Mining and Health: Community Views from Claver, Surigao del Norte | InformativeBD

Sunshine Rose N. Dave, Jessel A. Basadre, Edly Nouvee M. Lastra, Ian S. Umpil, and Mauricio S. Adlaon, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Mining and Health: Community Views from Claver, Surigao del Norte. Entitled, Exploring community perspective on mining activities and respiratory health in Claver Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The municipality of Claver is essentially a mining reservation due to it’s richness in mineral resources. The process of removing valuable earthly minerals and other materials is known as mining. This is viewed as one of the primary economic endeavors that propel economies across the globe and it is being considered by economic planners as a key industry for economic advancement in the Philippines nowadays. However, in any case, mining has been associated with health problems caused by environmental exposure to mine squander, particularly in countries where minerals extraction is made. The study used the qualitative approach to examine community perspectives, experiences towards the positive and negative effects of mining activities to the host and neighboring communities. The participants consisting of 34 were instructed to use an open-ended, semi-structured interview guide to respond to the questions. The results of the interview were transcribed, translated from Sinurigaonon dialect into English language. Moreover, data gathered was carefully examined using thematic coding analysis. It is apparent that the contribution of mining industry to economic development cannot be denied, but its source of environmental pollution and health impact were also recognized wherein there is significant evidence that mining has an adverse short-term effect on the respiratory health of the inhabitant living proximity to the mining site. And as to the significant role of SDMP implemented by mining companies were significantly addressed to the affected community to minimize the negative externalities impacted by the mining activities. By reason of, mining can play a major part in ethical and economic improvement in such ways they can coordinate their objectives with societal values in order to cultivate the financial extension and improvement of the affected areas.

Read more : Gmelina arborea: AVersatile Tree for Agroforestry and Medicine | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The process of removing valuable earthly minerals and other materials is known as mining. This is viewed as one of the primary economic endeavors that propel economies across the globe (Abraham, 2015). It is being considered by economic planners as a key industry for economic advancement in the Philippines today (De Alban et al., 2004). Suggesting the foreseeable progression in innovation and innovative items, the requests for minerals resources are expanding and thus the require for mining exercises to meet these requests (Abraham, 2015). Historically, in any case, mining has been linked to health issues due to environmental exposure to waste from mines, especially in developing nations (De Cássia Canedo Oliveira Borges et al., 2016). In mining locales, inquire almost on the determinants of respiratory prosperity overwhelmingly centers on exposures to open discuss examine toxins deriving from mining operations (Dietler et al., 2021). Introduction to tidy can be short-term or long-term and can cause respiratory wellbeing issues extending from intense to persistent (Mamuya et al., 2007; Nelson, 2013; Nkrumah and Yaw, 2005).

From the point of view by Litvinenko (2020), the mining sector contributes significantly to the nation's economy and is crucial to its growth economically (Firozjaei et al., 2021). Meanwhile, due to its riches in minerals, the town of Claver is essentially a mining reservation (Claver, Surigao Del Norte Philippines, n.d.). These have played a substantial role in the development of the community of Clavernons, specifically the people in the host mining community. On the other hand, like all businesses, mining has both benefits and dangers for the individuals occupying in communities where minerals are found. The residential proximity to the mining sites may brought public health challenges, much especially to those people who are vulnerable to any outdoor air pollutants of mining operations may produce.

Despite extensive research using quantitative approach related to mining impact and human health, there is significantly the absence of qualitative research exploring the opinions of locals, or communities about the health effects of mining, more specifically, among the mining communities closest to the vicinity of the mining site. Therefore, this study was conducted to examines community perspectives on the relationship between mining activities and respiratory well -being, and the role of Social Development and Management Program (SDMP) towards sustainable mining practices, thus requires into account the health concerns of the surrounding communities, focusing special regard to vulnerable populations like children, elderly, expectant mothers, and rural inhabitants living therein, Claver Surigao Del Norte, Philippines.

The study aimed to conduct a qualitative survey to examine community perspectives on the relationship between mining and respiratory well-being of the mining communities in Claver, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines.

Reference

Bio FY, Sadhra S, Jackson C, Burge PS. 2010. Respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment in underground gold miners in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v41i2.55292

De Alban JD, Bernabe C, Paz BD. 2004. Analyzing mining as a threat to forests and sustainable development. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4825.3762

De Cássia Canedo Oliveira Borges R, Júnior JCB, De Oliveira FB, Brunherotti MA, Quemelo PRV. 2016. Evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in pyrochlore mine workers. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562015000000221

Dietler D, Loss G, Farnham A, De Hoogh K, Fink G, Utzinger J, Winkler MS. 2021. Housing conditions and respiratory health in children in mining communities: An analysis of data from 27 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106591

Himmelsbach GS, Zabré HR, Leuenberger A, Knoblauch AM, Brugger F, Winkler MS. 2023. Exploring the Impact of Mining on Community Health and Health Service Delivery: Perceptions of Key Informants Involved in Gold Mining Communities in Burkina Faso. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20247167

Lapinigan, Claver, Surigao del Norte Profile – PhilAtlas. 1990. https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/caraga/surigao-del-norte/claver/lapinigan.html

Leuenberger A, Winkler MS, Cambaco O, Cossa H, Kihwele F, Lyatuu I, Zabré HR, Farnham A, Macete E, Munguambe K. 2021. Health impacts of industrial mining on surrounding communities: Local perspectives from three sub-Saharan African countries. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252433

Mamuya S, Bråtveit M, Mashalla Y, Moen BE. 2007. High prevalence of respiratory symptoms among workers in the development section of a manually operated coal mine in a developing country: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-17

Önder M, Yigit E. 2008. Assessment of respirable dust exposures in an opencast coal mine. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0324-4

Raborar JLO, Recio EO. 2020. The effects of social development and management programs (SMDP) of Philippine mining companies to the host communities. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i3.683

Ross MH. 2004. Occupational respiratory disease in mining. Occupational Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh073

Taganito, Claver, Surigao del Norte, Google Maps. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Taganito,+Claver,+Surigao+del+Norte/@9.4704051,125.7966942,24325m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x33015dfb1dbd54f3:0x67147f63709d7762!8m2!3d9.4752214!4d125.7952667!16s%2Fg%2F11gzxpxf7!5m1!1e2?entry=ttu

Article source : Exploring community perspective on mining activities and respiratory health in Claver Surigao Del Norte, Philippines 

Read More

Gmelina arborea: A Versatile Tree for Agroforestry and Medicine | InformativeBD

Christian Chukuka Obiazi, and Isijokelu Moses Ojeifo, from the different institute of Nigeria. wrote a Review article about, Gmelina arborea: A Versatile Tree for Agroforestry and Medicine. Entitled, The relevance of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) in agroforestry systens and medicine. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The choice of suitable tree species is critical for optimal output in agroforestry systems. A wide range of potential uses of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) remain largely ignored, probably because agroforestry programmes, hitherto, laid emphasis on nitrogen-fixing trees. Gmelina arborea is a fast growing multipurpose tree which generates high biomass but does not fix nitrogen. It has excellent coppicing capacity which lends it to rapid regeneration for frequent pruning. It produces an appreciable amount of foliage even at peak of dry season, thereby ensuring a yearround supply of forage and fodder for livestock, such as goats, sheep and cattle which relish the plant. Pruning from Gmelina is also useful for mulching. Favourable reports on the wood properties of Gmelina arborea indicate that it is suitable for general purpose timber, utility furniture, pulpwood and for making match sticks. The high regenerative ability of the roots and stems cuttings, aid vegetative propagation. Gmelina has a vigorous root system which enables it to effectively act as a nutrient pump for the uptake of leached nutrients from subsoil to the soil surface through leaf litter. Gmelinaarborea is tolerant to bush fire, thereby making it adaptable to the common practice of shifting cultivation which frequently involves burning of debris during land preparation. Studies are required to elucidate information on the compatibility of Gmelinaarborea in agroforestry systems.

Read more : Roadside Flora in Transition: Plant Communities Across Pine Forest Elevations | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The search for compatible multipurpose trees in agroforestry programmes in Nigeria is a continuous process. The wide range of potential uses of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) have hitherto been largely ignored, probably because, agroforestry programmes emphasised nitrogen-fixing species. This is understandable, in view of provision of a free supply of nitrogen to the soil for crop growth by nitrogenfixing plant species, brought about by Rhizobium spp. bacteria in their roots. However, Amara et al. (1992) reported unexpectedly high nitrogen content in the leaves of gmelina. With declining forage and fodder supply for livestock, the need to highlight other nonleguminous multipurpose trees, such as,Gmelina arborea has become necessary and urgent. Gmelina arborea is a fast growing multipurpose tree. Nwoboshi (1982) stated that species like Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea owe their popularity in forestry to their capacity to establish and grow well in plantations. Gmelina generates high biomass and excellent coppicing capacity. The plant produces appreciable amount of foliage even at the peak of dry season, thereby ensuring a year-round supply of forage and fodder. Sheep, goats and other ruminants relish its succulent foliage.

