Defending Soybean: Screening Kenyan Varieties Against Rust Disease | InformativeBD

H.A. Ogot,  S.A. Okoth,  G.O. Obiero, and J.M. Mahasi,  from the  different institute of Kenya. wrote a Research article about, Defending Soybean: Screening Kenyan Varieties Against Rust Disease. Entitled, Screening of selected kenyan soybean varieties for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Soybean rust). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) is a highly nutritious plant which plays an important role in the world’s  economy, however soybean rust  disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a major challange to the soybean industry.  The disease among other constraints  has significatly  affected crop yields in most soybean growing countries.  In this study  Seven  varieties of soybean (Nyala, Bossier, SB19, Hill, SB8, Gazelle and TGx1987-32F) commoly  grown by farmers  in Kenya were tested in the green house for resistance to soybean rust.  The varieties TGx1987- 32F and SB8 showed  resistant reactions  characterized by  red brown lesion with low level of disease severity,  low lesion number,  low sporulation level and low area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value.  The other five varieties; Nyala, Bossier, SB19, Hill and Gazelle showed susceptible  reactions to  soybean rust producing tan lesion with profuse sporulation and high disease severity level. The Soybean varieties with low lesion densities, low disease severity and low sporulation level may be possible sources of rust resistance genes that can be used in breeding programs to produce rust resistant varieties.

Read more : Nitrogen Choices Matter: Boosting Sunflower Oil Content in Morogoro | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The production of soybean in Kenya is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. Some of the constraints include, low yielding varieties, lack of markets, poor agronomic practices, lack of awareness for its potential, competition with other legumes, drought, water logging, and pest and disease attacks (Hartman et al., 2011). Other factors include lack of varieties which are tolerant midseason moisture stress and high yielding varieties tolerant to low phosphorus (FAO, 2005). Among the biotic factors affecting soybean production diseases are of great concern because of their final impact on yield. There are a number of diseases that infect soybean worldwide the most common disease are Anthracnose, bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, soybean rust, bean pod mottle virus, brown stem rot, charcoal rot , frog eye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematode and soybean mosaic virus among others (Ploper,1997).

Soybean rust caused Phakopsora pachyrhizi as been identified among other diseases as the major challenge to soybean production worldwide. Phakopsora pachyrhizi belongs to the fungal phylum Basidiomycota, class Urediniomycetes and order Uredinales, which produce uredinia, on “dome-like” structures that give rise to asexual urediniospores. Hair-like hyaline hyphae called paraphyses grow inside uredinia. Paraphyses and sporophores are base structures for urediniosopore production (Bromfield, 1984). P. meibomiae is less aggressive while P. pachyrhizi is more aggressive and infects over 95 species of plants from more than 42 genera, including soybean and related Glycine species (Bromfield, 1984). The most susceptible host of P. pachyrhizi is kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi), a weed species that is commonly found in the United States of America. Other common hosts are medic (Medicago arborea L.), lupine (Lupinus hirsutus L.), sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam), vetch (Vicia dasycarpa Ten), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lima and butter beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) (Bromfield, 1984). Soybean rust infection process begins in the low to mid-canopy and moves up the plant. The infection process starts with urediniospores germination to produce a single germ tube that grows across the leaf surface, until an appressorium is formed. Penetration of epidermal cells is direct through the cuticle by an appressorial peg (Miles et al., 2005). During the infection process intracellular invasion of the leaf occurs once hyphae are formed within the mesophyll layer. Within 5 to 7 days volcano shaped uredinia with round ostioles are produced which release urediniospores on the abaxial surface completing the asexual reproduction cycle (Goellner et al., 2010).

The rapid spread of the disease in the continent of Africa has led to major decline in soybean yield (Levy, 2005, Oloka et al., 2008). Losses due to soybean rust can be significantly high. In South Africa losses of 10- 80% have been reported and in areas under monocropping system the losses can be as high as 100%. India has experienced losses of 10-90%, Japan 40% and Taiwan has reported losses of 23-90% in (Hartman et al., 1999). It is therefore important that the major production constraints be addressed so as to improve the crop yield to be able to meet the market demands and sustain the production industries. To control the spread of the rust disease chemical fungicides and cultural practices are used howerever the use fungicides to control the disease commercial plantings significantly increases production costs it is therefore not a feasible option in small scale soybean plantings especially in developing countries (Miles et al., 2003). Furthermore the fungicides are expensive and are not very effective at preventing epidemics as Bonde et al., (2006) noted yield losses of up to 50% under severe rust epidemics with chemical control. Other legumes that also form an integral part of the cropping system such as cowpea, pigeon pea and common beans are functional alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi which makes control a great challenge (Anon, 2007; Slaminko et al., 2008). Cultural practices like destruction of alternate hosts, timely irrigation, early planting and growing early maturing cultivars can also reduce the incidence of the disease (Akinsanmi et al., 2001). However, the rapid spread by wind-borne urediniospores and the large number of host species increases chances of soybean rust survival making cultural practices relatively ineffective (Hartman et al., 2005).

