Phenolic Richness: Exploring Antioxidants in Apayao’s Indigenous Fruit Trees | InformativeBD

Maria Christina Z. Manicad, from the institute of Philippines. Agustina G. Pattung, from the institute of Philippines and Hannie T. Martin, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Phenolic Richness: Exploring Antioxidants in Apayao’s Indigenous Fruit Trees. Entitled, Total phenolic contents of selected indigenous fruit trees in Apayao. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics, identity and total phenolic contents of three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao namely Namot, Bignai kalabaw and Lubeg. These lesser known trees were abundant in the region but were underutilized as very little information were available for its maximization. Results of the study showed that the Namot is the richest source of phenolics. Among the four (4) plant extracts, Namot leaves extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents at 1.06mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The lowest phenolic contents were noticed in Bignai kalabaw (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng leaves at 0.71mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The total phenolic contents of the extracts of lubeg fruits were found to be lower than the leaves at 0.99 and 1.05mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE), respectively. Lubegbelongs to Family Myrtaceae under Phylum Magnoliophyta. The chemical composition of Lubeg leaves was high in steroids, tannins, and coumarins while its fruits were highly positive in quinones and flavonoids. It has anti-oxidant property, and anti-inflammatory. Phenolics are the largest group of phytochemicals that account for most of the antioxidant activity in plants or plant products. The total phenolic content will be helpful for developing new drugs and standardizing the drug. Gallic acid may occur in plants in soluble form either as quinic acid esters (5) or hydrolyzable tannins. The most important biological activity of phenolic compounds is probably their many observed inhibitory effects on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.

Read more : Natural Dewormers: Anthelmintic Power of Star Apple and Guava Bark Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

The use of plants for varied purposes is undeniable. Today, many are using plants for health and wellness. As such, there is a growing interest to tap plants as sources of food supplements, medicines, dyes and many more. Molecules are unique to plants or a group of plants. These metabolites are used as food, flavors, color, dyes, and as raw materials for industrial products Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and tannins.

The presence of these metabolites is responsible for plant pigment and coloration. This group of compounds has received a great deal of attention in today’s recent years (Cowan, 1999). A revisit on the use of plant-derived commodities coming from nature is encouraged nowadays. With the recognition and promotion of plants, with modern use of standardized extraction and chemical analysis, it is now possible to identify and characterize the active ingredient of plants like phenolic contents.

Phenolic compounds act as essential metabolites for plant growth and reproduction, and as protecting agents against pathogens. In addition, they are related to the sensorial properties of food of vegetal origin, mainly regarding color (Mujica & Soto, 2009). A. Aberoumand & Deokule (2008) cited that these compounds one of the most widely occurring groups of phytochemicals are of considerable physiological and morphological importance in plants. Phenolic compounds exhibit a wide range of physiological properties, such as anti-allergenic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects.

The Province of Apayao in Northern Cordillera is rich with various natural resources such as forest resources and agricultural resources, water resources, mineral resources and etc. With these rich resources, needs for food, shelter, medicines and the like come from the environment. The forests include various species of flora like trees, food plants, medicinal plants, veterinary plants, ornamental plants and etc.

These trees have developmental potentials if the biochemical ingredients will be discovered. Plants contain primary metabolites essential to the life of the plants like sugars, amino acids and nucleotides and secondary metabolites used as food, flavors, color, dyes, poisons, perfumes, aromatherapy, industrial products such as rubber, oils and prescription drugs, which contain at least one chemical originally identified and extracted from a plant (Cowan, 1999). The bioactive phytochemicals like total phenolic contents of these three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao namely namot, bignai kalabaw and lubeg,once analyzed can enhance their potential commercial values and utilization for better biodiversity conservation. This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics and identity of the three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao namely namot, bignai kalabaw and lubeg; and to determine the total phenolic contents of three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao.

Reference

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Manicad, Maria Christina Z. 2017. Morphological Characterization and Physico chemical Evaluation of Lubeg Species in Apayao for Its Utilization and Conservation. Dissertation ISU Cabagan.