In Nigeria, Gmelina arboreawas originally introduced for fuelwood and poles in plantations. A notable example is the Enugu pitwood plantation (Pringle, 1960). Gmelina arborea (Roxb.),is native to Asia. It was introduced from South-East Asia to tropical Africa and introduced to Enugu State, Nigeria in1921 (Rotowa and Adeagbo, 2019). More recently, it was planted as a shade tree in residential quarters and homes. Large areas in tropical locations of Africa, America and Asia, such as Nigeria, Ghana, Colombia, Venezuela and Malaysia have undertaken extensive planting of this fast-growing tree and most of them are intended for the production of paper-pulp (Adam and Krampah, 2005; Deepthi, et al., 2015). The objective of this study were to examine the characteristics of Gmelina arborea in line with the potential uses, asses its present role in agroforestry and medicine and suggest the way forward. Environmental requirements of Gmelina Certain conditions are necessary for proper growth and development of Gmelina arborea plant. Deepthi, et al. (2015) observed that it is not a shade tolerant plant. It grows well in locations that receive 750- 4500mm or more of rainfall per annum. It does not flourish on poorly-drained and waterlogged soils. It remains stunted on sandy or dry and infertile soils. Drought condition also reduces it to a shrubby form. Adam and Krampah (2005) also noted that deep fertile soil that is well-drained is suitable for Gmelina. When it is planted under unsuitable conditions, Gmelina grows into a little more than a shrub and often remains stunted.

Characteristics of Gmelina Agroforestry is becoming a popular component of sustainable agriculture and environmental enhancement in Nigeria. The success of such programmes will depend on availability of information on the components. Such knowledge will include the growth and utilization of agroforestry species, and probably their potentials for enhancing yield of companion crops. Effective integration of Gmelina arboreain agroforestry systems therefore requires such basic information to enable successful harnessing of its potentials.

Selection criteria for tree species include value of fruit, oil, erosion, medicines, timber, fodder and fuelwood (Myonk, et al., 2015). It should also be noted that the traits of a good agroforestry species include good coppicing and ability to promote soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.

Reference

Acharya NS, Acharya SR, Kumar V, Barai P. 2015 . Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant Effects of Methanol Extract of Stems of G. arborea Roxb. Journal of Natural Remedies 15, 23-32.

Adam KA, Krampah, E. 2005. Gmelinaarborea Roxb.ex Sm. In: Louppe D, Oteng-Amoako A A, Brink M (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l’Afriquetropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. Accessed 11 April 2019.

Ashalatha M, Sankh K. 2015. A Morphological Review on Gmelina arborea Linn – A Wonder Ayurvedic Herb. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 5(1), 304-308.

Basanda GM, Dhara PK,Tarafdar PK. 2017. Differential responses of arable crops with gamhar (Gmelina arborea) and mango (Mangifera indica) based agroforestry system in red and lateritic soils of West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 51(1), 86-89.

Chittendon AE, Coursey DG, Rotibi JO. 1964. Paper Making Trial with Gmelina arborea Timber in Nigeria. Tappi 47(12), 186A- 192A.

Deepthi Pathala, Harini A, Prakash L, Hegde. 2015. A Review on Gambhari (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 4(2), 127-132. Available on line at www. phytojournal.com

Hughes JF, Esan D. 1969. Variation in some structural features and properties of Gmelina arborea. Tropical Science 11(1).

Kayode RMO, Olakulehin TF, Adedeji BS,, Ahmed O, Aliyu TH, Badmos AHA. 2015. Evaluation of amino acid and fatty acid profiles of commercially cultivated oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) grown on Gmelina wood waste. Nigerian Food Journal Volume 33(1), 18-21.

Myonk JH, Hyok HO, Jianchu XU. 2015. Participatory selection of tree species for agroforestry on sloping land in North Korea. Mountain Research and Development 35(4), 318-327.

Nwoboshi LC. 1982. Tropical Silvicultural Principles and Techniques. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan p. 144.

Ojeniyi SO, Agbede OO, Fegbero JA. 1980. ‘Effects of Agri-Silvicuture on Soil Chemical Properties’ Soil Science 130(2), 76-77.

Ota HO, Aja D, Okolo CC, Obianuju C, Nwite JN. 2019. Influence of tree plantation Gmelinaarborea and Gliricidia sepium on soil physic-chemical properties in Abakaliki, Southeast, Nigeria. ActaChemica Iasi 2(2), 22-28.

Perez JM, Davey B, Benites JR. 1987. Nutritional Requirements of Gmeliaarborea”. Tropical Technical Report. North Carolina State University, Raliegn pp. 76-77.

Perez JM, Davey B, McCullum RE. 1987. Intercropping, cropping and nutritional requirement”. In: Tropsoil Technical Report. (Eds) Candle, N. and C. McCantsTropsoils. North Carolina State University, Raliegn.

Pringle AN. 1960. The Enugu Pitwood Plantations, Nigeria Emp. For. Rev 29(3), 238-243.

Rotowa OJ, Adeagbo AA. 2019. Provenance trial of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) in iddle-belt zone of Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences 7 (3), 27-31. Retrieved 21st Feb., 2020 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334707542_Provenances

Sanchez PA. 1992. Soils in the Humid Trpics: Their Properties and Management. In: Sudlow (Ed.) Studies on Third World Societies. College of William and Mary, Dept. of Anthropology, Public No. 4.

Thornton PK. 2010. Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. (Philosophical Transactions B) Philos Trans R SocLond B Biol Sci. 2010 Sep 27 365(1554), 2853–2867.

Article source : The relevance of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) in agroforestry systens and medicine 

 

Read More

Roadside Flora in Transition: Plant Communities Across Pine Forest Elevations | InformativeBD

Shaheen Qadir,  Adeela Altaf,  Muhammad Hashim,  Eamon Bushra,  Asia BiBi,  Nazir Ahmad,  Ishtiaq Ahmad,  Kaneez Fatima, and Altaf Ahmad Dasti, from the different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Roadside Flora in Transition: Plant Communities Across Pine Forest Elevations. Entitled, Distribution of roadside plant communities along the altitudinal gradient in pine forests, Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In mountainous areas, road construction is accompanied by large‐scale physical disturbance that drastically modify the landscape. Road construction and cutting process of mountains removes soil and rock from the hillside above the proposed road, while soil and rock are deposited on the down‐slope area. The resultant roadsides are highly disturbed habitats characterized by plant communities maintained at an early successional stage. The present research was conducted along the roadside, consisting of Nathia Gali (Temperate forest), Abbottabad (Tropical forest) and Thandiani Valley (Sub alpine forest) to determine the associations and relationships between the plant communities and soil, grouping and quantification of plant communities using multivariate ordination techniques. The study area ranges in altitude from 2400 to 2700 m, a.s.l. A total 74 genera having 82 species belonging to 44 families were recorded during the field survey. The major families were Rosaceae (30%), Lamiaceae (23%) and Asteraceae (17%). Other families also contributed a good share in flora. Herbs contributed the more share followed by shrubs and trees. Presence/absence data were used to classify and ordinate for both sites and species. DCA axes 1 and 2 were used for data interpretation. The relationships between soil characters and DCA axes 1 and 2 were determined using Spearman Rank correlation. Cluster analysis identified 3 vegetation types. These vegetation types have been discussed in the context of topographic and edaphic heterogeneity.

Read more : Roadside Leaves as Pollution Sensors: Weather and Particulates in Quetta | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Roads are designed as major channels of intercommunication between the communities existing in disparate strata of earth, yet it is pervasive disturbance with far-reaching impacts on vegetation and plant community composition (Coffin, 2007; Cui et al., 2009). Vegetation recovery is essential to stabilize slopes (Fu et al., 2010), increase water infiltration capacity (Walton et al., 2014), and reduce erosion and sedimentation of watersheds (Donaldson et al., 2013). Vegetation recovery following road construction is dynamic, variable and is strongly influenced by underlying edaphic and environmental conditions (Dong et al., 2010).

Roads often traverse heterogeneous substrate e.g. parent material/rock type (Deduke et al., 2016; Walker et al., 2013) that directly influence additional edaphic factors (Hahm et al., 2014; Ullmann et al., 1995; Abella et al., 2008). In particular, substrate variability influences on vegetation and species composition of roadside slopes (Neher et al., 2013). For the distribution pattern of different animals and plants varieties roadsides can also considered as entranceway and habitats or barriers (Angold, 1997).

