Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting | InformativeBD

Akram Ghaffari, Tahereh Hasanloo, and Mojtaba Khayam Nekouei, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting. Entitled, Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The goal of this study was to determine micropropagation system for a mass production of Tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica). For this reason, explants dissected from strilled young cladodes successfully established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 mg l-1 Benzyl amino purine (BAP). MS medium containing different combinations of BAP (5 mg l-1) and Indole acetic acid (IAA) (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) , BAP (5 mg l-1) and Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) ( 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg l-1) and Kinetin ( 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) were tested for shoot development . The best results for shoot development and elongation were obtained in media containing 5 mg l-1 and 0.25 mg l-1 NAA. The highest multiplication rate (3.9) was observed in media supplemented with 5 mg l-1 BAP and 2 mg l-1 of NAA. Satisfactory rooting was achieved in MS Basal medium (5-6 cm length) without callus formation. The percentage of rooting was 100% and Plants were successfully established in a mix of pit and perlite (2:1) (100%) and acclimatization accomplished under greenhouse condition. In this study, total concentration of carbohydrates and proteins were measured in in vivo cultured (control) and in vitro propagated tuna after 3 months. As a result, no significant differences were observed between control and micropropagated tuna in protein concentration. Whereas carbohydrate content in micropropagated plants (3.24 mg g-1) was 2- fold that of the control plants (1.52 mg g-1).

Read more : Spice Power: Fighting Sweetmeat Bacteria with Natural Antimicrobials | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Opuntia ficus-indica belongs to Cactaceae family and its Authority is Mill, common names are Indian Fig, Tuna Cactus, Mission Prickly Pear, prickly pear and Spanish tuna. That is a big, tree-like cactus that can grow quickly to 15 ft tall. The species is native to Mexico and it was introduced into southern Europe, Africa and India very long ago (Bein, 1996).

The genus Opuntia (Cactaceae) has a specialized photosynthetic mechanism known as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), whereby these plants open their stomates and take up CO2 at night. This attribute leads to reduced water loss (Nobel, 1995, Taiz and Zeiger, 1998). Regarding to its high wateruse efficiency (even in areas with low annual rainfall values, 120-150 mm), and its high drought-tolerance (Le Houérou, 1994), this cactus is a most widely used forage resource in arid and semiarid region during periods of drought and shortage of herbaceous plants and has been extensively developed for decades.

Plants are succulent with jointed, branching stems. These stems, or joints, are often cooked as a green table vegetable (Russell and Felker, 1987). In addition to all these applications, some prickly pear cactus species can be exploited in the horticultural industry as ornamental resources by virtue of their bizarre and particular morphological traits including small overall plant and cladode size, spine color, cladode shape and growth habits, epidermis color, shape and length of spines, etc. Several species such as O. pheacantha Engelmann, O. engelmanii Salm–Dyck, O. violaceae Engelmann, O. aciculata Griffiths, O. basilaris Engelmann & Bigelow, O. ficus-indica (L.) miller, O. tunicata (Lehm.) Link & Otto, O. microdasys (Lehmannn) Lehmann, O. basillaris, O. imbricata C.C. Haw DC, Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck among others, are commonly used landscaping plants in public, private, commercial and residential properties in Mexico, the Mediterranean area, Australia and south-western USA (Irish, 2001). Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase for culture of plants that is known as a multi-purpose plant since it can be applied as natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).

it can be applied as natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).

In general, prickly pear cactus species can be sexual and asexually propagated. Seed propagation is only used for scientific research to study genetic variability and factors impact on the germination process (Rojas-Are´ chiga and Va´squez-Yanes, 2000). Vegetative propagation, which is widely utilized, can be performed through the rooting of single or multiple cladodes (Fabbri et al., 1996, Lazcano et al., 1999, Mulas et al., 1992), small portions of mature cladodes derived from the dissection of tissues comprising two or more areoles (Barrientos and Brauer, 1964), or by consuming fruits. Despite all these methodologies that are easy to perform and efficient, their propagation rates are low and require large spaces for propagation. Others available asexual methods include apomixis (Garcı´a-Aguilar and Pimienta-Barrios, 1996, Ve´ lez and Rodrı´guez, 1996, Mondrago´ n, 2001), grafting (Pimienta, 1974, Maldonado and Zapien, 1977), micrografting (Estrada-Luna et al., 2002), and tissue culture (Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995) have been conducted by the other investigators. The last method has recently pointed out as the most potent because it provides high propagation rates, reduced requirements for space, and the production of healthy and pathogen-free plants. Recent evidences revealed that micropropagation has been extensively studied and successfully developed on cloning many cacti species including prickly pear cactus (Escobar-Araya et al., Estrada-Luna, 1988).

