Bacterial Wilt Threat: Ralstonia solanacearum Impact on Crops in South Kalimantan | InformativeBD

Yusriadi, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Bacterial Wilt Threat: Ralstonia solanacearum Impact on Crops in South Kalimantan. Entitled, Intensity of Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial cause wilting disease in several plants in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Disease that develops and is very detrimental to plants in South Kalimantan is a bacterial wilt disease and has spread in plantations which are superior commodities, with high attack rates. Since 2007 losses due to this disease have increased until mid-2017 losses of up to 80% (severe attack rate). The cause of this disease is the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, which is found in almost all of Indonesia. This bacterium is the most important limiting factor for the successful production of 33 families or 150 types of plants both cultivated plants and ornamental plants, such as tomatoes, peanuts, ginger, bananas, eggplant, potatoes and tobacco which are dangerous diseases in the subtropics and tropics because this bacterium has many host plants. This study aims to determine the level of attack on several plants that are widely cultivated in South Kalimantan. This level of attack is very important for a comprehensive alternative control. The method used was sampling at each planting location and sampling in the affected areas of the plantations, then identification was carried out. The results showed that there was no difference in the level of attack on crops caused by these bacteria obtained from the South Kalimantan area of ​​Indonesia.

Read more : Liver Shield from Nature: Hepatoprotective Potential of Berberis lycium Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

South Kalimantan in the development of the agricultural sector is felt to be very potential, this is supported by the vast land conditions, and sufficient labor available and conducive security conditions. Various policies and strategic steps in accelerating development in this field, the provincial government of South Kalimantan through the Department of Agriculture, Food Crops and Horticulture carries out policies and activities in the framework of Safeguarding Food Security through policies a). Maintaining/increasing the surplus of rice production, b) Increasing the availability of other food (crops and horticulture). Policy in increasing production, productivity, competitiveness and value added of food crops and horticulture products (TPH) by focusing on the development of superior commodities (Rice, Corn, Peanuts, Oranges, Bananas and Rhizomes) with the commodity zoning approach, as well as optimizing the control of disturbing organisms plants (OPT) and anticipation of natural disasters on agricultural land.

In Indonesia wilting caused by bacteria is a disease that is very detrimental to cropping. In general, bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Yabuuchi et al., 1995) is one of the main obstacles in the production of almost all types of plants both in tropical and temperate climates. It is estimated that there are 50 plant families including Solanaceae, Musaceae, Asteracea, Fabaceae, including families of forest trees, shrubs and weeds. The cause of the bacterial wilt disease of R. solanacearum is known to have a wide geographical distribution and diversity of races (strains) so to control it first needs to know its races, as well as its biovar and host. So far, wilted bacteria are divided into biovar groups (Hartman, Hong, Hanudin & Hayward, 1993) and racial groups, each of which is differentiated based on phenotypic characteristics and host range.

Bacterial wilt caused by bacteria (Rasltonia solanacearum) is one of the main diseases and is widespread especially in plants that have economic value such as potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, ginger, chillies, peanuts, bananas and tobacco in tropical and subtropical regions (Hayward 1990; Hayward 1994). Machmud, (1989) that weed species found in peanut fields are also potential hosts for P. solanacearum bacteria. The role of weeds as an important source of inoculum, because bacteria that attack weeds sometimes do not show real symptoms. These bacteria have many races and different levels of attack on different plants, as well as in different regions will be found different races are not the same and sometimes have distinctive characteristics (both biology and physiology). This research will aim to look at the level of attack and spread of these bacteria, so that we will get a type of plant that is safe to be cultivated in certain areas, as well as integrated control tactics that will be prepared to prevent this wilt attack. In South Kalimantan the bacterial wilt of R. solanacearum is a major limiting factor in the production of Kepok bananas (2007 to present) Yusriadi et al., 2017). But lately it turns out that wilting is not only found in banana plants, but has been found in vegetable and other horticultural crops. This study aims to determine the level of attack on several vegetable and horticultural crops that are widely cultivated in South Kalimantan, carried out an overall alternative control.