Plant communities of roadside also provides refugees for the conservation of isolated or relict population of plant species in highly modified regions where novel ecosystems are emerging (Dolley and Audet, 2013). For example, soil depth and texture are strong determinants of nutrient contents (Li et al., 2016) which subsequently influence plant species diversity and long term species persistence following disturbance (Cui et al., 2009; He and Monaco, 2018) and roads are mostly noted as assisting to the spatial spread of alien species, since they express the basic corridor for various invader floristic species introduction, with high reproductive rates and short life spans (Parendes and Jones, 2000).

Although mountain ecosystems are considered to be at low risk of plant invasion due to their harsh climate and limited human activities but the promotion of mountain areas, particularly the Himalayan region (Khuroo et al., 2007), as global tourist destination has put these ecosystems at higher risk of invasion. Pickering and Hill (2007) described that distribution pattern of invasive plants along roadsides varied with altitude and road construction facilitated plant invasion in mountainous regions. Arevalo et al. (2005) revealed that at elevation of (1900-2000 m) the maximum quantity of alien vegetation present. Pauchard and Alaback, (2004) illustrated that along roadside with the variation of altitude between (280- 1290 m) alien varieties richness was negatively associated with altitude.

Along the environmental gradient the various well known factors that find out the distribution of the plant species include topographic heterogeneity and particularly elevation (Liberman et al., 1985), Rain fall (Hall and Swaine, 1976) and redistribution of rain fall water (Shmida et al., 1986), Edaphic factors particularly Topography(Richards, 1996), Soil texture (Davis et al., 1998), Light availability (Liberman et al., 1995), Drainage (Hubbell and Foster, 1986), Soil nutrients (Baillie et al., 1987), Light regime and the degree of anthropogenic other catastrophic disturbances (Perkins and Hatfield, 2014).

However, roadside exotic or native plant communities help in conserving landscape qualities (Khalid et al., 2008). They are also essential places to observe the floristic communities, patterns of distribution and their potential for incursion into interior environment (Trombulak and Frissell, 2000). Furthermore, roadsides are helpful for discovering the effect of climatic factors on distribution pattern of plant species across a various altitudinal gradient (Antonio et al., 2001).

In the present investigation, we assessed variation in vegetation structure and plant community composition along express highways radiating from Murree outward into Abbottabad and Thandiani in Northern Pakistan. Our primary objectives were to identify vegetation structure and plant community composition along the roadside and to relate roadside vegetation and environmental heterogeneity that affects the vegetation patterns along roadside crossing Himalayan forests in Pakistan.

To achieve the objectives of the present investigation, numerical analysis of the data was preferred. Multivariate analysis techniques are the swift tools for ecologist. Ordination analysis is also important statistical tool to elucidate major axes on compositional variation in vegetation data obtained from presence/absence record of species. Cluster analysis is mostly used (Charman et al., 1993; Franklin et al., 1999). The results of species DCA were used to correlate the response of species for edaphic variations (Dasti et al., 2010).

The aims of the present study were To relate roadside vegetation and environmental heterogeneity that affects the vegetation patterns along the roadside crossing Himalayan forests in Pakistan.

To identify the environmental factors of overriding importance in determining the nature of plant communities in these landscapes.

To know the factors which control the distribution pattern of species?

Reference

Abella SR, Springer JD. 2008. Canopy-tree influences along a soil parent material gradient in Pinus ponderosa-Quercus gambelii forests northern Arizona. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 135, 26-36.

Ahmad KS, Hameed M, Ahmad F, Sadia B. 2016. Edaphic factors as major determinants of plant distribution of temperate Himalayan grasses, Pakistan journal of Botany 48(2), 567-573.

Angold PG. 1997. The impact of a road upon adjacent heathlands vegetation effects on plants species composition. Journal of Animal Ecology 34, 409-417.

Araki M. 1995.Forest meteorology. Tokyo: Kawashima Shoten (in Japanese).

Arevalo JR, Delgado JD, Otto R, Naranjo A, Salas M,Fernández-Palacios JM. 2005. Distribution of alien vs. native plant species in roadside communities along an altitudinal gradient in Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Perspective in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7, 185-202.

Baillie IC, Ashton PS, Court MN, Anderson JAR, Fitzpatrick EA, Tinsley J. 1987. Site characteristics and distribution of tree species in Mixed Dipterocarp Forest on Tertiary sediments in central Sarawak. Malysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 3, 201-220.

BiBi A, Bushra E. Hashim M, Altaf A, Qadir S, Ahmad I, Ahmad N, Hussain S, Dasti AA. 2020. Classification and ordination of upland vegetation of temperate forest at Mukeshpuri Hills, Pakistan. International Journal of Biosciences 17(3), 206-229.

Champion HG, Seth SK, Khattak GM. 1965. Forest types of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute.

Charman DJ. 1993. Patterned ferns in Scotland: evidence from vegetation and water chemistry, Journal of Vegetation Science 4, 543–552.

Coffin AW. 2007. From road kill to road ecology: A review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of Transport Geography 15, 396-406.

Cui BS, Zhao SQ, Zhang KJ. 2009. Disturbance of Dabao highway construction on plant species and soil nutrients in Longitudinal Range Gorge Region of southwestern China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 158, 545-59.

D’Antonio C, Meyecrson LA, Denslow J. 2001. Exotic species and conservation: research needs. Conservation biology: research priorities for the next decade. Island Press, Washington D.C.

Dasti AA, Agnew DQ. 1994. The vegetation of Cholistan and Thal deserts, Pakistan. Journal Arid Environments 27, 193-208.

Dasti AA, Malik SA. 1998. A transect of vegetation and soils on the Indus valley scar slope, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plant Science 4(2), 73-84.

Dasti AA, Saima ZM, Azhar M, Gohar S.2010.Vegetation zonation along the geological and geomorphological gradient at eastern slope of Sulaiman range, Pakistan.  African Journal of Biotechnology 9(37), 6105-6115.

Davis MA, Wrage KJ, Reich PB. 1998. Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: Support for a theory of resource supply and demand. Journal of Ecology 86, 652-661.

Deduke C, Halden NM, Piercey-Normore MD. 2016. Comparing element composition of rock substratum with lichen communities and the fecundity of Arctoparmelia and Xanthoparmelia species. Botany 94, 41-51.

DoleyD, Audet P. 2013. Adopting novel ecosystems as suitable rehabilitation alternatives for former mine sites. Ecological Processes 2(1), 22.

Donaldson JE, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU. 2013. Scale-area curves: A tool for understanding the ecology and distribution of invasive tree species. Biological Invasion 16, 553-63.

Dong SK, Yang ZF, Cui BS, Liu SL, Liu J, Hu B, Zhai HJ, Ding ZK, Wei  G. 2010. Impacts of environmental factors and human disturbance on composition of roadside vegetation in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve of southwest China. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2(12), 13-19.

Franklin J, Drake DR, Bolick LA, Smith DS, MotleyJ. 1999. Rain forest composition and patterns of secondary succession in the Vava’u Island Grou, Tonga. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 51-64.

Fu W, LiuS, Dong S. 2010. Land scape pattern changes under the disturbance of road networks. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2(8), 59-67.

Gairola S, Rawal RS, Todaria NP. 2008. Forest vegetation patterns along an altitudinal gradient in sub-alpine zone of west Himalaya, India. African Journal of Plant Science 6, 42- 48.

Hahm WJ, Riebe CS, Lukens CE, Araki S. 2014. Bed rock composition regulates mountain ecosystems and landscape evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 3338-43.

Hall JB, Swaine M. 1976. Classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in Ghana. The Journal of Ecology 913-951.

Haq F, Ahmad H, Iqbal Z, Alam M, Aksoy A. 2017. Multivariate approach to the classification and ordination of the forest ecosystem of Nandiar valley western Himalayas. Ecological Indicators 80, 232-241.

Hashim M, Dasti AA. 2019. Himalayan temperate forest composition and canopy Attributes. International Journal of Biosciences 14(4), 317-337.

He H, Monaco T. 2018. Litter accumulation and nutrient content of roadside plant communities in Sichuan Basin, China. Plants 6(3), 36.

Hubbell SP, Foster RB. 1986. Biology, Chance and history and the structure of tropical rain forest tree communities. Community Ecology 314-329.

Khalid FA, Hale WHG, Headley ADD. 2008. Floristic composition and Environmental determinants of roadside vegetation in North England. Journal of Ecology 57(1), 73-88.