Mehrdad Abootalebian, Javad Keramat, Mahdi Kadivar, Farhad Ahmadia. Mahnaz Abdinia. 2016. Comparison of total phenolic and antioxidant activity of different Mentha spicata and M. longifolia accessions. https://doi.org/10. 1016/ j.aoas.2016.10.002.

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Source : Total phenolic contents of selected indigenous fruit trees in Apayao 

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Natural Dewormers: Anthelmintic Power of Star Apple and Guava Bark Extracts | InformativeBD

Anthelmintic, Efficacy, Extract, Phytochemical,  and Sasso chicken, from the institute of Philippines.  wrote a Research article about, Natural Dewormers: Anthelmintic Power of Star Apple and Guava Bark Extracts. Entitled, Anthelmintic activity of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava ethanolic bark extracts against Ascaridia galli of chicken. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Limited substantiations are available supporting the pharmacological properties of herbal plants utilized in ethno-veterinary medication which remained sustainable in local communities in spite of advancements in animal health today. This study evaluated through in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic assays the folkloric use of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava, which are among the selection of documented florae in the Philippines being used in ethno-veterinary medicine. In vitro anthelmintic evaluation showed time-dependent and concentration-dependent efficacies. The ovicidal action of Chrysophyllum cainito bark ethanolic extract at 60mg/ml has recorded 94.65% inhibition capacity, whereas Psidium guajava bark ethanolic extract generated 92.64% and 96.28% efficacies at 30mg/ml and 60mg/ml dilutions, respectively. The wormicidal activity of the former elicited 88.88% at 60mg/kg, while the latter yielded 88.88% and 94.44% mortalities to worms at 30mg/ml and 60mg/ml dilutions, correspondingly. Probit analysis on the lethal concentration (LC50) against eggs and worms was logged at different magnitudes for both plants. In vivo assessment by means of fecal egg count reduction (FECR) rate has signified biologically, that the tested plants undoubtedly possess anthelmintic property.

Read more : Finding the Perfect Soil: Land Suitability for Boosting Hiyung Cayenne Pepper Production |InformativeBD 

Introduction

The scientific dwellings in modern animal health is averted with issues on drug resistance and residues attributed to injudicious use of veterinary drugs; a menace which may possibly upsurge as global problem in the future. The undisciplined custom of employing anthelmintics both for therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes raises distress to authorities. Indeed, most farmers are reliant on the use of synthetic anti-parasitic drugs, and less application of organic approach (Waller, 2006).

The control and prevention of these parasites have depended largely on the application of several synthetic preparations of anthelmintics (Kumarasingha et al., 2016). In view of this concern, experts are assertive in seeking alternative approaches of controlling worm infection in animals, such as the elimination of Ascaridia galli, which is the most known parasite of birds that causes severe illness, pathological deformities and financial losses even in modern fowl production systems (Garedaghi, 2011; Soulsby, 1982).

The documented resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes to commercial dewormers has intensified the essential need to evaluate natural products, which can supplant the current approaches of controlling these parasites (Macedo et al., 2012). Innovative dealings to control helminth infections are essential at this hour in order to halt this very concern on anthelmintic resistance (Giri et al., 2015). The identification of anthelmintic plant extract with promising pharmacologic properties may contribute to the development of phytotherapeutic products with lower risk of resistance in contrast to conventional medication currently employed (Ferreira et al., 2013). Yigezu et al. (2014) highlighted the need for further methodical evaluations of plant materials used in ethno-veterinary medicine. As such, limited investigation finding is known on the pharmacological properties of Psidium guajava and Chrysophyllum cainito specifically on the anthelmintic activity. This therefore, dictates the need to search for substantial scientific evidences on the beneficial use of the aforementioned herbal plants that would offer alternatives to animal raisers in managing worm infection using vegetation found in the surroundings which are safe, efficient and inexpensive.

