomro IH, Zia SM, Ghumro PB. 2010. Drinking water quality in Rohri City, Sindh, Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology 9(42), 7102-7107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.410

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Article source : Drinking water quality and risk of waterborne diseases in the rural mountainous area of Azad Kashmir Pakistan   

 

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Somatic Embryogenesis in Rosa hybrida from Leaf & Petiole Explants | InformativeBD

Behrooz Pirniakan, Siamak Kalantari, and Mesbah Babalar, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Somatic Embryogenesis in Rosa hybrida from Leaf & Petiole Explants. Entitled, Somatic embryogenesis from leaf & petiole explants of some Rosa hybrida L. cultivars. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In this study, somatic embryogenesis of four Rosa hybrida L. cultivars, including BlackMagic, HotLady, Audio and Eldorado, from leaf and petiole explants in invitro condition was investigated. Explants were taken in April and cultivated in MS medium. A combination of 2,4-D+BA and NAA+KIN were applied for callus induction. For somatic embryogenesis the ½ MS medium containing hormonal combination of 2,4-D, BA, NAA, KIN and GA3 were used. The highest callus production was obtained from petiole explant, Audio cultivar and hormonal combination of NAA+KIN. The highest and lowest percentage of embryogenesis were manifested in HotLady and Eldorado cultivars, respectively. A hormonal treatment consisting of 0.5mg/l BA+0.3mg/l 2,4-D led to the highest rate of embryogenesis. Petiole explants led to a statistically significant (p<0.05) greater somatic embryogenesis. 

 Read more : Growth Performance of Ceratocystis manginecans on Different Media | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Rose is considered one of the most economically invaluable flowers. Traditionally, it is propagated through root cutting or grafting, both of which pose great economic burden. In addition, they necessitate a great deal of effort and human labor. On the other hand, genetic breeding in flowers is restricted by the polypoloid phenomenon and heterozygosity. Remarkable achievements in propagation and regeneration of a variety of rose species in the invitro conditions have been reported. Somatic embryogenesis has been indicated as a potential invitro technique for rapid vegetative propagation and breeding of some rose species. In 1958, somatic embryogenesis was initially reported in carrot. According to Robert (1995) somatic embryogenesis in rose became an option in 1990.

Various reports on the somatic embryogenesis of rose from different plant sections have been reported. leaf callus explants of R.hybrida cvs. Domingo and Vicky Brown (De wit et al., 1990), and R.Chinensis minima cv. Baby Katie and R.hybrida cv. Carefree Beauty (Hsia and Korban, 1996), immature leaf and stem segments of R.hybrida cv. Landora (Rout, 1991), invitro mature leaf of R.hybrida cv. Soraya (Kintzios et al., 1990), anthers, petioles, receptacles, leaves of R.hybrida cv. Meirutal (Aren et al., 1993), root of R.hybrida cv. Moneyway (Marchant, 1996), petiole of R.hybrida cv. Arizona (Robert et al., 1995), immature embryo of R.rugosa (Kunitake et al., 1993) and filament of R.hybrida cv. Royalty (Noriega and Sondhl, 1991). A variety of factors including nonresponsiveness of cultivars to the application of somatic embryogenesis induction material (Kintzios, 1999; Murali, 1996), low induction rate of the embryogenic tissue (Rout, 1999; Hsia and Korban, 1996) and low frequency of germination (Sarasan, 2001; Rout, 1999) prevent somatic embryogenesis of the rose flower. Therefore, successful regeneration of rose hybrida is restricted to low cultivars. In addition, further studies on the improvement of the quantity of resomatization from somatic tissues of other Rose cultivars seems mandatory (Estabrooks et al., 2006). In this study, the effect of a variety of factors including the cultivar type, growth regulators and the source of the explant on different stages of callus induction and somatic formation of the embryo in different Rose cultivars have been investigated in order to optimize somatic embryogenesis of this plant.

Reference

Davis P. 1995. The hormones: their nature, occurrence, and functions. In: Davis PJ, (ed). Plant Hormones : physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1-12 p.

De Wit JC, Esendam HF, Honkanen JJ, Tuominen U. 1990.  Somatic  embryogenesis  and regeneration of flowering plants in rose. Plant Cell Reports 9, 456 – 458. http://dx.doi.org/10-1007/BF00232272.