Khan SM, Page S, Ahmad H, Ullah Z, Shaheen H, Ahmad M, Harper DM. 2013.Phyto-climatic gradient of vegetation and habitat specificity in the high elevation Western Himalayas. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45, 223-230.

Khuroo AA, Rashid I, Reshi Z, Dar GH, Wafai BA. 2007. The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya. Biological Invasion 9, 269-292.

Kochy M, Wilson SD. 2001.Nitrogen deposition and forest expansion in the northern Great plains. Journal of Ecology 89, 807-817.

Kubota Y, Murata H, Kikuzawa K. 2004. Effects of topographic heterogenity on tree species richness and stand dynamics in a subtroical forest in Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Journal of Ecology 92, 230-240.

Latrou M, Papadopoulos A, Papadopoulos F, Dichala O, Psoma P, Bountla A. 2014. Determination of soil available phosphorus using the Olsen and Mehlich 3 methods for Greek soils having variable amounts of calcium carbonate. Communications in soil science and plant analysis 45(16), 2207-2214.

Li Y, Gao Z, Tang L. 2016. Soil-Plant characteristics in an age sequence of Coronillavaria L. Plantations along embankments. Journal of Soil Science and Plant nutrition 16, 187-99.

Liberman M, Liberman D, Peltera R, Hartsshorn GS. 1985. Small scale altitudinal variation in lowland tropical wet forest vegetation.Journal of Ecology 73, 505-516.

Liberman M, Liberman D, Peltera R, Hartsshorn GS. 1995. Canopy closure and the distribution of tropical forests tree species at La Selva, Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, 161-178.

Nasir E, Ali SI. 1972. Flora of Pakistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.

Neher DA, Asmussen D, Lovell ST. 2013. Roads in northern hardwood forests affect adjacent plant communities and soil chemistry in proportion to the maintained roadside area. Science of Total Environment 449, 320-27.

Parendes LA, Jones JA. 2000.  Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conservation Biology 14, 64-75.

Perkins LB, Hatfield G. 2014.Competition, legacy, and priority and the success of three invasive species. Biological invasion 16(12), 2543-2550.

Pickering C, Hill W. 2007. Roadside weeds of the snowy mountains, Australia. Mountain Research and Devlopment, 27, 359-367.

Richards PW. 1996. The tropical rainforest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sadıa S, Zhang JT, Tarıq A, Bai X, Sheday AA, Caol K, Mazari P, Aslam S, Ahmad L. 2017. Specıes diversity, vegetation pattern and conservatıon of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. Communıtıes ın Donglıng mountain meadow, Beıjıng, Chına. Pakistan Journal of Botany 49(5), 1725-1734.

Saima S, Altaf A, Faiz MH, Shahnaz F, Wu G. 2018. Vegetation patterns and composition of mixed coniferous forests along an altitudinal gradient in the Western Himalayas of Pakistan. Austrian Journal of Forest Science 135, 159–180.

Saima S, Dasti AA, Hussain F, Wazir SM, Malik SA. 2009. Floristic compositions along an 18- km long transect in Ayubia National Park district Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41, 2115-2127.

Shaheen H, Khan SM, Harper DM, Ullah Z, Qureshi RA. 2011. Species diversity, community structure, and distribution patterns in western Himalayan alpine pastures of Kashmir, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development 31(2), 153-159.

Shaheen S, Iqbal Z, Ijaz F, Alam J, Rahman IU. 2016. Floristic composition, biological spectrum and phenology of Tehsil Havelian, District Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48(5), 1849-1859.

Shmida A, Evenari M, Noy-Meir I. 1986. Hot deserts ecosystem: an integeral view. Ecosystems of the world 379- 451.

Tiessen H, Roberts TL, Stewart JWB. 1983. Carbonate analysis in soils and minerals by acid digestion and two‐endpoint titration.  Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 14(2), 161-166.

Trombulak SC, Frissell CA. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14, 18-30.

Tyser RW, Worley CA. 1992. Alien flora in grass lands adjacent to road and rail corridors in Glacier National park, Montana Conservation Biology 6, 253-262.

Ullmann I, Bannister P, Wilson JB. 1995. The vegetation of roadside verges with respect to environmental gradients in southern New Zealand. Journal of Vegetation Science 6, 131-142.

Walker LR, Shiels AB, Bellingham PJ. 2013. Changes in abiotic influences on seed plants and ferns during 18 years of primary succession on Puerto Rican landslides. Journal of Ecology 101, 650-661.

Walkley A, Black IA. 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29-37.

Walton M, Gadzia T, Zeedyk WD. 2014. Characterization and restoration of slope wetlands in New Mexico: a guide for understanding slope wetlands, causes of degradation and treatment options. New Mexico Environmental Department: Santa, 68.

Wazir SM, Dasti AA, Saima S, Shah J, Hussain 2008. Multivariate analysis of vegetation of Chapursan valley: An alpine meadow in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40(2), 615-626.

Whittaker RH. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21, 213–251.

Article source : Distribution of roadside plant communities along the altitudinal gradient in pine forests, Pakistan  

Read More

Roadside Leaves as Pollution Sensors: Weather and Particulates in Quetta | InformativeBD

Sher Muhammad,  Saadullah Khan Leghari, Palwasha Amanullah, Shamim Gul,  Shazia Saeed,  Alia Ahmad,  Allah Bakhsh Gulshan,  Fasial Hussain Leghari, and Basira Sher, from the different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Roadside Leaves as Pollution Sensors: Weather and Particulates in Quetta. Entitled, Influence of Weather, Time and Pollution Level on Amount of Particulate Matter Placed on the Leaves of Nerium oleander and Ligustrum lucidum Grown along the Roadsides of Quetta City. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The PM accumulation process by plants is quite energetic, and even after one day, fluctuations in PM load on foliage can be significant. Rain and, to a lesser extent, wind influenced PM deposition on leaves, with the latter being more species-specific. This research explored the temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM) collected on two evergreen plant species (Nerium oleander and Ligustrum lucidum) leaves commonly grown along with the roadside Quetta city Balochistan, Pakistan. The impact of wind and rain on the quantity of PM collected on vegetation was investigated. The PM (g⋅m−2) concentrations held by N. oleander and L. lucidum leaves considerably varied among the places (from 7.70 – 10.7 & 6.24 – 9.53) with significant variation and over time (from 5.94 – 18.0 & 5.32 – 16.5). The highest PM concentrations on the foliage of N. oleander and L. lucidum growing at the most contaminated site, Saryab road, were determined.  The largest and lowest levels of accumulation PM followed in August and January, respectively, throughout the year. Rainfall events eliminated a significant percentage of the accumulated PM on leaves (30%, 42% and 55% of PM from leaves of N. oleander and 40, 62 and 95% from L. lucidum leaves) and strong winds (20%. 35% and 47% of PM N. oleander and 25%, 45% and 71% from L. lucidum), It’s also possible that heavier precipitation or a higher maximum wind speed will help to eliminate more PM from the leaves. Rainfall primarily cleared coarse and large particles, but small fragments clung to the foliage more tenaciously. These findings suggested that when assessing total PM accumulation on leaves, the influence of regional weather circumstances (such as strong wind or rainfall), altered seasons, and levels of pollution should be judged.

Read more : Bamboo Power: Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Value of a Remarkable Resource | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Unlike many other pollutants, particulate matter (PM) cannot be defined by the fluctuations in mass concentrations of a particular chemical over time and space. PM movement and its environmental and health impacts are influenced by a number of important elements. The fine fraction has gotten the most attention since it has an impact on health, visibility, and radiative forcing. Long-distance migration of fine particulate matter can have global, regional, and local consequences. Air pollution is becoming a greater hazard to the environment, animals, plants, and human health in metropolitan areas (EEA, 2015; Leghari, 2019). PM, which is made up of liquid and solid organic and inorganic particles, is the most dangerous pollutants among all taken from the inhalation route (Bell et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2015). There are both human-made and natural sources of it (Juda-Rezler et al., 2011). Particles having an aerodynamic diameter ranging from 0.001 to 100 m have different ecological effects and lifespan (Farmer, 2002). Chronic PM exposure can start with a variety of health issues (Kim et al., 2015). Because organisms are subjected to an extensive array of uncontrollable variables such as parasites, climate factors, and a complex pollutant mixture, estimating the impact of air pollutants is difficult (Leghari et al., 2018a). Air pollution in cities has become a major environmental issue in the last several decades, particularly in developing countries and their main cities (Leghari and Zaidi, 2013). Since the last few decades, it has been noted that as the human population grows, so does industry and the number of automobiles. These automobiles and industries emitted a range of air pollutants, which might lead to environmental degradation, the destruction of all forms of roadside crops, and a reduction in tree lifespan. Depending on the pollutant and the species' tolerance, the nature of adverse effects can vary to some extent (Mughal et al., 2018).