Planting of disease resistant cultivars is the most viable way to manage soybean rust disease. To identify rust resistant cultivars soybean plants must be screened for resistance to diverse pathogen populations (Twizeyimana et al., 2007). This study therefore aims at screening selected soybean varieties commonly grown in Kenya for resistance to soybean rust isolates under green house conditions.

Reference

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Garcia A, Calvo E, de Souza Kiihl  R, Harada A, Hiromoto D, Vieira L. 2008. Molecular mapping of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) resistance genes: discovery of a novel locus and alleles. Theoretical Applied Genetics 117, 545-553.

Goellner K, Loehrer M, Langenbach C, Conrath U, Koch E, Schaffrath U. 2010. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Molecular Plant Pathology 11, 169-177.

Hartman GL, Bonde MR, Miles MR, Frederick RD. 2004. Variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates on soybean. The Proceedings: VII World Soybean Research Conference, Foz do Iguassue, PR, Brazil: 440-446.

Hartman GL, Miles  MR, Frederick  RD. 2005a. Breeding for resistance to soybean rust. Plant Dis. 89, 664–666.

Hartman GL, Miles MR, Frederick RD. 2005b. Historical viewpoint and soybean resistance to soybean rust. In Proceedings of the 2005 Illinois Crop Protection Conference, pp. 16 – 20. Available Online at: www.ipm.uiuc.edu/education/proceedings/index.html

Hartman GL, West ED, Herman TK. 2011. Crops that feed the World Soybean worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests. Food Security 3, 5-17.

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Kumudini S, Prior E, Omielan J, Tollenaar T. 2008. Impact of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection on soybean leaf photosynthesis and radiation absorption. Crop Science 48, 2343-2350.

Levy C. 2005. Epidemiological and chemical control of soybean rust in southern Africa. American. Phytopathological journal 89(4), 669-674.

Njoroge NJ, Owouche JO, Oyoo ME. 2015. Evaluation of soybean [Glycine max(L.)Merr.] genotypes for  agronomic and quality traits  in Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural  Research 10(12), p 1474- 1479,  http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9168

Oloka HK, Tukumahabwa P, Sengooba T,  Shanmagasundram S. 2008. Reaction of exotic soybean germplasm to Phakopsora pachyhrizi in Uganda. Plant Disease 92(11), 1493-1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-11-1493

Pham TA, Miles MR, Frederick RD, Hill CB, Hartman GL. 2009. Differential responses of resistant soybean entries to isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 93, 224-228.

Mahasi JM, Vanlauwe B, Mursoy RC, Mbehero P, Mukalama J. 2009. Increasing productivity of soybean in Western Kenya through evaluation and farmers participatory variety selection, pp. 326-334 12th KARI biannual conference, Nairobi, Kenya.

Mahasi JM, Vanlauwe B, Mursoy RC, Mbehero P, Mukalama J. 2011. A sustainable  approach to increased soybean production in western Kenya.  African crop science conference proceedings 10, 111-116.

Miles MR, Morel W, Ray JD, Smith JR, Frederick RD, Hartman GL. 2008. Adult plant evaluation of soybean accessions for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in the field and greenhouse in Paraguay. Plant Disease 92, 96-102.

Miles  MR, Bonde  MR, Nester SE, Berner DK, Frederick RD, Hartman GL. 2011. Characterizing resistance to  Phakopsora  pachyrhizi in soybean.  Plant Dis. 95, 577-581.

Miles MR, Frederick RD, Hartman GL. 2006. Evaluation of soybean germplasm for Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Online. Plant Health Progress http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2006-0104-01-RS.

Miles MR, Rosenblatt I, Traynor P, Hartman GL. 2005. Severity assessment for soybean rust. Proceedings of the National Soybean Rust Symposium, Nov. 14-16, 2005, Nashville, TN. Plant Management Network. Online publication.

Miles MR, Frederick RD, Hartman GL. 2003 Soybean rust: is the U.S. crop at risk? APSnet Feature, American Phytopathological Society. Online publication.