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Cabardo Jr. D, Portugaliza HP. 2017. Anthelmintic activity of Moringa oleifera seed aqueous and ethanolic extracts against Haemonchus contortus eggs and third stage larvae. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine 5, 30-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.02.001

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Fernandez Jr. TJ, Portugaliza HP, Braga FB, Vasquez EA, Acabal AD, Divina BP, Pedere WB. 2013. Effective dose (ED) and quality control studies of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) mixture of makabuhay, caimito and makahiya (MCM) as dewormer for goats against Haemonchus contortus. Asian Journal of Experimnetal Biological Sciences 4(1), 28-35. Retrieved on June 10, 2020 from

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Article source : Anthelmintic activity of Chrysophyllum cainito and Psidium guajava ethanolic bark extracts against Ascaridia galli of chicken 

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Finding the Perfect Soil: Land Suitability for Boosting Hiyung Cayenne Pepper Production | InformativeBD

Meidy Harris Prayoga, Ahmad Alim Bahri, Yusuf Azis, and Emy Rahmawati, from the institute of Indonesia.  wrote a Research article about, Finding the Perfect Soil: Land Suitability for Boosting Hiyung Cayenne Pepper Production. Entitled, Land suitability evaluation to increase Hiyung cayenne pepper production at Tapin district South Kalimantan Province. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Tapin is one of the districts in South Kalimantan Province, which has a leading sector in agriculture. The agricultural sector contributed 19.6% of the total GRDP value in 2019 but could not significantly increase the regional economy, so this sector needs to be developed. In actual conditions, the yield of Hiyung cayenne pepper was only 145 ha, while the productivity has 11.01 ton ha-1. The large amount of land that has not been utilized in the Tapin Regency opens up great opportunities for agricultural extensification or expansion of planting areas. This research aims to determine the area of ​​land that is suitable and available to increase production. Matching criteria analysis was used to obtain an appropriate and available land area. The results indicated that the land suitability class for Hiyung chili in Tapin Regency was divided into 12 classes. The suitable land area available for Hiyung cayenne pepper in Tapin Regency is 60,380 ha or 28.03% of the total land area. The land suitability class for Hiyung cayenne pepper in Tapin Regency is dominated by class S3 (d, p, ch) with limiting factors in the form of drainage, pH and rainfall in Candi Laras Selatan and Candi Laras Utara subdistricts.

Read more : Deadwood, Living Value:Acacia Litter and Biodiversity in Central Tanzania | InformativeBD 

Introduction

In Tapin Regency, the agricultural sector is the primary sector that is able to absorb the most labor (BPS Kab Tapin, 2019). In a developing country, food security and environmental sustainability are two crucial factors for national growth and development (Omotade et al., 2019). The Tapin Regency BPS noted that in 2018, this sector was able to absorb 40,892 residents or 44% of the total workforce. In 2019, it was recorded that the agricultural sector was able to contribute 19.6% of the total value of GRDP but was still unable to improve the regional economy significantly, so this sector needs to be developed to become a mainstay sector.

Tapin Regency has another development potential besides the food crop sector. Cayenne pepper is one of the horticultural commodities that has a certain uniqueness. The cayenne pepper variety in question comes from Hiyung Village, Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Hiyung is a local variety of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) that traditionally grown continuously at swampland of Tapin District, South Kalimantan Province.