Reference

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Hayward AC. 1990. Diagnosis, Distribution and Status of Groundnut Bacterial Wilt. In Middleton & Hayward (eds.). Proceeding of an ACIAR/ICRISAT collaborative research planning meeting held at Genting Highlands, Malaysia 1990. ACIAR Proceedings 31, 12-17.

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Machmud M. 1989. Resistensi Varietas dan Plasma Nutfah Kacang Tanah terhadap Penyakit Layu (Pseudomonas solanacearum). dalam Syam, Mahyudin (Penyunting) Sem. Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Pangan Bogor 471-482.

Machmud M. 1986. Bacterial wilt in Indonesia. In Persley G.J. (ed). Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific. Proc. Of an Int. Workshop held at PCARRD-ACIAR, Philippines. ACIAR Proceedings No. 13, 32-34.

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Yusriadi, A, L. Abadi, S. Djauhari, H. Halim. 2017. Distribution and Diversity Ralstonia solanacearum wilt disease bacterial causes of banana (Kepok: Local Indonesia) and intensity of attack in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Biodiv. and Environ Sci. (JBES) 11(2), p. 78-83.

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Article source : Intensity of Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial cause wilting disease in several plants in South Kalimantan, Indonesia  

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Liver Shield from Nature: Hepatoprotective Potential of Berberis lycium Extracts | InformativeBD

Sami Ullah Sherani,  Javied Iqbal,  Amanullah Khan,  Muhammad Ali Khan, Nadeem Rashid,  Mohammad Rahim Niazi,  Zia Ud Din and Mohamad Kamran Taj, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Liver Shield from Nature: Hepatoprotective Potential of Berberis lycium Extracts. entitled, Evaluation of hepato-protective activity of B. lycium methenolic crude extracts collected from Distric Sherani, Balochistan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Berberis lycium which is commonly called as Indian barberry (English) and Kashmal or Ishkeen in Urdu, is a spiky plant which is the member of the genus Berberis of family Berberidaceae. B. lycium also includes anti-hepatotoxicity effect, when was mixed with G. aparine and P. integerrima and was tested in rats that were treated with carbon tetra chloride; the results revealed that the combination of these three medicinal plants encompasses anti hepatotoxicity effects. B. lycium (root) sample was collected from the hill of village of Ahmadedergah near to Tahkhta Suleiman District Sherani Balochistan, Pakistan. The collected samples were identified by Pharmacognosy, Department faculty of Pharmacy University of Baluchistan, Quetta. Adult healthy rabbits (male) having weights approximately 950g-1300g, were kept in animals house at CASVAB, UoB. Sample serum, within 3 hours after collection , was analyzed  for certain biochemical parameters (Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total Proteins like Bilirubin,  Albumin and Globulin) through automatic analyzer (Merck) at 37oC through standard reagent kits. The obtained values for LFT in the current portion of controlled group were, 0.76± 0.060, 0.032±0.008(mg/dL), 4.2±0.802, 93.8±1.500, 2.28±0.107 and 273±2.818(U/L) for TB, DB, ALT, AKP, GGT, SGOT and SGPT (AST) levels. Whereas, the group treated with CCl4 these parameters were, 0.86±0.075, 0.064+0.006(mg/dL), 4.6±0.680, 2.44±0.150, 90.4±3.467 and 218.4±1.439(U/L) level. While, the group treated with CCl4 and B. lycium 500mg, the above parameters were calculated as 0.92±0.086, 0.442±0.228(mg/dL), 4.4±0.601, 93.2±1.244, 2.62±0.097 and 221.6±1.540(U/L), respectively.

Read more : Pistacia integrrima: Evaluating the Value of an Important Medicinal Plant | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Pakistan, many native plants are utilized in herbal medicine to treat diseases and injuries. Such plants often shows a broad spectrum of biologic and pharmacologic activities, for example, they are able to reduce inflammation, having antibacterial and antifungal properties Cowan MM. “(1999). The root, bark, seed and fruit extracts of the medicinal plants are used in syrups and infusions, traditionally (Imtiaz and Manzoor, 2003).