Ploper LD. 1997. Evolution, impact and current status of soybean diseases in Argentina. In World Soybean Research Conference V: Proceedings, B. Napompeth (Ed.), Kasetsart  University Press, p 239- 242.

Sharma RC, Duveiller E. 2007. Advancement toward new spot blotch resistant wheat in South Asia. Crop Sci. 47, 961–968. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0201

Slaminko TL, Miles MR, Frederick  RD, Bonde MR, Hartman GL. 2008. New legume hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi based on greenhouse evaluations. Plant Disease 92, 767-771.

Twizeyimana M, Ojiambo PS, Sonder K, Ikotun T, Hartman GL, Bandyopadhyay R. 2009. Pathogenic variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infecting soybean in Nigeria  Phytopathology 99, 353-361.

Twizeyimana M, Ojiambo PS, Ikotun T, Paul C, Hartman GL, Bandyopadhyay R. 2007 Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf evaluations of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 91, 1161-1169.

Wanderi SW. 2012. Genetic analyses for resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and yield stability among soybean genotypes in Kenya.  PhD thesis University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Yamanaka N, Yamaoka Y, Kato M, Lemos NG, Passianotto, ALL, Santos JVM, Benitez ER, Abdelnoor RV, Soares  RM,  Suenaga K. 2010. Development of classification criteria for resistance to soybean rust and differences in virulence among Japanese and Brazilian rust populations. Tropical Plant Pathology 35, 153-162.

Article source : Screening of selected kenyan soybean varieties for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Soybean rust) 

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Nitrogen Choices Matter: Boosting Sunflower Oil Content in Morogoro | InformativeBD

Josiah M. Kinama,  Irika M, and Habineza M. Jean Pierre, from the  different institute of Kenya and Tanzania. wrote a Research article about, Nitrogen Choices Matter: Boosting Sunflower Oil Content in Morogoro. Entitled, Influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers regimes on oil content of sunflower in Morogoro, Tanzania. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was conducted at the Sokoine University of Agriculture to assess the influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on sunflower seed oil content. The treatments consisted were: control (no nitrogen fertilizer, no farmyard manure); 2 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ha applied at planting (AAP); 5 t FYM/ha (AAP); 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 days after planting (DAP); 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 2 t FYM/ha at planting + 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 5 t FYM/ha at planting + 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); and 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); + 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP). A randomized complete block design was used and treatments replicated three times. Sunflower variety Record was used as a test variety. Data collected included: soil sample before planting, plant tissue analysis, seed oil content and total seed oil yield per hectare. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using (LSD) P ≤ 0.05. The results showed that unlike the other parameters, oil content was only increased by 10 t FYM/ha in both seasons. It was therefore recommended that farmers in Morogoro to consider application 10 t FYM/ha in order to have high seed sunflower oil content.