Estabrooks T, Browne R, Dong Z. 2006. 2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid promotes somatic embryogenesis in the rose cultivar ‘Livin Easy’ (Rosa sp.). Plant Cell Reports. 26, 153-160. http://dx.doi.org/10-1007/s00299-006-0231-5

Hsia C, Korban SS. 1996. Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures of Rosa hybrida and Rosa chinensis minima Plant-Cell Tiss Org Cult 44,1-6.

Kim ChK, Chung JD, Jee SO, Oh JY. 2003. Somatic Embryogenesis from In Vitro Grown Leaf Explants of Rosa hybrida L. J. Plant Biotechnology 5, 169 ~ 172 p.

Kintzios S, Manos C, Makri O. 1999. Somatic embryogenesis from mature leaves of rose (Rosa sp.). Plant Cell Reports 18, 467 – 472.

Kunitak H, Imamizo H, Mil H. 1993. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature seed-derived calli of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thumb.). Plant Sci 90, 187-194.

Marchant R, Davey MR, Lucas JA, Power JB. 1996. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in floribunda rose (Rosa hybrida L. cvs. Trumpeter and Gala Tidings). Plant Sci 120, 95-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01689452(96)04479-2

Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiol 15, 473-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.13993054.1962.tb08052.x

Murali S, Sreedhar D, Lokeswari TS. 1996. Regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from petal-derived calli of Rosa Hybrida L.Arizona(hybrida tea). Euphytica 91, 271-275.

Noriega C, Sondhl MR. 1991. Somatic embryogenesis in hybrid tea roses. Biotechnology 9, 991-993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1091-991

Roberts AV, Yokoya K, Walker S, Mottley J. 1995. Somatic embryogenesis in Rosa spp. In: Jain S, Gupta P, Newton R (Eds.), Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, Vol 2 Kluwer, The Netherlands, 227-289 p.

Rout GR, Debata BK, Das P. 1991. Somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures of Rosa hybrid acv. Landora. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 27, 65-69.

Sarasan V, Roberts AV, Rout GR. 2001. Methyl laurate and 6-benzyladenine promote the germination of somatic embryos of a hybrid rose. Plant Cell Rep 20, 183-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990000303

Visessuwan R, Kawai T, Mii M. 1997. Plant regeneration systems from leaf segment culture through embryogenic callus formation of Rosa hybrida and R.canina. Breed Sci 47, 217-222.

Xiangqian Li, Sergei F, Krasnyanski, Schuyler S, Korban. 2002. Somatic embryogenesis, secondry somatic embryogenesis, and shoot organogenesis in Rosa. J. Plant Physiol. 159, 313-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-00688

Article source : Somatic embryogenesis from leaf & petiole explants of some Rosa hybrida L. cultivars 

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Growth Performance of Ceratocystis manginecans on Different Media | InformativeBD

Kokab Jabeen, from the institute of Pakistan and Shahzad Asad from the institute of Pakistan, wrote a Research article about, Growth Performance of Ceratocystis manginecans on Different Media. Entitled, Assessment of selected culture media for competent growth characteristics of Ceratocystis manginecans (Cause of Mango Sudden Death). This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Comprehensive and critical facts of aspects which influence patterns of growth and nutrition of the fungi is precondition for research related to the relationship of host and pathogen. A number of media compositions likewise influence the colony morphology of fungus. Most conjoint and distressing disease in mango trees is Mango sudden death (MSD) caused by Ceratocystis manginecans. Present study is aimed to evaluate the influence of selected six different culture media (agar and broth media) on sporulation; colony characteristics and growth of the C. manginecans isolated from MSD infected mango trees. Statistical analysis of the data gathered revealed that all the treatments were significantly different from each other. Among solid media, Malt Extract Agar and Carrot Juice Agar supported best growth of C. manginecans89.53mm and 85.31mm respectively. Among broth media Carrot Juice supported better growth (503.33mg dry weight) than other media. The Characteristics of growth like color of substrate, colony color and margins, mycelia topography as well as sporulation of the C. manginecans were studied. Best sporulation of C. manginecans was shown in Malt Extract Agar media. Selection of most effective culture media for efficient growth characteristics of C. manginecans is necessary for its physiological and taxonomical study as well as for suitable disease management strategies.