Regarding prickly pear cactus micropropagation, recent research advances show an increased interest for the scientific community to integrate studies in order to improve the efficiency of the propagation process and establish and introduce reliable protocols for plant transformation to engineer selected genotypes (Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, b, SilosEspino et al., 2006). The first study on Opuntia (prickly pear cactus) micropropagation reported by Sachar and Iyer ,1959, varies successful strategies have been described for different species including O. dillenii Haw, O. polyacantha, O. basilaris, O. amyclaea Tenore, O. echios var. gigantea, O. ficusindica Linne´ Mill, O. streptacantha Lemaire, O. robusta Wendland, O. cochinera Griffiths, O. leucotricha De Candolle, O. albicarpa Scheinvar, O. ellisiana Griff. (Mauseth and Halperin, 1975, Mauseth, 1977, 1979, Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995, Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, Estrada-Luna and Davies, 2001, Jua´ rez and Passera, 2002), however, a comprehensive protocol is not available yet because most plant responses to tissue culture are highly dependent on the genotype and some important modifications and adjustments might be performed when a new species or cultivar is considered for tissue culture, especially to optimize the overall environmental culture conditions, media, plant regulators (type, concentration, and combination), etc. during the shoot proliferation stage. Rooting and plantlet acclimatization conditions might also be investigated since they may limit the success of micropropagation (Hartmann et al., 1997). So far, there has been little observation about protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated Opuntia. The main purpose of this study was to develop efficient systems for in vitro propagation of Opuntia and investigation of protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated plants.

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Article source : Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting 

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Spice Power: Fighting Sweetmeat Bacteria with Natural Antimicrobials | InformativeBD

Most. Ferdousi Begum,  Md. Abdul Qayum Sarker, Md. Mozammel Hoque, Md. Showkat Hossain, and M. Firoz Alam, from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research article about, Spice Power: Fighting Sweetmeat Bacteria with Natural Antimicrobials. Entitled, Evaluation of three commercial spices against pathogenic bacteria of traditional sweetmeat- rossomalai. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The antibacterial activity of three spices extracts namely Syzygium aromaticum, Cuminum cyminum and Foeniculum vulgare were assessed against seven pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus sp. of Rossomalai. Among the spices, ethanol extract of S. aromaticum showed highest inhibition zone (15.8 mm) against E. coli. On the other hand, aqueous extract of F. vulgare seed demonstrated least activity against S. aureus. MIC and MBC value ranges from 25 to 200 mg ml-1 and 50 to 225 mg ml-1, respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC values were recorded against E. coli for ethanol extract of S. aromaticum inflorescence. On the basis of antimicrobial spectra S. aromaticum can be considered as an effective antimicrobial agent that can be used as a food preservative in commercial purpose.

Read more : Fire, Carbon Sequestration & Restoration in Northern Zagros Forests | InformativeBD