Read more : Growing Anonidium Fast: Vegetative Propagation by Leafy Stem Cuttings | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Sunflower is one of the oilseed cash crops which have been promoted by the government and private sectors as a potential crop for improving farmers’ livelihoods and ensuring availability of healthy edible oil in the country (RLDC, 2010). However, the crop is still facing low production and productivity challenges which might partly be attributed to poor soil fertility, low use of improved seeds and poor agronomic practices (RLDC, 2010). Turuka et al., 2001 reported that, of all farm management and farm input applications inorganic fertilizers alone increases yields by 35 to 40% followed by improved seeds. Application of nitrogen fertilizers and farm yard manure has a great impact on sunflower growth, biological yield components as well as oil content (Helmy and Ramdan, 2009). The crop is suited to wide range of agro ecological zones with wide range of temperatures, soil types and rainfall patterns. It ranks the third most important source of edible oil in the world after soya bean (Glycine max L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (Berglund et al., 2007). The crop gained popularity about less than 15 years ago after increased peoples’ awareness of its healthier oil free of cholesterol and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids than other vegetable oils (Ugulumu, 2007). It contributes about 40% of total national cooking oil requirement, ranking as one of the most important cooking oils with very high value (ARI- Ilonga, 2008). One of the limiting factors in sunflower production among majority of Tanzanian farmers is poor soil fertility and productivity. For instance Berglund (2012) reported that low sunflower yields can be caused by incorrect plant population, poor soil fertility, lack of weed control, diseases, insect damage, bird depredation, lodging, late planting and harvesting losses. Oyinlola et al., (2010) also noted that nitrogen deficiency is generally the most limiting nutritional disorder which affects sunflower production. Similarly Warrick, (2001) reported that in order for farmers to obtain high and consistent sunflower yields, an adequate fertilizer programme should be part of production planning . Helmy and Ramdan, (2009) also noted that use of animal wastes and nitrogen fertilizer contribute significantly in increasing sunflower seed yields and oil content. This signifies that, soil fertility management is essential for consistent achievement of high sunflower seed yields and high oil content. The conventional method of sunflower production in many parts of Tanzania and Africa is cultivation without considering the soil fertility management practices. In addition, farmers rely mostly on extensive cultivation to increase crop yields, the practice which leads to deforestation and soil fertility depletion. Production of sunflower oil seed in Tanzania has been increasing from 75,000 tons to 100,000 tons from 2002 to 2005, the production then increased dramatically to 350,000 tons in 2007. The main reason for this increase is due to opening up of new land under sunflower production and a bit of use of improved seeds (MAFC, 2009). This accounts for extensive cultivation rather than intensively agricultural production where farmers open up a virgin land, cultivate for three to four consecutive years and abandon the farms after depleting the soils. Further, it is estimated that 350,000 tons of oil seed produced 90,000tons of sunflower oil per year. FAO recommends annual per capita oil consumption of 5kg of vegetable oil. In 2002 census, the population was 35,000,000 in Tanzania and the equivalent oil demand was 175,000,000kg. With current Tanzania population of 44,000,000 people, the amount of oil needed is 220,000,000kg per year. Thus, the demand for vegetable oil is high and the production has not met this demand. Despite continuous increase in area under production, there is still low production per unit area, and the deficit has been compensated by oil importation from Malaysia and Indonesia. To date Tanzania is a net importer of oil. Although there is good production of other oil seeds like groundnuts and sesame, sunflower oil is mostly preferred because of its high quality and healthy oil (free of cholesterol) and has high oil content of about 40%. This makes sunflower the most important cooking oil produced in Tanzania especially in the central corridor of the country. This shows a great need to deliberately increase sunflower production through soil fertilization. That why this study was conducted to assess the influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers on oil content of sunflower in order to know which fertilizer could help Tanzanian people to increase the quantity of sunflower oil.

Reference

Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)- Ilonga. 2008. Sunflower oil consumption preference. Tanzania.

Akbari P, Ghalavand A, Modarres Sanavy AM, M, Agha A. 2011. The effect of biofertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure on grain yield and seed quality of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Journal of Agricultural Technology 7(1), 173-184.

Amin F, Mehrdad M. 2014. Effect of Phosphate and Nitrogene Bio-fertilizers on yield, yield. components, oil and protein in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 3(5), 110-117.

Amjed A, Sami U. 2012. Effect of nitrogen on achene protein, oil, fatty acid profile, and yield of sunflower hybrids. Chilean journal of agricultural research 72(4).

Berglund D. 2012. Irrigated sunflowers. North Dakota State University. US.

Berglund DR. 2007. Sunflower production and Marketing Extension. N.D. Agricultural Experiment station. North Dakota State University. US.

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Ghalavand A, Akbar P, Modares AM, Sanavy M, Aghaalikhani S, Shoghi, Alkhoran K. 2011. Comparison of different nutritional levels and effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the grain yield and quality of suflower. Agronomy Department, University of Tehran- Iran.

Helmy AM, Ramdan MF. 2009. Agronomic performance and chemical response of sunflower to some organic nitrogen sources and conventional sunflower fertilizers under sandy soil conditions. Zagazig University. Egypt.

Home Grown Cereals Authority–HGCA. 2005. Factors affecting lodging in winter wheats. Pentonville road- London UK.

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Mahmooda B, Mehar ul N, Abdul W, Ashifa S, Allah W, Shahabudin K. 2015. Impact of organic and inorganic manures on sunflower yield and yield components. Sci.Int. (Lahore) 27(4), 3267-3270.

Manikandan S, Thamizhiniyan P. 2016. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on phytochemical constituents in sunflower. Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 1(4), 18-20.

Ministry of Agriculture Food and Cooperatives (MAFC). 2008. Sunflower production and oil consumption in Tanzania. Tanzania.

Munir MA, Malik MA, Saleem FM. 2007. Impact of Intergration of crop manuring and Nitrogen Application on Growth Yield and Quality of Spring Planted Sunflower. University of Agriculture- Faisalabad, Afghanstan.

Murphy J, Riley JP. 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27, 3-36.

Nelson DW, Sommers LE. 1982. Total carbon and Organic carbon, In: Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties (Edited by Page A. L. Miller, R. H. And Keeney D. R.) American Society of Agronomy. Madison. 539-579.