This cayenne pepper has high productivity and good market prospect and could contribute to increase national cayenne production. This germplasm has been officially registered with the Center for Plant Variety Protection and Agricultural Licensing of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 09/PLV/2012 dated April 12, 2012, as a Local Variety under the name Hiyung cayenne pepper. The uniqueness of this chili is the level of spiciness that exceeds the spiciness of other cayenne peppers. The results of laboratory tests in 2012 showed that the level of spiciness was the highest in Indonesia, with capsaicin levels reaching 9,400 ppm (Balai Pengawas dan Sertifikasi Benih Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, 2015). This uniqueness encourages the local government of Tapin Regency to promote it as a superior regional commodity. Promotion is directed as part of agribusiness development efforts to increase production for marketing needs outside the Tapin Regency area while maintaining sustainable food availability for the community. The actual condition of cayenne pepper productivity is still relatively low. The planting area of cayenne pepper is only 145 ha (Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Kabupaten Tapin, (2020). This is because cayenne pepper is grown in a limited place. Planted area, harvest and productivity of cayenne pepper in Tapin Regency in the last 5 years are shown in (Table 1). Efforts to increase production are carried out by means of agricultural extension. Extensification is offered as a management strategy to reduce the perceived negative effects of intensive agricultural management (Horrocks et al., (2014). The large amount of land that has not been utilized in Tapin Regency opens up great opportunities for agricultural extensification or expansion of planting areas. No research is directed at land planning for certain commodities, especially to determine the availability of land for cayenne pepper in Tapin Regency. Based on the background of the problems above, this study aims to compile an evaluation of land suitability for cayenne pepper in the Tapin Regency.

Reference

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Article source : Land suitability evaluation to increase Hiyung cayenne pepper production at Tapin district South Kalimantan Province 

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Deadwood, Living Value: Acacia Litter and Biodiversity in Central Tanzania | InformativeBD

Elkana Hezron and Julius W Nyahongo, from the institute of Tanzania.  wrote a Research article about, Deadwood, Living Value: Acacia Litter and Biodiversity in Central Tanzania. entitled, Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of central Tanzania: . This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.

Read more : Biopiracy at Sea: The Emerging Threat to Marine Biodiversity | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Natural treasures and heritage such as those of semiarid areas rich in deadwood (DW) materials are rapidly utilized and depleted by living organisms globally while facing an extinction rate of about 100- 1000 times compared to the rate before 150,000 years ago of human life time (Baharul & Khan, 2010). Thousands of organisms depend on DW as an important key for biodiversity in forest ecosystems (Harmon & Sexton, 1996; Pyle & Brown, 1999). Africa and other continents such as Australia and America are comprised of such resources at large although they are faced with many challenges from anthropogenic activities (IUCN, 2017). Tanzania in East Africa is one among rich countries in terms of natural resources and biodiversity comprising semiarid woodlands (URT, 2014). Vast of Ecological, environmental and botanical studies have been done purposely to determine total area covered by forests, identify and estimate species diversity, abundance and distribution (Malimbwi & Zahabu, 2014; Monela, Chamshama, Mwaipopo, & Gamassa, 2005). Other studies are done to assess ecosystem goods and services obtained from these resources (Dharani, 2006; FAO, 2010; Monela et al., 2005; Sharam, Sinclair, Turkington, & Jacob, 2009). In disparity to the reported information, studies on DW production that estimate the biomass in semi-arid areas are scarce. Fewer research reports are available to describe the ecological importance contributed by DW and their role in biodiversity conservation for prevalence of savanna dry lands as well as sustainable use of forest products in semi-arid regions.

Earlier than 2007, many communities around the world considered DW as of less significant in the ecosystems (Stachura, Bobiec, Obidziñski, Oklejewicz, & Wolkowycki, 2007). These resources were regarded as uneconomical, obstacles to silviculture and reforestation that were reflected to a cause of abiotic disturbance that threatened the health of terrestrial ecosystems by catching fire easily (Pfeifer et al., 2015; Thomas, 2002; Travaglini et al., 2007; Travaglini & Chirici, 2006). Additionally, stumps from dead trees seemed to be source of injuries that endangered the public safety (Peterken, 1996; Thomas, 2002).

Dead Wood pieces and stumps are cleared from forests as a sanitary strategy (WWF, 2004). Collections of wood fuels increased from 243.3 million m3 (in 1990) to 313.9 million m3 (in 2005) in the Eastern and Southern African forests (Monjane, 2009). These actions lowered the quantity of DW and their ecological significance in the ecosystems (Travaglini et al., 2007). It is further reported that there were a stable quantity of harvestable DW produced from 1992/93 to 1995/96 regardless of partial variation from year to year in the African woodlands as indicated in Table 1 (Collins, 1977; Malaisse, Alexandre, Freson, Goffinet, & MalaisseMousset, 1972; Malaisse, Freson, Goffinet, & Malaisse-Mousset, 1975; Shackleton, 1998).