Introduction

Rossomalai is a traditional chhana based sweetmeat in Bangladesh. It is very nutritious on account of its fairly high protein, fat contain minerals, especially calcium and phosphorous and also few soluble vitamins particularly vitamin A and D (Alam et al., 2002) which are suitable for growth of microorganism. Recent U.S estimates indicate that about 76 million illnesses are attributed to food-borne disease and among them 30% are caused by bacteria, 3% by parasites, and 76% by viruses (Mead et al., 1999). Foods are the primary sources of many pathogenic microorganisms like E. coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella etc. These organisms commonly carried by the nose and the skin can easily be transferred to food through handling, which causes infectious diseases like nausea, vomiting, or fever. Incidence of food borne diseases is common in Bangladesh where public health and sanitation facilities are inadequate (Kabirullah, 2006). In developed countries food-borne pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of infectious gastrointestinal diseases each year, costing billions of dollars in medical care and lost productivity. Recently there has been increasing interest in discovering new natural antibacterial (Sagdic et al., 2003a) to control and treatment of various infectious diseases as chemically synthesized drugs have undesirable side effects. The growing concern about food safety has lead to the development of natural antimicrobials to control food borne pathogens. Some spices are commonly used as natural antimicrobial agents in foods. Addition of spices in foods not only imparts flavor and pungent stimuli but also provides antimicrobial property (Nevas et al., 2004). In herbal medicine, cumin seed are used as galactogogue, stimulant, carminative, stomachic, and antispasmodic. Moreover, cumin oil shows a high antifungal activity against various pathogenic fungi and effective high antibacterial activity (Li and Jiang, 2004). Syrup is made from fennel to treat babies with colic or painful teething and long term ingestion (Türkyilmaz et al., 2008). Although some researchers have studied the antibacterial activity of spices against several species of bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, L. monocytogenes etc. and few serotypes of Salmonella i.e., S. typhimurum (Elgayyar et al., 2001), S. enteritidis (Tassou et al., 1995) and S. anatum (Swetwieathana et al., 1999). The antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of spices and their derivatives have been investigated by some researchers (De and Banerjee, 1999; Sagdic et al., 2003b; Sagdic, 2003). Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to screen of antibacterial potentiality of three spices extracts against pathogenic bacteria in Rossomalai through disc diffusion method for justification of their efficacy as food preservative.

Reference

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Article source : Evaluation of three commercial spices against pathogenic bacteria of traditional sweetmeat-rossomalai  

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Fire, Carbon Sequestration & Restoration in Northern Zagros Forests | InformativeBD

Fateme Ardalan, Maziar Haidari, Khabat Janati, Jahedeh Tekyekha, Soma Amiri, and Azadeh Sajadi, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Fire, Carbon Sequestration & Restoration in Northern Zagros Forests. Entitled, The review of fire condition in Zagros forest and estimate carbon sequestration of plantation by endemic species in Northern Zagros forest (Marivan Region: West of Iran). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Fire, as a natural ecological disturbance factor in forest, this project located Jashniabad village in the Marivan region, Northern Zagros forest, and western Iranian state of Kurdistan. To this project visited the forest and interviewed to Forest communities detected the major forest destruction in the study area. To afforestation of burned area used the native species (Quercus spp., Pistacia atlantica Desf, Amygdalus communis L, Cercis griffithii Boiss, Celtis tournefortii Lam, Romex sp. and Juglans regia L.) Two estimate of Carbon sequestration in the project of plantation in the first year used the sampling the in the seven plantation species. Seedlings were collected and their weights were measured by scales (gr carefully). For estimate the carbon sequestration used this formula (Carbon sequestration (kg) = 1.63× weight (kg)). The results of this study showed that the main forest destruction element in the Marivan and Zagros are fire, grazing, farm operation in forest, fuel wood and timber, mining, semi-parasite plant and non-wood forest production, but fire is a major element of forest destruction in the marivan region. Results showed that the quantity Carbon sequestration this (1 hectare) in the first year in one hectare is 97.3 kg. Overall results showed that the fire are a major element for forest destruction in the Marivan region and plantation by native and endemic species are suitable methods for rehabilitation of burned forest area, and one hectare of plantation absorbed the near 100 kg of carbon from air and soil. Authors suggestion to use the plantation by native and endemic species for rehabilitation of burned forest in Marivan and others region from Zagros forest.