The increased usage of vehicles in urban areas has contributed to rising levels of air pollutants in recent years. PM pollution is one of the environmental challenges. (Kardel et al., 2010; Saebo et al., 2012).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, heavy metals, and other compounds are found in atmospheric PM, which is primarily anthropogenic in origin (such as industrial and building activity, residential heating, and road traffic) (Saebo et al., 2012). Further that there are potential dangers to condition, vegetation, and wellbeing from the inappropriate treatment of strong squander. In numerous urban regions, the private strong waste transfer practices comprise of open-consuming utilizing barrels or other comparative gadgets rather than, or notwithstanding, transfer to civil landfills or metropolitan strong waste combustors. The inspirations for families that open-consume their trash may incorporate comfort, propensity, or landfill and cost evasion. Emanations from consuming strong private waste are discharged at ground level bringing about diminished weakening by scattering (Leghari et al., 2015). Furthermore, the expanding technologies and human population are causing one of the most serious problems we face today, namely, air pollution. A key role is played by pollen grains in plant fertility and proper insemination. A plant's fertility declines in severe air pollution circumstances due to direct and indirect impacts on the propagative system (Leghari et al., 2018b). Momentum administrative and examine activities, including PM, are propelled by its impacts on human wellbeing (like a malignant growth, coronary illness, cardiovascular infection, eye aggravation, respiratory ailment, and asthma) Pope III et al., (2004), on deceivability, and on the capacity of oversaw and normal biological systems (Grantz et al., 2003). As a result, one of the essential protection responsibilities at the moment is to reduce PM concentrations in the ambient air. In addition to minimizing PM sources, phytoremediation is considered an additional and useful strategy for reducing air pollution by filtering and absorbing some PM through forest crowns and leaves (Kardel et al., 2010; Escobedo et al., 2011; Saebo et al., 2012; Nowak et al., 2013; Popek et al., 2013). Numerous different investigations have been directed in various zones of the world. For example, in the United States, urban vegetation might expel around 21.49x104 t of PM every year (Nowak et al., 2006).

To improve air quality in extremely polluted places, Plants have a high potential to absorb PM in the air. This research was conducted in Quetta's urban areas, which are located in a semi-arid climate and have seen considerable development. N. oleander and L. lucidum, a joint perennial plant species, are nominated as the examination material for the reason of their occurrence in metropolitan regions in the study zone. So these species were chosen to detect variations in PM deposited on leaves over a year in various urban settings, as well as to explore the impact of weather (rain and wind) and time on PM clearance from leaves.

Reference

Bell ML, Morgenstern RD, Harrington W. 2011. Quantifying the human health benefits of air pollution policies: Review of recent studies and new directions in accountability research. Environmental. Science. Policy 14, 357–368. [CrossRef].

Escobedo FJ, Kroeger T, Wagner JE. 2011. Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disservices. Environmental. Pollution 159(8-9), 2078-2087.

European Environment Agency (EEA). 2015. Air quality in Europe 2015 report. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Farmer A. 2002. Effects of particulates. In: Bell JNB, Treshow M (eds) Air pollution and plant life, hoboken. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, p187–199.

Freer-Smith PH, Beckett KP, Taylor G. 2005. Deposition velocities to Sorbus aria, Acer campestre, Populus deltoids × trichocarpa “Beaupr’e”, Pinus nigra and × Cupressocyparis leylandii for coarse, fine and ultra-fine particles in the urban environment,” Environmental. Pollution 133(1), 157–167.

Grantz DA, Garner JHB, Johnson DW. 2003. Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environment international 29(2-3), 213-239.

He C, Qiub K, Alahmadc A, Pott R. 2019. Particulate matter capturing capacity of roadside evergreen vegetation during the winter season Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, (in press). https://www.Researchgate.Net/publication/337017974

Janhäll S. 2015. Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution–deposition and dispersion. Atmospheric. Environment, 105, 130–137. [CrossRef].

Juda-Rezler K, Reizer M, Oudinet JP. 2011. Determination and analysis of PM10 source apportionment during episodes of air pollution in Central Eastern European urban areas: The case of wintertime 2006. Atmospheric. Environment, 45(36), 6557-6566.

Kardel F, Wuyts K, Babanezhad M. 2010. Assessing urban habitat quality based on specific leaf area and stomatal characteristics of Plantago lanceolata L,” Environmental. Pollution 158(3), 788–794.

Kim KH, Kabir E, Kabir S. 2015. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment international 74, p 136-143.

Laghari SK, Zaidi MA, Razaq G. 2015. Impact of solid waste burning air pollution on some physio-anatomical characteristics of some plants. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47(1), 225-232.

Leghari SK, Zaidi MA. 2013. Effect of Air Pollution on the Leaf Morphology of Common Plant Species of Quetta City. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(S1), 447-454.

Leghari SK, Akbar A, Qasim S, Ullah S, Asrar M, Roail H, Ahamed S, Mehmood K, Ali I. 2019. Estimating Anticipated Performance Index and Air pollution tolerance index of some trees and Ornamental plant species for the Construction of Green Belts. Polish Journal of Environmental. Studies 28, 1759-1769 [online]. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/PJOES/89587

Leghari SK, Saeed S, Asrar M, Ahmed A, Tariq I, Marri AA, Shawani NA. 2018a. Response of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) pollen grains to vehicular exhaust pollution at Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16(4), 4387-4399.

Leghari SK, Zaidi MA, Siddiqui MF, Sarangzai AM, Shawani GR. 2018b. Stone crushing dust affects the yield and quality of apricot fruit. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 55(2).

Leonard RJ, McArthur C, Hochuli DF. 2016.  Particulate matter deposition on roadside plants and the importance of leaf trait combinations. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 20, 249–253. [CrossRef].

Liu Y, Hong X, Zhang T, Li C, Shi L, Ren J. 2014. In: Administration, N.I.P., PRC (Eds.), Method for Determining Quality of Particulate Matters Retained on Plant Leaves in Different Particle Size Ranges. Beijing Forestry University, China.

Liu-Gitz L, Britz SJ, Wergin WP. 2000. Blue light inhibits stomatal development in soybean isolines containing kaempferol-3-O-2????-glycosyl-gentiobioside (K9), A unique flavonoid glycoside,” Plant, Cell and Environment 23(8), 883–891.

Matzka J, Maher BA. 1999. Magnetic biomonitoring of roadside tree leaves: identification of spatial and temporal variations in vehicle-derived particulates. Atmospheric Environment 33(28), 4565–4569.

Mo L, Ma Z, Xu Y, Sun F, Lun X, Liu X, Chen J, Yu X. 2015. Assessing the capacity of plant species to accumulate particulate matter in Beijing, China. PLoS ONE 10, e0140664. [CrossRef].

Mughal SA, Leghari SK, Achakzai, AKK, Asrar M, Ismail T, Ponya Z, Rehman S, Sadiq N. 2018. Effects of road side pollution on physio-morphology of apple. International Journal of Biosciences 12(6), 334-345 [online]. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/12.6.334-345

Neinhuis C, Barthlott W. 1998. “Seasonal changes of leaf surface contamination in beech, oak, and ginkgo in relation to leaf micromorphology and wettability, New Phytologist 138(1), 91–98.

Nguyen T, Yu X, Zhang Z, Liu M, Liu X. 2015. Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves. Journal of Environmental Science-China., 27, 33–41. [CrossRef].

Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC. 2006. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban forestry and urban greening 4(3-4), 115-123.

Nowak, DJ, Hirabayashi S, Bodine A, Hoehn R. 2013. Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in Ten U.S. Cities and associated health effects, Environmental Pollution, 178, 395–402.

Ould-Dada Z, Baghini NM. 2001. “Resuspension of small particles from tree surfaces, Atmospheric Environment 35(22), 3799–3809.

Pal A, Kulshreshtha K, Ahmad KJ, Behl HM. 2002. Do leaf surface characters play a role in plant resistance to Auto-exhaust pollution?” Flora, 197(1), 47–55.

Pope III CA, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Godleski JJ. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation 109(1), 71-77.

Popek R, Gawronska H, Sæbø A, Wrochna M, Gawronski SW. 2013. Particulate matter on foliage of 13 woody species: Deposition on surfaces and phytostabilisation in waxes a 3–year study. International Journal of Phytoremediation 15, 245– 256. [CrossRef].

Popek R, Łukowski A, Karolewski P. 2017. Particulate matter accumulation – further differences between native Prunus padus and nonnative Prunus Serotina. Dendrobiology 78, 85–95. [CrossRef].