Oyinlola EY, Ogunwole JO, Amapu IY. 2010. Response of sunflower to nitrogen application in Savanna Alfisols. Ahmedo Bello University. Nigeria.

Petersen L. 1996. Soil analytical methods. Soil testing, Management and Development, Soil Resources Development Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Rasool F, Hassan B, Jahangir IA, Ali T, Mubarak T. 2013. Nutriotional Yield and Economic Responses of sunflower to integrated levels of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Farm Yard Manure. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India. 191-121.

Turuka FM, Kilasara M. 2002. Determinants of fertilizer use in small holder agriculture in Tanzania and policy implications. Paper presented at the strategic regional planning workshop for agricultural inputs policies with specific reference to fertilizers. Hilton hotel Nairobi 8 -11.

Ugulumu ES. 2008. Sunflower Value Chain in Tanzania. MsM, Expert Centre.

Warrick EB. 2001. Sunflower production Guide for West Central Texas. Agrilife Research and Extension center. San Angelo.

Yaser E, Ali R, Mohammad R, Ebrahim A. 2012. Comparison of sole and combined nutrient application on yield and Biochemical composition of sunflower under water stress. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2(3).

Yaser E, Hamid N, Ebrahim A, Masoud M, Akbar B, Mahdi B, 1Abolfazl T. 2011. Investigation the Influences of Manure Sources and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Protein and Oil Content of Sunflower under Drought Stress. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(10), 1084-1089.

Article source : Influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers regimes on oil content of sunflower inMorogoro, Tanzania

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Growing Anonidium Fast: Vegetative Propagation by Leafy Stem Cuttings | InformativeBD

Paluku Augustin, Tsobeng Alain,  Okungo Albert, Tchoundjeu Zacharie, Bwama Marcel, and Van Damme Patrick, from the institute of Cameroun. wrote a Research article about, Growing Anonidium Fast: Vegetative Propagation by Leafy Stem Cuttings. Entitled, Vegetative propagation of Anonidium mannii (Oliver) Engler & Diels (Annonaceae) by leafy stem cuttings in Kisangani, DR Congo. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study tested the influence of substrate type, size surface and application of IBA auxin on rooting of stem cutting leaf of Anonidium mannii, a wild fruit species with low seed germination rate. Two trials were conducted. The first tested three substrate types that are sand, wood sawdust and rice husks. We also tested combinations of these substrates (2:2), resulting in six treatments in a randomized complete block design. The second experiment compared different cutting leaf surfaces (12.5, 25 and 37.5cm2) and auxins (IBA applied and not applied) in a split plot design. Using sand as substrate resulted in significantly higher rooting rates (62.1 ± 5.9%), while use of rice husks, even combined with other substrates, did not achieve any cutting rooting. Significant and non-significant differences were observed, respectively, with factors leaf area and auxin application. Highest rooting rates (26.70 ± 6.6%) were obtained with a leaf surface of 37.5cm² in combination with IBA application. Vegetative cutting propagation is possible for A. mannii, albeit with low rooting rates. Therefore, more targeted testing is required; addressing other parameters such as cutting type, season of cutting and increase of the leaf surface of cuttings.

Read more : Mosses and More: Exploring the Bryophyte Flora of Kalikasan Park | InformativeBD

Introduction

Agriculture was started when man became sedentary and focused on stocking food. In the wetlands of tropical Africa, forest ecosystems are still reservoirs of an extremely rich animal and plant biodiversity (Aubé, 1996). The latter is used by is al populations for nutritional, medicinal, socio-economic and cultural purposes (Mbolo, 2002), often without any sustainable management objectives or methods, however (Bonannée, 2003).

Besides timber forest products (TFPs), these forests are also rich in non-timber products (NTFPs; Peter, 2000) consisting of fruits, nuts, seeds, leaf, barks and stems (Wong et al., 2001) which are used by humans (Dupriez et al., 1987). The latter are mostly harvested from wild stands but not from actively cultivated plants (Degrande et al., 2002). However, the domestication of these species could be worthwhile and undertaken by anyone (Dupriez et al., 1987).

Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Engl. and Diels, a fruit tree in the Congo basis rainforest belonging to the family Annonaceae is a local species of interest. Its stem can reach high of 30 m and a diameter of 80cm. Its leaves are evergreen, alternate, and simple, up to 45cm long and 18cm wide. Fruits are compound, yellow, surfacecrosslinked, weighing 4-10kg. The fruits a high number of brown seeds which are embedded an orange-yellow pulp which represents 60% of total weight. This pulp is high in proteins (Vivien et al., 1996; Lejoly et al., 2010). The fruit of A. mannii is an important food in the Tshopo Province of DR Congo, and the bark is used in traditional medicine (Evarest, 2008; Termote, 2012).