Read more :  Nutrient Changesin Tetrapleura tetraptera Across Maturity Stages | InformativeBD 

Introduction 

With due attention to climate conditions of Iran that 65% area includes arid and semi-aired and degradation rapid of north and west, because of degradation of natural resources will cause to degradation agricultural lands and human environmental (Dastmalchi, 1998, Zabiholahii et al, 2012, Haidari et al, 2012, Haidari et al, 2013a and Askari et al, 2013a). Forests cover about 12 million ha in Iran (Forest and Rangeland Organization, 2002; Haidari et al, 2013b, Haidari et al, 2013c), including 5 million ha in the mountainous Zagros region. The major element of Zagros forest destruction include: fire, grazing, farm operation in forest, fuel wood and timber, mining, semi-parasite plant and non-wood forest production (Jazirei and Ebrahimi Rastaghi, 2003, Haidari et al, 2013d, Haidari et al, 2013e, Bazyar et al, 2013a, Parma and Shataei, 2013). Increasing population, low level of development and high dependence of local communities on forests for their primary livelihood needs, are the main reasons of this destruction. The lack of regeneration in these forests is a major concern (Fattahi 1994, Jazirei and Ebrahimi Rastaghi, 2003, Bazyar et al, 2013b, Rezaei et al, 2013, Askari et al, 2013c, Haidari et al, 2012b, Haidari et al, 2012c).

Fire review in Iran and Zagros region Recurrent fires have seen an enormous increase in frequency over the recent decades and they are the main disturbances to this ecosystem (Luis-Calabuig et al., 2000). Disturbances such as fire, windstorms, floods, and grazing play a role in the maintenance of species diversity that has become well recognized in ecological theory (Mackey and Currie, 2000). Effects of Fire on vegetation are usually the most obvious impacts of burning. Fire affects natural ecosystems by consuming plants, altering successional patterns, and changing vegetative resources such as timber, forage and wildlife habitats (DeBano et al, 1978). Burning alone can result in increased forb abundance (Wienk et al, 2004) grained abundance and under story species richness (Laughlin et al, 2004).

Many studies have been carried out on plant biodiversity indices in Iran and around the world. The zagros where fire occurs in 300-400 ha annually (Anonymous, 2002).

Author proclaimed that fire increased herbal species cover in burned area but did not effect on biodiversity indices in temperate forest of northeast of Iran (Atrakchaiee, 2000).

The researcher studied effect of fire on herbal layer biodiversity in a temperate forest of northern Iran and results showed the biodiversity indices and coverage percent of shade tolerant species in unburned area were higher then burned area (Banj Shafiei et al, 2006).

The researcher investigated on the preliminary results of post fire re sprouting of manna oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in Zagros forests and results showed that post-fire re sprouting is positively related to the number of pre-fire sprouts and the fire intensity (Pourreza et al, 2009).

The researcher studied the effect of forest fire on diameter growth of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and results showed that the surface fire didn’t effect on beech but hornbeam ring growth was increased significantly. The correlation within ring growth width and climatic data had been recognized before fire but there was no correlation with years after that. Thus, other factors excluding climate such as fire could be considered as the change reasons (Banj Shafiei et al, 2009).

The researcher studied the Fire influence on vegetation changes of Zagros mountainous rangelands and results showed that in burned sites density, cover percentage and forage production of perennial grasses significantly increased while, in contrast density and cover percentage of shrubs and annual grasses decreased. Percentage of bare soil increased in burned sites. The Species diversity reduced in initial years after burning but a gradual increase was observed at the end of study period (Fattahi and Tahmasebi, 2010).

The researcher studied the effect of fire on some soil chemical properties of oak forests in Marivan region and results showed significant effects of fire on most chemical attributes of surface soil including: pH, available phosphorous, electrical conductivity and available potassium increasing. The fire caused increasing of total nitrogen and cation exchangeable capacity in surface soil. All of chemical properties of subsurface soil were measured higher in burned area than control however; these differences were not significant, statistically (Hemmatboland et al, 2010).