Prajapati SK, Tripathi BD. 2008. Seasonal variation of leaf dust accumulation and pigment content in plant species exposed to urban particulates pollution, Journal of Environmental Quality 37(3), 865–870.

Prusty BAK, Mishra PC, Azeez PA. 2005. Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur, Orissa, India, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(2), 228–235.

Przybysz A, Sæbø A, Hanslin HM, Gawro´ Nski SW. 2014. Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as afected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time. Science of the Total Environment 481, 360–369. [CrossRef].

Rodrıguez-Germade I, Mohamed KJ, Rey D, Rubio B, Garc´ıa A. 2014. The influence of weather and climate on the reliability of magnetic properties of tree leaves as proxies for air pollution monitoring, Science of the Total Environment 468, 892–902.

Sæbø A, Popek R, Nawrot B, Hanslin HM, Gawronska H, Gawro´nski SW. 2012. Plant species di_erences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces. Science of the Total Environment, 427–428, 347–354. [CrossRef].

Shao TJ, Zhao JB, Ma L. 2008. The spatial temporal variation characteristics of air pollutants in X’ian, Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment 22(7), 77–83.

Sternberg T, Viles H, Cathersides A, Edwards M. 2010 Dust particulate absorption by ivy (Hedera helix L) on historic walls in urban Environments, Science of the Total Environment 409(1), 162–168.

Tallis M, Taylor G, Sinnett D, Freer-Smith P. 2011. Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy of London, under current and future environments,” Landscape and Urban Planning 103(2), 129–138.

Wang ZH, Li JB. 2006. “Capacity of dust uptake by leaf surface of Euonymus japonicas Thunb and the morphology of captured particle in air polluted city, Ecological Environment 15(2), 327–330.

Wang, H, Hui Shi, Wang Y. 2015a. Effects of Weather, Time, and Pollution Level on the Amount of Particulate Matter Deposited on Leaves of Ligustrum lucidum. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 935942, 1-8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/935942

Wang H, Shi H, Wang Y. 2015b. Effects of weather, time, and pollution level on the amount of particulate matter deposited on leaves of Ligustrum lucidum. Science. World Journal, 935942. [CrossRef].

Wang L, Gong H, Liao W, Wang Z. 2015c. Accumulation of particles on the surface of leaves during leaf expansion. Science of the Total Environment 532, 420–434.

Wang L, Hasi E, Liu L. Gao S. 2006. “Effects of weather condition in spring on particulates density on conifers leaves in Beijing, Chinese Journal of Ecology, 25(8), 998–1002.

Weerakkody U, Dover JW, Mitchell P, Reiling K. 2018. Evaluating the impact of individual leaf traits on atmospheric particulate matter accumulation using natural and synthetic leaves. Urban forestry and urban greening 30, 98–107. [CrossRef].

Xian Environmental Protection Bureau. 2010. Air quality daily [EB/OL],” April 2009–May 2010, http://www.xaepb.gov.cn/ajax/comm/pm25/newMapindex.jsp

Xu X, Zhang Z, Bao L, Mo L, Yu X, Fan D, Lun X. 2017. Influence of rainfall duration and intensity on particulate matter removal from plant leaves. Science of the Total Environment 609, 11–16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]. 

Article source : Influence of Weather,Time and Pollution Level on Amount of Particulate Matter Placed on the Leavesof Nerium oleander and Ligustrum lucidum Grown along the Roadsides of QuettaCity 

Read More

Bamboo Power: Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Value of a Remarkable Resource | InformativeBD

N. Kambale Ndavaro,  ADMT. Hegbe,  JD. Minengu Mayulu,  W. Muhindo Sahani,  SSH. Biaou, and AK. Natta, from the different institute of Congo and Benin. wrote a Review article about, Bamboo Power: Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Value of a Remarkable Resource. Entitled, Bamboos (Bambusiadeae): plant resources with ecological, socio-economic and cultural virtues: A review. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bamboos (Bambusiadeae) are plant resources with several virtues and uses. However, the fragmentary, partial and dispersed aspect of the information relating to the benefits of bamboo does not make it possible to easily understand the potential of the latter, in order to promote their sustainability. This article reviews knowledge on the ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance of bamboos throughout the world in the light of the various studies that have been carried out on these subjects. Literature data show that bamboos play an invaluable role in environmental protection. They sequester large quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide, stabilize slopes against edaphic erosion and intervene in ecological sanitation. A privileged habitat for several animal and plant species, bamboos play a major ecological role in the conservation of biodiversity. In addition, bamboos represent an important source of income for many households. There are, in fact, several products made from bamboo, from textiles to paper and cooking. Bamboos are also used in housing construction, handicrafts and traditional medicine. Finally, in some societies, bamboos are among the plants that have become true cultural markers or emblems of human history. Considering the ecosystem goods and services of bamboos, it is necessary to promote their conservation on the basis of conclusive technical data. Thus, future studies should be conducted to identify current threats to bamboo worldwide.

Read more : Phenolic Richness: Exploring Antioxidants in Apayao’s Indigenous Fruit Trees | InformativeBD 

Introduction 

Bamboos (Bambusiadeae) are one of the largest groups of Poaceae and comprise about 75-107 genera (Bhatt et al., 2005) distributed between 1250-1600 species (Yuen et al., 2017; Polesi et al., 2021). Generally considered cumbersome and not very useful plants, bamboos are nevertheless among the most precious plant resources in the world, as they have several virtues and several uses (Kalanzi et al., 2017; Dje Bi et al., 2020). Indeed, bamboo contributes to the socio-economic development not only of marginalized areas, but also of urban environments (Somashekar et al., 2018; INBAR, 2020). All the organs of these giant grasses are used by humans for multiple purposes (Bitariho and Mosango, 2005; Hessavi et al., 2019; Dje Bi et al., 2020). Some ethnobotanical and ethnoecological studies report a diversity of uses of bamboo by populations in several countries in tropical regions (Kalanzi et al., 2017; Shahzad et al., 2021). Through their various uses, bamboos represent an important source of income and employment for many households, both rural and urban (Ramananantoandro et al., 2013; Dje Bi et al., 2017; Mridusmita, 2018). A privileged habitat for several animal and plant species, bamboos play a very important ecological role in the conservation of biodiversity (Bystriakova et al., 2004; Randrianarimanana et al., 2012; Safari et al., 2015). In the current context of global changes, bamboos contribute effectively to the protection of the environment (Ramananantoandro et al., 2013; INBAR, 2020) and also constitute an important element of the cultural heritage of several peoples around the world (Eblic, 2008; Dougoud, 2013; Guichard-Anguis, 2017).

However, the fragmentary, partial and dispersed aspect of the information relating to the benefits of bamboo does not allow us to grasp the enormous potential of these tall grasses. In fact, bamboos are still relatively little used in certain countries in the tropics where these giant grasses grow. Certainly, this comes from a lack of local tradition and technique for their use, on the one hand, but also and above all from a lack of documented information in a global, structured and very precise way on the multiple virtues of bamboos, on the other hand. These deficits of structured and precise documentation constitute a major limit to the optimal valorization of these phytoresources as well as to their conservation and sustainable management. To deal with this problem, this study takes stock of the state of knowledge on the ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance of bamboos in the world.

The interest of this bibliographic research is therefore operational. It serves to facilitate access to a greater range of information relating to the ecosystem services of bamboos, with a view to optimizing their uses and motivating human communities in the rural world of tropical regions to promote their sustainability, in order to be able to contribute effectively in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aim, among other things, to eliminate poverty, hunger and ensure food security in the world (Dje Bi et al., 2020).

To achieve this, a documentary search was carried out on the Web using the search engines Google, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect. The research equations were formulated using the following key words: Bamboos, ecosystem services, environmental protection, income, cultural heritage. In addition to these search engines, two bibliographic databases were queried, namely AGORA and OARE. As suggested by Gillet et al. (2016), books and scientific articles that were redundant and deviated from the research topic were eliminated, retaining only those containing as many bibliographic references as possible. This made it possible to select the references appearing in this bibliographical synthesis and whose automatic recording in Harvard style was done using the Zotero software. A total of 144 documents (articles, books and theses) relating to the importance of bamboo in the world were selected.

Reference

Andrianandrasana ZA, Rasolofoharivelo T, Chamberlan C, Ratsimbazafy J, King T. 2013. Preliminary study of Prolemur simus (“Ramaimbangy”) in the lowland forest of Vohibe, Nosivolo watershed, Madagascar, and implications for its conservation. Lemur News 17, 43-49.

Apema R, Mozouloua D, Abeye J, Salamate FML. 2012. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes by traditional healers in Bangui. African Pharmacopoeia and Traditional Medicine 16, 1-8.