Despite all the advantages of A. mannii, esp. for the forest population of DR Congo in general and of the Kisangani area in particular, there is no record of this fruit tree being cultivated. The products of this plant are derived from trees wild stands in the surrounding forests which are often subject to deforestation by human activities (Carpe 2001; Bwama et al., 2008), resulting in a decline of this are therefore compelling. Since local people are able to identity suitable trees for cultivation (especially in terms of fruit taste), vegetative propagation would allow the selection of these genotype and thus maintain preferential characters, excluding low germination rate of seeds (Vivien et al., 1996).

For vegetative propagation by cuttings, several factors can help to promote rooting of the cuttings: type, length and leaf area of cuttings, and type of rooting substrate. These factors have been studied for several species in the Central African Region. Regarding species Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Clusiaceae), in terms of substrate, highest rooting rates were achieved with sand (18.7 ± 1.3%; Antangana et al., 2006). For Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) HJ Lam. (Burseraceae), wood sawdust and combination sand and sawdust (77.7 ± 5.6 and 78.8 ± 7.8%, respectively) did not yield significant differences in rooting rates compared to the use of sand who was 58.8 ± 10.6% (Mialoundama et al., 2002). Regarding hormone use, Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) auxin improve rooting rate of cuttings compared the effect of other auxins (Naphthalene Acetic Acid, NAA or Indole Acetic Acid, IAA); for both Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum) Pierre ex Beille, (Rubiaceae; Tchoundjeu et al., 2004) and Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (Sapotaceae). A combination of 75cm² leaf area x IBA auxin x sand substrate resulted in highest rooting rates for B. toxisperma (Ngo Mpeck et Atangana, 2007).

Based on these results, our study aimed to evaluate the influence of substrate type, cutting leaf area and IBA auxin on rooting of cuttings of A. mannii.

The objective of this study is to develop a vegetative propagation approach to mass-produce seedlings of A. mannii by stem cuttings, in order to make available the plant materials to regenerate this species in the fields.

We hereby tested the following hypotheses: (1) rooting rate of A. mannii cuttings depends on substrate type used, esp. in terms of texture, structure; (2) larger leaf area, promote rooting due to higher photosynthetic activity; and (3) the application of IBA auxin stimulates rooting in cuttings of A. mannii.

Reference

Andersen AS. 1986. Stockplant conditions. In: Jackson M.B. (Ed.), New Root Formation in Plant and Cuttings. Martinus Njihoff, Dordrecht 223-255.

Atangana AR, Tchoundjeu Z, Asaah EK, Simons AJ, Khasa DP. 2006. Domestication of Allanblackia floribunda: Amenability to vegetative propagation. Forest Ecology Management 237, 246-251.

Aubé J. 1996. Etude pour favoriser le développement des produits forestiers non ligneux dans le cadre du Central African Regional Programme for the Environment (CARPE). Forestry Support Program, USAID, Washington, USA p. 33.

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Lejoly J, Ndjele MB, Geerink D. 2010. Catalogue-Flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RDCongo). 4e éd. Revue et augmentée, incluant les clés et la distribution pour 70 familles. Taxonomania 30, 1-308, Bruxelles.

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Mialoundama P, Avana ML, Youmbi E, Mapouya PC, Tchoundjeu Z, Mbeuyo M, Galamo GR, Bell JM, Kopguep F, Tsobeng AC, Abega J. 2002. Vegetative propagation of Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam by marcots, cuttings and micropropagation. Forests, trees and livelihoods 12, 85-96.

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Source : Vegetative propagation of Anonidium mannii (Oliver) Engler & Diels (Annonaceae) by leafy stem cuttings in Kisangani, DR Congo  

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Mosses and More: Exploring the Bryophyte Flora of Kalikasan Park | InformativeBD

Daile Meek Salvador-Membreve, Erwin N. Baňares, and Jonathan Jaime G. Guerrero, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Mosses and More: Exploring the Bryophyte Flora of Kalikasan Park. Entitled, Bryophyte Flora of Kalikasan Park, Albay, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that have ecological and medicinal value. The present study assessed the diversity and ecological status of bryophytes flora in Kalikasan Park, Albay. Sampling plots were established based on the dominant vegetation types in the Park. Collections were made in 20 x 20m in the sampling plots. A total of eight species (8) with five (5) mosses and three (3) species of liverworts were collected in all sampling areas. Microhabitats observed in the study were decayed woods, tree trunks, wet rocks and moist soils. A high index value (2.29) with evenness index of 0.996 was observed in the study area with trees having a much higher index compared to bryophytes found in fern plots. From the species, two (2) species were found to be possibly endangered with one (1) possibly near threatened of IUCN status. Also, three bryophytes found in the area were known to have medicinal value. To date, this is the first record of bryophyte flora in Kalikasan Park.