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Article source : The review of fire condition in Zagros forest and estimate carbon sequestration of plantation byendemic species in Northern Zagros forest (Marivan Region: West of Iran) 

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Nutrient Changes in Tetrapleura tetraptera Across Maturity Stages | InformativeBD

A.E. Irondi, K.K. Anokam, P.C. Chukwuma, J.K. Akintunde, and I.O. Nurain, from the institute of Nigeria. wrote a Research article about, Nutrient Changes in Tetrapleura tetraptera Across Maturity Stages. entitled, Variation in nutrients composition of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit at two maturity stages. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Variation in the nutrients composition of the seed and pod of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit was investigated at two maturity stages, namely, mature-green (MG) and ripe-brown (RB) stages. The proximate composition and food energy content on dry weight basis (DW) of the seed and pod varied significantly (P < 0.05) at the two maturity stages. MG seed (MGS) recorded the highest moisture content (6.87%); RB pod (RBP) had the highest carbohydrate (87.49 %), while RB seed (RBS) had the highest crude fat (14.46%), protein (28.72%), ash (5.59%) and food energy (424.60 cal/g). Starch, sugar, amylose and amylopectin also varied significantly (P < 0.05) in the seed and pod at the two maturity stages, such that MG pod (MGP) had the highest starch (48.19%); RBP had the highest sugar (31.71%) and amylopectin (99.90%), whereas MGS had the highest amylose contents (0.41%). There was also significant variation (P < 0.05) in the minerals levels (DW ) of the seed and pod, with RBS having the highest Ca (15508.67 mg/Kg), Mg (403.54 mg/Kg), P (1494.74 mg/Kg), Fe (22.65 mg/Kg), Zn (5.25 mg/Kg) and Mn (59.35 mg/Kg). RBP had the highest Na (201.64 mg/Kg), K (4314.34 mg/Kg) and Co (1.16 mg/Kg), while MGS recorded the highest Se (1.21 mg/Kg) and Cu (8.25 mg/Kg) contents. Although advancing maturity had effect on the levels of the various nutrients of both the seed and pod of T. tetraptera fruit, generally the seed could provide more nutrients than the pod at the two stages of maturity investigated.

Read more : Grain & Oil Yield Variability in Castor Bean Accessions Across Savannah Zones | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Nutrients both macro- and micro- play an important role in the maintenance of the body’s well-being and metabolism. A balanced intake of nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins) helps in maintaining good state of health. Dietary proteins functionally promote growth, and are needed for the synthesis of enzymes, hormones and antibodies (Cheesebrough, 1987). Carbohydrates and fats provide the energy need of the body for physical, physiological and metabolic activities. Minerals serve a wide variety of essential physiological functions, ranging from structural components of body tissues to essential components of many enzymes and other biologically important molecules (Flynn, 1992).

Fruits constitute a significant component of the human diet. Fruit tissues development and maturation is the final phase of floral development that is signaled by successful pollination (O’Neill, 1997). Ripening is known to affect both the physical and chemical attributes of fruits, imparting numerous quality and nutritional characteristics upon the fruits (Giovannoni, 2001). Ripening influences various critical aspects of mature fruit, including fiber content and composition, lipid metabolism, and the levels of vitamins and various antioxidants (Ronen et al., 1999). Factors such as climate, soil type and fertility, season, leaf-stem ratio, and physiology affect the nutrient composition of plants at different stages of maturity and development.

Tetrapleura tetraptera is a deciduous plant belonging to the mimosaceae family. It is generally found in the lowland forest of tropical Africa. In Nigeria, the tree begins flowering towards the end of February and is over in early April. The indehiscent pods are ripe from September to December, during which it is deciduous (Opabode et al., 2011). The fruits consist of a fleshy pulp with small, brownishblack seeds. The fruits are green when tender and dark brown when fully ripe, and possess both nutritional and medicinal values (Adetunji and Aladesanmi, 2006). When dry, the fruit has a pleasant aroma and hence is used as a seasoning spice in the Southern part of Nigeria (Essien et al., 1994; Aladesanmi, 2007). The dry fruit is also used in flavoring traditional pepper soup for breastfeeding mothers from the first day of delivery to prevent postpartum contractions, and to serve as a lactation aid (Nwaiwu et al., 1986, Ojewole and Adewunmi, 2004). In West Africa this plant is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of several ailments such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthritis, asthma, epilepsy and schistomiasis (Ojewole and Adewunmi, 2004).

In view of the food and therapeutic uses of T. tetraptera fruit and the possible influence of maturity on its nutrients composition, this study was designed to evaluate the variation in the chemical composition and mineral content of the seed and pod of T. tetraptera fruit at two maturity stages.

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Article source : Variation in nutrients composition of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit at two maturity stages  

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