In recent years since 2000 up to date, conservationists have become alarmed about the role of DW in the natural ecosystems (Rondeux & Sanchez, 2009; MCPFE, 2002; Humphrey et al., 2004; Schuck, Meyer, Menke, Lier, & Lindner, 2004). Leaders in the developed and developing countries are encouraged by the WWF to call foresters, environmentalists, agriculturists and ecologists to conserve biodiversity by increasing DW in the forests to 20-30 m3/ha by 2030 (WWF, 2004; Marage & Lemperiere, 2005; Zielonka, 2006; Vandekerkhove et al., 2009; Humphrey & Bailey, 2012).

It is reported that the available information on DW production is limited to total harvestable and standing DW with scarce data on the biomass produced by DW in semi-arid ecosystems under the influence of natural factors (Malaisse et al., 1972; Collins, 1977; Shackleton, 1998; Chojnacky & Heath, 2002; WWF, 2004).

Hence, the study aimed to (1) quantify the amount of DW biomass produced by Acacia spp. during dry and rain seasons, (2) evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and (3) to determine the ecological role of DW in conserving biodiversity of semi-arid ecosystem through provision of nutrients to decomposers.

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Article source : Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of central Tanzania:The role of deadwood in biodiversity conservation

 

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Biopiracy at Sea: The Emerging Threat to Marine Biodiversity | InformativeBD

Mahmood Khan Yousufi from the institute of India  and Narendra Kumar Thapak, from the institute of India.  wrote a Research article about, Biopiracy at Sea: The Emerging Threat to Marine Biodiversity. Entitled, Biopiracy of marine organisms: an emerging paradigm. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The modern drugs commercially available nowadays are widely isolated from natural reservoirs. Penicillin was isolated from a mold and Aspirin was isolated from a willow tree. The recent advanced scientific research has further extended the explorations for medicinal drugs in the marine reservoirs. Some of the drugs based on marine organisms have proved to be quite effective in treating diseases like cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The different marine organisms like sponges, molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates and bryozoans are being actively used or trialled for the preparation of useful pharmaceutical drugs. The scientists, researchers and pharmaceutical corporations of the world compete to discover new drugs from global marine reservoirs. The marine organisms are freely available in the marine ecosystems and lack of global legislations provide free hands to the biopirates to exploit the marine reservoirs and isolate different organisms from it. The enormous explorations in the marine reservoirs by the biopirates are causing damage to its ecosystems and its lifeforms. In this investigation, it was concluded that though scientific explorations should be allowed in the marine reservoirs for producing lifesaving drugs but overexploitation of marine reservoirs should be prohibited. It is suggested through this investigation that proper tracking of marine reservoirs is the present requirement to face the challenges being laid down by the biopirates.

Read more : Solvent Matters: Phenolics and Flavonoids in Freshwater Clam Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

The marine water accounts for about 97% of total water present on the land area of this blue planet (Munn, 2003). The marine ecosystems comprise of rich biological diversity that includes, plants, animals, and various microscopic life forms. The scientific explorations around the globe are incorporating global marine ecological resources. The fact sheet of United Nations interprets in the ocean conference held in the year 2017 that the global oceans comprises of 500000 and 10 million marine species (United Nations, 2017). The marine phytoplanktons produces 50 percent of oxygen on earth (Bittel, 2019). The species heterogeneity associated with the marine ecosystems lies between 0.7 to 1.0 million species with millions of bacteria, viruses and other microbial species (United Nations, 2017). The results of various research investigations depict that global marine resources have been often utilized by local individuals residing near the marine reservoirs as nutritional source and for curing health ailments. At present, about 7.5% of the global marine reservoirs are safeguarded (Briggs, 2020). World Wildlife Federation suggests a term ‘Marine Protected Areas’ that involves efficiently managing or safeguarding the marine ecological reserves and the habitats of various life forms associated with it (Reuchlin-Hugenholtz and McKenzie, 2015). According to the International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources during world conservation congress, various global states agreed Motion 53 that mainly urged to safeguard 30% of the global marine ecosystems up to 2030 (Dinmore, 2016).