Read more : Unraveling the Genetics of Primary Congenital Glaucoma | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Bryophytes are small, photosynthetic, nonvascular and spore-bearing plants. They encompass the terrestrial plants which include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They occupy various environments from polar to arid conditions but are at their greatest abundance and diversity in tropical rainforests (Valente, Porto and Bastos, 2017). They thrive in trees, rocks, soil, logs and even surfaces of the leaf (Vanderpoorten, Papp and Gradstein, 2010). Bryophytes are known to be indicators of environmental conditions. They are indicator species for air and water quality, heavy metal contamination and climate change (Azuela et al., 2016, Carreon, 2016). Also, they provide habitat and food for arthropods and amphibians (Azuela et al., 2016). Bryophytes are therefore significant for ecological balance. Hence, assessment of bryophytes is thus important.

Kalikasan Park is a man-made forest situated at the back of the Bicol University main campus. It has a total area of ten hectares and the border lies on the Sagumayon River. It is characterized by shrubs, ferns and endemic and non-timber forest trees such as bamboo and rattan. Border areas of the Park are lined with human settlements and agricultural lands.

Infrastructure developments are occurring in the area which might pose a threat to population of bryophytes. Hence, this study aimed to document and determine ecological status of the bryophytes in the Park. This is the first account of bryophytes in the said area.

Reference

Arróniz-Crespo M, Núñez-Olivera E, Martínez-Abaigar J, Becker H, Scher J, Zapp J, Beaucourt N. 2006. Physiological changes and UV protection in the aquatic liverwort Jungermannia exsertifolia subsp. cordifolia along an altitudinal gradient of UV-B radiation. Functional plant biology 33, 1025-1036.

Azuelo A, Manual A, Obemio CD, Oconer E, Gubalane R, Lobredo G. Bryophyte flora of Mt. Matutum protected landscape, South Cotabato, Philippines. 2016. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 9, 1-12.

Azuelo A, Sariana L, Pabualan M. 2010. Diversity and ecological status of bryophytes in Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon. Asian Journal of Biodiversity 1, 49-71. Azuelo A, Sariana L, Pabualan M. 2011. Some medicinal bryophytes: their ethnobotanical uses and morphology. Asian Journal of Biodiversity 2, 49-80.

Benítez Á, Prieto M, Aragón G. 2015. Large trees and dense canopies: key factors for maintaining high epiphytic diversity on trunk bases (bryophytes and lichens) in tropical montane forests. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 88, 521-527.

Carreon H, Morales N, Cabras A, Medina MN. 2016. Preliminary list of bryophytes in Tagbaobo, Kaputian, Island Garden City of Samal, Philippines. University of Mindanao International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 1, 152-157.

Gradstein SR, Churchill SP, Salazar Allen N. 2001. Guide to the Bryophytes of Tropical America. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York.

He X, He K, Hyvönen J. 2016. Will bryophytes survive in a warming world? Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 19, 49-60.

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 Article source : Bryophyte Flora of Kalikasan Park, Albay, Philippines 

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Unraveling the Genetics of Primary Congenital Glaucoma | InformativeBD

Muhammad Umer Khan, Wajeeha Tabassum,  Musbihul Qayyum Zia,  Raima Rehman,  Atif Amin Baig,  Sajjad Ahmed Khan and Rizwan Ahmed Kiani, from the  different institute of Pakistan and Malaysia . wrote a Resview article about, Unraveling the Genetics of Primary Congenital Glaucoma. Entitled, Genetics of primary congenital glaucoma. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG) is a major risk factor for vision loss in children, which is manifested from birth to three years of age. In PCG the ocular developmental defects of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and front chamber position of eye lead to the blockage of aqueous loss and consequently an increased intraocular pressure (IOP). This results in photophobia, corneal clouding, optic nerve damage, and ultimately permanent loss of vision occurs. The incidence of PCG varies geographically. In Eastern culture, consanguineous marriages may play a role in a higher rate of PCG. Four loci of GLC3A, GLC3B, GLC3C, and 14q24.2-q24.3 to be linked to this ocular condition have been identified. Currently, mutations in two genes i.e.CYP1B1 at GLC3A locus, which encodes cytochrome P4501B1, and LTBP2 at GLC3D locus, which encodes LTBP2is known to cause PCG.CYP1B1 comprises of 3 exons encoding a 543 amino acid protein. CYPIBI is a gene that belongs to the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyse many reactions involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, other lipids, and drug metabolism. A lot of mutations have been reported in CYP1B1, which results in the form of PCG.