Arfi V, Bagoudou D, Korboulewsky N, Bois G. 2007. Initial efficiency of a bamboo grove–based treatment system for winery wastewater. Desalination 246(1-3), 69-77.

Bahru T, Kidane B, Mulatu Y. 2021. Ethnobotany of Highland Bamboo (Arundinaria alpina(K. Schum.)) in Southern Ethiopia. Small-scale Forestry 20, 425-455.

Bhatt BP, Singh K, Singh A. 2005. Nutritional values ​​of some commercial edible bamboo species of the North Eastern Himalayan region, India. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 4(2), 111-124.

Bitariho R, Mosango M. 2005. Abundance, Distribution, Utilization and Conservation of Sinarundinaria alpina in Bwindi andmgahinga Forest National Parks, South West Uganda. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 3, 191-200.

Brouillet JL, Picot B, Sambuco JP, Gaillard L, Soteras G, Valarié I. 2008. Ecotechniques for domestic wastewater treatment: evolution and prospects. In: XIIIth World Water Congress, September 1-4, 2008, Montpellier. Monpelier (France) p. 1-17.

Bystriakova N, Kapos VLI, Stapleton C. 2004. Bamboo biodiversity: Africa, Madagascar and the Americas. Cambridge: INBAR (International Network for Bamboo and Rattan), 88 p.

Chaiyalad S, Sungkaew S, Siripatanadilok S. 2013. Morphology of Some Bamboos Commonly Used in Lao PDR. Thai Journal of Forestry 32(1), 1-8.

Chao CS, Renvoize SA. 1989. A revision of the species described under Arundinaria (Gramineae) in Southeast Asia and Africa. Kew Bulletin 44(2), 349-367.

Chaudhry P, Murtem G. 2015. Role of sacred groves, value education and spirituality in conserving biodiversity with special reference to Arunachal Pradesh state of India. International Journal of Society Systems Science 7(2), 151-180.

Choudhury D, Sahu JK, Sharma GD. 2012. Value addition to bamboo shoots: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 49(4), 407-414.

CIRAD. 1962. Bamboos in Africa (Arundinaria alpine, Bambusa vulgaris, Oxytenanthera abyssinica). Woods and Forests of the Tropics 85, 24-32.

Cissé M, Bationo BA, Traoré S, Boussim IJ. 2018. Perception of agroforestry species and their ecosystem services by three ethnic groups in the Boura watershed, Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Woods and Forests of the Tropics 338, 29-42.

Deschênes B. 2020. The Japanese shakuhachi, a bamboo flute in the lap of globalization. Hermes, The Journal 1(86), 199-202.

Dje Bi DPV, Koffi JK, Vroh BTA, Kpangui KB, Yao CYA. 2017. Exploitation and socio-economic importance of Chinese bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex JC Wendl. (Poaceae) in the region of Agnéby-Tiassa: case of the Sub-Prefecture of Azaguié (South-East of Côte d’Ivoire). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 11(6), 2887-2900.

Dje Bi DPV, Koffi KJ, Yao CYA. 2020. Social importance of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex. JC Wendl. (Poaceae) in the Sub-prefecture of Azaguié, South-East of Côte d’Ivoire. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 19(10), 1-17.

Djetcha S. 2003. You cannot build a new hut without using old bamboo, Face à face [Online], 5 | 2003, posted on March 01, 2003, consulted on December 21, 2019.

Do Q. 2016. Study of composite materials of polymer matrices from renewable resources and bamboo fibers. Doctoral thesis: Doctoral School of Science, Technology, Health, Reims-Mame (France).

Doat J. 1967. Bamboos, a possible source of cellulose for Africa. Woods and Forests of the Tropics 113, 41-59.

Dominati E, Paterson M, Mackay A. 2010. A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. Ecological Economics 69, 1858-1868.

Dougoud RC. 2013. Engraved bamboo, ambassador objects of Kanak culture. Journal of the Society of Oceanists 119-132.

Eblic I. 2008. About Kanak Bamboos. A passion of Marguerite Lobsiger-Dellenbach. Journal of the Society of Oceanists 126-127: Special environment in the Pacific pp. 311-317.

Ehrlich PR. 1989. The limits to substitution: Meta-resource depletion and a new economic-ecological paradigm. Ecological Economics 1(1), 9-16.

El-Bassam N, Jakob K. 1996. Bamboo – a new source for raw materials. First experimental results. Landbauforschung Völkenrode 46(2), 76-83.

Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Xiea Y. 2018. Phytoremediation potential of bamboo plant in China. Ecocology, Environment and Conservation 24(1), 530-539.

Engler B, Schoenherr S, Zhong Z, Becker G. 2012. Suitability of bamboo as an energy resource: analysis of bamboo combustion values ​​dependent on the culm’s age. International Journal of Forest Engineering 23(2), 114-121.

Ferreira VLP, Azzini A, Figueiredo IB, de Salgado ALB. 1988. Evaluation of bamboo shoots for human consumption. AGRIS since 16, 23-36.

Frison E. 1951. Bamboo and the paper mill problem in the Belgian Congo. Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi Agricultural Bulletin 62(4), 965-988.

Gillet P, Vermeulen C, Feintrenie L, Dessard H, Garcia C. 2016. What are the causes of deforestation in the Congo Basin? Bibliographic summary and case study. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment 20(2), 183-194.

Gnangle CP, Ahonon FS, Dah-Dovonon JZ, Gbemavo C. 2012. Untapped potential of bamboo in Benin. National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin (INRAB), Cotonou 16p.

Gnangle RM, Biaou SSH, Gnangle PC, Balagueman OR, Raphiou M, Dicko A, Kouagou M’M, Natta KA. 2017. Ecosystem services provided by shea parks and their contribution to the well-being of rural populations in the commune of Savè (Central Benin). Annals of the University of Parakou. Series “Natural Sciences and Agronomy 7(1), 104-112.

Guérin M. 2020. Food in the Cambodian countryside of the 1930s, or the art of preparing rice. In: Mikaelian G, Sophearith S, Thompson A, Amicorum L, Ed. Mixtures gathered in tribute to Ang Chouléan. Paris: Association Péninsule & Association des Amis de Yosothor, Hors collection, Phnom Penh p. 413-429.

Guichard-Anguis S. 2017. Japanese intangible heritage, from the float parade to the bamboo basket. Geographic Information 81(2), 55-74.

Hessavi BFM, Adjatin A, Ayena A, Agassounon M, Tchibozo D. 2019. Ethnobotanical investigation, phytochemical profile and cytotoxicity of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Former JC Wendl. (Poaceae), a multipurpose and underutilized species in Benin. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 39(2), 6435-6453.

Honfo H, Tovissodé CF, Gnanglè C, Mensah S, Salako KV, Assogbadjo AE, Agbangla C, Glèlè Kakaï R. 2015. Traditional Knowledge and Use Value of Bamboo in Southeastern Benin: Implications for sustainable management. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 14, 139-153.

Ilou BSL, Toko Imorou I, Vigninou T, Thoma O. 2019. Characterization of ecosystem services in the W Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (RBTW) in northern Benin. European Scientific Journal 15(36), 278-293.

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR). 1999. Socio-economic issues and constraints in the bamboo and rattan sectors: INBAR’s assessment. Beijing (China): INBAR Working Paper 23.

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR). 2015. Bamboo for Africa: a strategic resource to drive the continent’s Green Economy. Policy Synthesis Report No. 2, Beijing (China): INBAR Working.

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR). 2020. The latest news and activities in the bamboo and rattan sector. Bamboo and Rattan News 1(2), 1-23.

Issa A, Rasoanaivo JL, Rakotosaona R. 2021. Bamboo charcoal, a convincing alternative source of energy appropriate to the Malagasy context: energy and ecological efficiencies compared to wood energy and briquettes made from sawdust in cylindrical and extruded models. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 29(1), 368-391.

Kakudidi EK. 2004. Cultural and social uses of plants from and around Kibale National Park, Western Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 42(1), 114-118.

Kalanzi F, Mwanza C, Agaba H, Guuroh T. 2017. Potential of bamboo as a source of household income in South Western Uganda. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 16(1), 33-45.

Kamthai S, Puthson P. 2005. The physical properties, fiber morphology and chemical compositions of sweet bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper Backer). Kasetsart Journal (Natural Sciences) 39, 581-587.

Kang D, Wang X, Yang H, Duan L, Li J. 2014. Habitat use by giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in relation to roads in the Wanglang Nature Reserve, People’s Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Zoology 92(8), 715-719.