Various historical evidences depict that variety of marine life forms were employed for medicinal usage. The written record of medicinal herbs dates back to about 5000 years (Pan et al., 2014). In China in 2953 BCE in the empire of Fu Hsi taxes were levied on the medicines derived from fish (Newman, 2019). Hippocrates in 400 BCE observed antibiotic efficacy of some sponges and used it for curing wounds of soldiers (Munn, 2003). The personal physician of the emperor Claudius suggested the usage of electric fish viz. Torpedo nobilana secretions to treat headaches and even migraines (Janik, 2014).

Romans used the algae as medicines for the treatment of various health ailments (Anis et al., 2017). Khalilieh and Boulos in their investigation described notable uses of micro and macro algae extracts for curing health disorders (Khalilieh and Boulos, 2006). Secundus in 1603exhibited the application of stingray spines to treat toothaches (Narchi, 2015). The ancient Chinese medicinal literature available in Chinese Materia Medica depicts that various marine organisms were utilized in the ancient Chinese traditional medicinal therapies (Fu et al.,2016). The use of marine invertebrates for healing purposes has also been reported during ancient Greek times and the initial Byzantium (Voultsiadou, 2010). The use of marine turtles for preparation of traditional medicines has also been reported (Alves, 2006). The treatment of human health disorders from animals and their isolated compounds is often called as zootherapy (Alves, 2006). In different regions of Brazil, the fisherman uses different species of fish for medicinal purposes (Pinto et al., 2015). A well-known medical Scholar Ibn Sina also popularly known as Avicenna in his book “Canon of Medicine” depicts isolation of medicinal material from skin of marine animals (Nizamoglu, 2015). There are various marine organisms like sponges, corals, crabs, mollusks, and sea horses that are used in various parts of Asia and other global regions in traditional medicines (Kataona, 2015). Additionally, the sea life natural stores are also the supplies of antimicrobial constituents like the cationic antimicrobial peptides (Patrzykat, 2003).

From the above historical evidences, it is clear that the marine organisms have been employed for therapeutic purposes since ages. These evidences act as an attraction for the pharmaceutical corporations, researchers and scientists to deeply explore marine ecosystems for new biological innovations. With the passage of time and advancement in the technical research, the explorations in the ocean reservoirs have enormously risen. The insufficiency of global legislations to restrict uncontrolled explorations of global marine reserves is seriously causing damage to the global ocean life forms. The biopirates are exponentially isolating the marine organisms for manufacturing therapeutic drugs and subjecting them to patenting. The patent war between the pharmaceutical corporations to conquer monopoly over the marine ecosystems is definitely a matter of fact in the current scenario. Various pharmaceutical corporations are involved in manufacturing potential therapeutic compounds from marine lifeforms. Some of the significant pharmaceutical corporations are Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Icos corporation, Island Kinetics Inc., HRD corporations, Procter & Gamble Company, Heliae Development LLC. and Codexis Inc. (Ninawe and Indulkar, 2014). The various patents being issued with respect to biologically active compounds isolated from marine organisms include US8486960 B2, US8450489 B2, US8445701 B2, US8586597 B2, USRE44599 E1, US8293943 B1, US8524980 B2, and US8586051 B2. (Ninawe and Indulkar, 2014). The pharmaceutical corporations are just performing theft of nature as biopirates and generating huge financial assets. The present study basically aims to explore this new challenge that is being created by the biopirates concerning biopiracy of global marine lifeforms. 

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 Article source : Biopiracy of marine organisms: an emerging paradigm 

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