Berberis lycium, which is commonly called as Indian barberry (English) and Kashmal or Ishkeen in Urdu, is a spiky plant which is the member of the genus Berberis of family Berberidaceae. (Sabir et al., 2013). It is found in the moderate and semitropical Asian, European and American divisions (Jabeen et al., 2015). In Pakistan it is extensively distributed in Baluchistan, KPK and Punjab provinces, especially in northerly regions, Swat and Azad Kashmir at elevation of 900 to 2900m (Dhar et al., 2012)

B. lycium is a vertical flowering bush plant that increases to a length of 3-4 meters, having a solid timber stem and is enclosed in a slight fragile bark. The branches of B. lycium are light white to grayish and have thorns alternatively fixed on them (Ahmad and Sharif, 2009). Root bark could be approximately 3 mm solid, from the outside fractured and inside smooth (Chauhan, N. S. (1999) B. lycium is extensively utilized for the treatment UTI, swelling of spleen, stomach and intestinal ulcer and liver diseases (Irshad et al., 2013). Local population utilizes the powdered form of dried root bark after combining with dissolved animal fat for bone fractures as a bandage. Shoots of the plant are employed for the abdomen pain, jaundice and loose bowels (Beers, 2012). The bark of the plant has wound healing activity (Asif, et al., 2007).

B. lycium also includes anti-hepatotoxicity effect, when was mixed with G. aparine and P. integerrima and was tested in rats that were treated with carbon tetra chloride; the results revealed that the combination of these three medicinal plants encompasses anti hepatotoxicity effects. (Atawodi et al., 2011). To estimate Hepatoprotective effect of B. lycium, crude powder and Methanolic extract of plant were used. CCl4 was given to the rabbits to induce hepatotoxicity. Results showed that plant considerably decreased the elevated levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in hepatotoxic rabbits (Malik et al., 2011). The present study was therefore designed to evaluate the in vitro Hepatoprotective effect of B. lycium.

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Article source : Evaluation of hepato-protective activity of B. lycium methenolic crude extracts collected from Distric Sherani, Balochistan 

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Pistacia integrrima: Evaluating the Value of an Important Medicinal Plant | InformativeBD

Muhammad Shuaib,  Kashif Ali, Umar Zeb,  Firasat Hussain,  Muhammad Aurang Zeb, Saddam Hussain, and Fida Hussain, from the institute of China. wrote a Research article about, Pistacia integrrima: Evaluating the Value of an Important Medicinal Plant. Entitled, Evaluation of Pistacia integrrima; an important plant. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Pistacia integrrima is a typical therapeutic plant belongs to family Anacardiaceae and local to Japan, China and found in the Northern regions of Pakistan commonly called KakrraSingi (Urdu) and Shanai (Pushto). It is used ethnomedicinally for a number of diseases include fever, cough, asthma, vomiting, Ascaris, Anorexia, Allergy, viral infections, diarrhea, snake and scorpion biting sting. The different parts of the plant roots, leaves, stems, barks, Galls and fruits contains various bioactive compounds like amino acid, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, aromadendrene, Pistacinin, Pistacin, Dihydromalvic acid, Pistacienoic acid, sitosterol, resin, essential oils, caprylic acid, camphene, cineol, sterals, dihydroqueretin and triterpenoids. Antimicrobial activity of chloroform and ethanol leaves extract from Pistacia integrrima reported in many research papers. The leave extract exhibited the fungi growth including Aspergillus flavus, Dreschlera turcica and Fusarium verticillioides. The plant is known to have many biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antioxidant, phytotoxic, cytotoxicity and antiasthmatic. The current review will cover biological activities, phytochemical evaluation, ethnomedicinal uses, ethnobotanical uses and aim to serve as a base for additional investigation and exploitation. The current review shows a gap needed further investigations and isolations of new compound, and its biological activities.

Read more : Palm Weevil Profile: Biology of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Pistacia integerrima belong to family Anacardiaceae and a native dioecious tree to China, Japan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India (Pant and Samant, 2010). The different researcher goal medicinal flora like the development of therapeutic compounds (Elisabetsky, 1991).