Read more : Coastal Livelihoods and Resource Use: Community Perspectives from San Jose, Gonzaga | InformativeBD

Introduction

Worldwide, glaucoma is the 2nd leading cause of blindness if it’s left untreated (Hazin et al. 2009). Glaucoma is a collection of optic neuropathies(Quigley et al. 2006). The mark of glaucoma is the hourglass pattern of optic nerve atrophy combined with preferential loss of the more giant ganglion cells of the retina(Schlamp et al. 2006). Anomalies in the conformation or structure of iridocorneal angle may limit the outflow of aqueous humour and make a rise in IOP, which is a primary cause for developing glaucoma (Lewis et al. 2017).

It is currently considered that a variety of etiological factors, acting individually or in a multifactorial fashion, are capable of triggering pathogenetic cascades leading to these lesions. Almost in all types of glaucoma, the drainage system of the eyes becomes blocked, so the intraocular fluid can’t drain. As fluids accumulate, it makes the pressure inside the eye. High pressure in the eye harms the sensitive part of the optic nerve and affects the vision loss.

The syndrome is classified based on analysis, the structure of the front chamber, and the age of onset. Classification of primary forms of glaucoma is done based onthe structure of front chamber as Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG), primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG) Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), (Firasat 2008). POAG was positioned at GLC1A on chromosome 1. MYOC is present at GLC1A, which encodes myocilin protein. Disease linked changes of myocilin generally arise in the infantile or adult form of POAG by increasing level of Intraocular pressure (IOP). In people of adults with POAG, the existence of myocilin alters from 3%-5% (Kwon et al. 2009). In Western populations, Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common and possibly other communities (Ali et al. 2009, Olawoye et al. 2013).

In PACG, several genes are involved, like myocilin (Rose et al. 2007) optineurin (Shastry 2013) and tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) repeat domain 36 (GLC1G)(Monemi et al. 2005)are linked with the autosomal dominant trait. Only 10% of glaucoma is caused by this type(Mandal et al. 2006).PACG is responsible for the most bilateral glaucoma-induced blindness in Singapore, China, and India (Cyrlin 2014, Suri et al. 2015).

Primary congenital glaucoma(PCG) occurs before 3 years of age without any structural defect of the eye(Abu-Amero et al. 2017). PCG is an autosomal recessive disorder with onset at newborn or early juvenile age.

It is affected by developing deficiencies in the trabecular meshwork, and the front cavity angle results in the blockage of aqueous drainage and leads to raised intraocular pressure (Kaur et al. 2011). A comparison of a normal eye and glaucoma eye has been shown in Fig.1(2019).

The covering of the juvenile eye is flexible; it stretches in response to the elevated intraocular pressure that results in an enlarged globe (Chan et al. 2015). Primary Congenital Glaucoma is bilateral in 70 % of patients (Mcculley 2015).

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Chitsazian F, Tusi BK, Elahi E, Saroei HA, Sanati MH, Yazdani S, Pakravan M, Nilforooshan N, Eslami Y, Mehrjerdi MAZ.  2007. CYP1B1 mutation profile of Iranian primary congenital glaucoma patients and associated haplotypes. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 9, 382-393.

Cyrlin MN. 2014. Primary and secondary angle-closure glaucomas.Clinical Glaucoma Care.Springer 287-322.

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Garway-Heath DF, Crabb DP, Bunce C, Lascaratos G, Amalfitano F, Anand N, Azuara-Blanco A, Bourne RR, Broadway DC, Cunliffe IA. 2015. Latanoprost for open-angle glaucoma (UKGTS): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 385, 1295-1304.

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Hollander DA, Sarfarazi M, Stoilov I, Wood IS, Fredrick DR, Alvarado JA. 2006. Genotype and phenotype correlations in congenital glaucoma: CYP1B1 mutations, goniodysgenesis, and clinical characteristics. Am J Ophthalmol 142, 993-1004. e1002.

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Article source : Genetics of primary congenital glaucoma  

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