Read more : Using Eleocharis dulcis Fibers for Stronger Composites | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Mango sudden death (MSD) is menace to costeffective farming of mango. MSD cause drastic reduction in the production quantity and quality of mango. Early visible disease symptoms include bark splitting; gummosis from bark; vascular discoloration; and streaking underneath gummosis. Diseased mango tree leaves wither out, but stay attached with the tree. When the severely infected trunk is scrapped, rotted cankers are produced or exudation of foul smelled liquid occurs in some cases (Masood et al., 2010).

In Pakistan (2007) a wilt epidemic of Magnifier indica (mango trees) was stated. According to Wyk et al. (2007) and Asma et al. (2014), the confirmed pathogen of mango sudden death in Pakistan was Ceratocystis manginecans. The name Ceratocystis manginecans was derived from a Latin word neck means “to kill, slay/put to death”. This refers to the fact that C. manginecansis responsible for a serious disease of the mango trees. Colony colure of C. manginecansis grayish olive. It has banana odor (Wyk et al., 2007).

Foran in vitro study, fungus is isolated as pure culture in a particular media for the studies relating physiology, nutrition, growth as well as management of that particular fungus. A wide range of media can help in the isolation, the diametric growth, dry weight growth and sporulation of the fungus. Several media compositions can also influence the diverse colony morphology of fungus. A classical approach to distinguish any fungal species is morphological characterization, which is one of the foremost requisite of the fungal taxonomy (Diba et al., 2007).

Carbohydrates exist in plants in both forms (simple and complex).Before utilization, fungi convert carbohydrates of complex forms into simpler one (water soluble and low molecular weight sugars). Different fungal species retort differently to a specific compound. Fungi have noticeable variation in consumption of varied carbohydrate sources (Zain et al., 2009).

Comprehensive and critical information of aspects which influence patterns of growth and nutrition of the fungi is precondition for research related to the relationship of host and pathogen. A number of media compositions likewise influence the colony morphology of fungus. For growth parameters of a pathogen, much attention is not given to culture media (Mishra and Mishra, 2012).

Present study is aimed to evaluate the influence of selected o6 different culture media on sporulation; colony characteristics and growth of the C. manginecans isolated from MSD infected mango trees. Selection of most effective culture media for efficient growth characteristics of C. manginecans is necessary to be developed for suitable disease management strategies. It may aid to the physiological and taxonomical traits of C. manginecans.

Reference

Diba K, Kordbacheh P, Mirhendi SH, Rezaie S, Mahmoudi M. 2007. Identification of Aspergillus species using morphological characteristics. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 23, 867-872.

Khuhro RD, Nizamani SM, Abbasi QD, Solangi GS, Jiskani MM. 2005. Mango Tree Mortality due to Asian ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus Mot. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Pak. J. Agri. Agril. Engg., Vet. Sc 21(1), 39-42.

Koley S, Mahapatra SS. 2015. Evaluation of culture media for growth characteristics of Alternaria solani, causing early blight of tomato. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology S1, 2-5. DOI: 10. 4172/2157-7471. 1000S1-005.

Masood A, Saeed S, Iqbal N, Malik MT, Kazmi MR. 2010. Methodology for the evaluation of symptoms severity of mango sudden death syndrome in Pakistan. Pakistan J. Bot. 42(2), 1289-1299.

Mishra PT, Mishra V. 2012. Effect of media, temperature and pH on growth of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot of cotton. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 20, 246-247.

Munde VG, Diwakar MP, Thombre BB, Dey U. 2013. Cultural and morphological characters of Alternaria solani on different media. Bioinfolet. 10, 984-986.

Rashid. A,Iram S, Ahmad I. 2014. Molecular characterization of Ceratocystis Manginecans sp. from Mango in Pakistan.  Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 51(3), 1-5.

Saha A, Mandal P, Dasgupta S, Saha D. 2008. Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. Journal of Environmental Biology 29, 407-410.

Wyk VM, Al Adawi AO, Khan IA, Deadman ML, Al Jahwari AA, Ploetz R, Wingfield BD, Al Subhi AM, Wingfield MJ. 2007. Ceratocystis manginecans sp. Nov., causal agent of a destructive mango wilts disease in Oman and Pakistan. Fungal Diversity 27, 213-230.

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Article source : Assessment of selected culture media for competent growth characteristics of Ceratocystis manginecans(Cause of Mango Sudden Death) 

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