Karanja PN, Kenji GM, Njoroge SM, Sila DN, Onyango AC, Koaze H, Baba N. 2015. Compositional Characteristics of Young Shoots of Selected Bamboo Species Growing in Kenya and Their Potential as Food Source. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 3(9), 607-612.

Kumbhare V, Bhargava A. 2007. Effect of processing on nutritional value of central Indian bamboo shoots. Part-1. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore 44(1), 29-31.

Lobovikov M, Schoene D, Yping L. 2011. Bamboo in climate change rural livelihoods. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 17, 261-276.

M Lobovikov S, Paudel M, Piazza H, Ren JW. 2007. World bamboo resources: a thematic study prepared in the framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Rome: INBAR, FAO.

Masharabu T, Manirakiza O, Ndayishimiye J, Bangirinama F, Havyarimana F. 2014. Diversity and conservation of native woody plants in anthropized landscape: case of the Kabuye Zone in Matongo Commune (Burundi). Scientific Bulletin of the National Institute for Environment and Nature Conservation 13, 35-42.

Maslow AH. 1943. A Theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 50, 370-396.

Mille DG, Louppe D. 2015. Memento of the tropical forester. Versailles (France): Quae.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being. Synthesis. A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Island Press, Washington.

Mishra G, Giri K, Panday S, Kumar R, Bisht NS. 2014. Bamboo: potential resource for eco-restoration of degraded lands. Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences 4(2), 130-136.

Mridusmita P. 2018. AA Study on Cane and Bamboo Handicraft Industry in North-East India. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 9(4), 901-904.

Mukul SA, Parvez-Rana MD. 2013. The trade of bamboo (Graminae) and its secondary products in a regional market of southern Bangladesh: status and socio-economic significance. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 9(2), 146-154.

Nganje M. 2017. Strengthening AFOLU-Based Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Policies and Interventions Relevant to the Forest Sector and the People of Africa: A Case Study for Francophone Africa. Nairobi (Kenya): African Forest Forum 114 p.

Ngo TP. 2014. Effects of exogenous organic amendments on organic matter composition and carbon storage of erosion-degraded soil in northern Vietnam. Doctoral thesis: Île-de-France environmental sciences doctoral school, Paris, France.

Nirmala C, Bisht MS, Bajwa HK, Santosh O. 2018. Bamboo: A rich source of natural antioxidants and its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Trends in Food Science & Technology 77, 91-99.

Nirmala C, Bisht MS, Laishram M. 2013. Bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots: health benefits and prospects for developing functional foods. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 49(6), 1425-1431.

Nurdiah EA. 2016. The Potential of Bamboo as Building Material in Organic Shaped Buildings. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 216, 30-38.

Ogunjinmi AA, Ijeomah HM, Aiyeloja AA. 2009. Socio-economic importance of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) in Borgu local government area of ​​Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 10(4), 2 84-298.

Petiot A. 2017. Ecological water pollution control processes – summary of knowledge. Paris: INRA (SCIENCE & IMPACT) 72 p.

Polesi LG, do Nascimento Vieira L, Guerra MP, Pachero de Freitas Fraga H. 2021. Somatic embryogenesis in bamboos: advances and prospects. In: Ahmad Z, Ding Y, Shahzad A, Ed. Biotechnological advances in bamboo. Singapore: Springer.

Ramananantoandro T, Rabemananjara ZH, Randrianarimanana JJ, Pommier R. 2013. Valorization of the bamboo sector in the eastern areas of Madagascar: constraints and opportunities. Woods and Forests of the Tropics 316(2), 80-91.

Ramirez AR. 1996. The role of bamboo on the social, cultural and economic life of the Filipinos. In: Belcher B, Karki M, Williams T, Ed. Bamboo, people and environment. Proceedings of the Vth International Bamboo Workshop, 19-22 June, 1995, Ubud, Bali. Indonesia: INBAR 78-90.

Randriahaingo NTH, Ravaloharimanitra M, Randrianarimanana HLC, Chamberlan C, Ratsimbazafy J, King T. 2014. Study and conservation of the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) around the Andriantantely forest. Lemur News 18, 67-72.

Randrianarimanana L, Ravaloharimanitra M, Ratolojanahary T, Rafalimandimby J, Rasolofoharivelo T, Ratsimbazafy J, Dolch R, King T. 2012. Status and conservation of Prolemur simus in the Ranomainty and Sakalava sites of the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor. Lemur News 16, 2-7.

Razak W, Janshah M, Hashim WS, Shirley B. 2007. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of managed natural Bamboo stands Gigantochloa scortechinii. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 6, 115-122.

Rougier C. 2020. Greening of the planet: trees, forests and people. L’Harmattan, Paris 183 p.

Rui-Perez PJ, Alarcon ZB, Mendozamg D, Barcena GR, Hernandez GA, Herrera HJG. 2001. Response of kudzu as protein bank on steers grazing African stargrass. Technology Pectoral of Mexico 39(1), 39-52.

Sabir M, Roose E, Al Karkouri J. 2010. Traditional techniques for managing water, biomass and soil fertility. In:Roose E, Sabir M, Laouina A, Benchakroun F, Al Karkouri J, Lauri P, Qarro M, Ed. Sustainable water and soil management in Morocco: enhancement of traditional Mediterranean techniques. Marseilles: IRD 117-193.

Safari AC, Birhashirwa RN, Fatuma FK, Mangambu MJD. 2015. Exploitation of bamboo (Sinarundinaria alpina (K. Schum.) CS Chao & Renvoize), cause of conflicts between Kahuzi-Biega National Park and the surrounding population: conservation and conflict resolution strategy. International Journal of Environmental studies 72, 265-287.

Sarita A, Satsangi R, Arya ID. 2008. Large-scale plant production of edible bamboo Dendrocalamus asper by somatic embryogenesis. Bamboo Science and Cultivation 21(1), 21-31.

Shahzad A, Tahseen S, Wasi A, Ahmad Z, Khan A. 2021. Application of biotechnological tool in bamboo improvement. In: Ahmad Z, Ding Y, Shahzad A, Ed. Biotechnological Advances in Bamboo. Singapore: Springer 291-312.

Sheil D, Ducey M, Ssali F, Ngubwagye JM, Heist MV, Ezuma P. 2012. Bamboo for people, Mountain gorillas, and golden monkeys: Evaluating harvest and conservation trade-offs and synergies in the Virunga Volcanoes. Forest ecology and Management 267(1), 163-171.

Somashekar PV, Rathore TS, Fatima T. 2018. In vitro plant regeneration of Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro) M. Kumar, Remesh & Unnikrisnan, Through somatic embryogenesis. American Journal of Plant Sciences 9(12), 22429-2445.

Song X, Zhou G, Jiang H, Yu S, Fu J, Li W, Wang W, Ma Z, Peng C. 2011. Carbon sequestration by Chinese bamboo forests and their ecological benefits: assessment of potential, problems, and future challenges. Environmental Reviews 19, 418-428.

Suwannapinunt W, Thaiutsa B. 1994. Food compositions of some Thai bamboo shoots. AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology 9(1), 67-72.

Teshoma U. 2019. Carbon storage potential of Ethiopian highland bamboo (Arundinaria alpina (K. schum): a case study of Adiyo Woreda, South West Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources 16(5), 1-11.

Tewari DN. 1992. A Monograph on Bamboo, International book Distributors. Dehra Dun (India) 498p.

Van der Lugt P, Lobovikov M. 2008. Markets for bamboo products in the West. Wood and Forest of the Tropics 295, 81-90.

Van der Lugt P, Van der Lugt AAJF, Janssen JJA. 2006. An Environmental Assessment of Bamboo as a Building Material for Support Structures. Construction and Building Materials 20(9), 648-656.

Walter C, Bispo A, Chenu C, Langlais-Hesse A, Schwartz C. 2015. Soil ecosystem services: from concept to valuation. Paris: Cahier Demeter, Agriculture and Land.

Yang Y. 2002. Chinese Herbal Medicines Comparisons and Characteristics. London: Churchill Livingstone.

Yuen JQ, Fung T, Ziegler AD. 2017. Carbon stocks in bamboo ecosystems worldwide: Estimates and uncertainties. Forest Ecology and Management 393, 113-138.

Zhaoa Y, Fenga D, Jayaramanb D, Belayc D, Sebralac H, Ngugid H, Mainae E, Akomboe R, Otuomad J, Mutyabaf J, Kissaf S, Qig S, Assefab F, Oduorb NM, Ndawulab AK, Lib Y, Gonga P. 2018. Bamboo mapping of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda for the year 2016 using multi-temporal Landsat imagery. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 66, 116-12

Article source : Bamboos (Bambusiadeae):plant resources with ecological, socio-economic and cultural virtues: A review

Read More