There is some disease in the world which cause much death killing almost 40000 people, a disease like diarrhea cause huge mortality among children’s (Piddock et al., 1991). Bacteria like Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus are most common species which are pathogenic to children (Singh 1992). In recent years drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world (Mulligen et al., 1992). Plant-based drugs are 120 worldwide and it is obtained from 95 plants.

About 250,000 flowering species and about 5000 flowers had pharmaceutical potential assessed. In East Asia, many plants are considered to have significant medicinal features i.e. antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial and analgesic functions because they contain a large variety of phytochemical i.e. monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and curcuminoids (Tang, 1992).

It is found and mostly grows at an altitude of 900- 2000m. Pistacia integrrima commonly called zebra wood but it has many vernacular names in Pakistan like Shania, Kakra, Khanjar, Thoak and India like Kakring, Kakra, Kakroi, Kakkar, Singhi, kakarsinghi (Orwa et al., 2009). Pistacia integrrima is a well prominent due to Galls that present on the leaves and petioles. These galls are like animals horn shaped. The galls are the store house of various secondary metabolites so; it has importance in Indian traditional medicine systems (Chopra et al., 1986).

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 Article source : Evaluation of Pistacia integrrima; an important plant 

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Palm Weevil Profile: Biology of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Ehounou Prisca Gnanda, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire and  Ouali-N’goran San-Whouly Mauricette, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research article about, Palm Weevil Profile: Biology of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in Côte d’Ivoire. Entitled, Biological studies on palm tree weevil Rhynchophorus Phoenicis fabricius (Coleoptera; Curculionidae): An interest food bug in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Larvae of the palm tree weevil Rhyncophorus phoenicis are consumed and sold on the markets in Côte d’Ivoire, their high prices, in fact a luxury product. In order, to consider possibilities of domestication to increase their availability and decrease the cost, the objective of the present work is to know the development cycle of this species. To do this, a breeding was conducted at the laboratory of Zoology and Animal Biology of the University Felix-Houphouet-Boigny. The rearing device consisted of cylindrical and rectangular plastic boxes. The individuals used come from cocoons collected from palms infested in the field. As soon as the imagoes appeared, pieces of palm trunk were placed in these boxes to serve as support for spawning and nutrition. The total cycle time is 108.51 ± 3.6 days and has 6 larval stages, a nymphal stage followed by adult stage. Female lifetime fecundity was 252.26 ± 3.61 eggs. Incubation period was 4.09 ± 0.53 days with fertility rate of 88.30%. The mean larval and pupal development period were 33, 24 ± 0.9 days and 25.42 ± 2.4 days, respectively. The average emergence rate of adults was 88.30 ± 2.04%. A significant difference was observed in adult life span (F = 28.08, P < 0.05).It is 68.86 ± 3.3 days in males and 54.71 ± 2.7 days in females. This work revealed the possibility of breeding R. phoenicis under controlled conditions. To avoid abusive harvests in already fragile ecosystem, breeding trials on other substrates would be possible.

Read more : Microbial Allies: Molecular Insights into Bacteria of Healthy Porites lutea Corals |InformativeBD 

Introduction

The consumption of insects is a food practice that extends more and more in the world (FAO, 2013). Many African peoples consume large quantities even if the usually food tends to disappear gradually (van Huis et al., 2013; Halloran et al., 2014). The united Nations Food and Agriculture organization (FAO) promotes since several years the use of insects in food and feed (FAO, 2010). Indeed, the consumption of insects expands, diversifies the diet, and helps prevent nutritional deficiencies (Malaisse, 2004). In West Africa, both termites, locusts, lepidopteran caterpillars and beetles are eaten. The larval and adult stages of R. phoenicis Fabricius (1801) commonly referred to as the caterpillar of the palm tree, are consumed in Côte d'Ivoire (Ouali and Ehounou, 2017). In addition, the commercialization of this species constitutes an important source of income for traders. In most cases, the insects consumed are directly obtained by harvesting or collecting in a natural environment. However, the availability is related to seasonal variations. The farms are still marginal and require a rigorous development to ensure a supply of quality and quantity for nutrition (FAO, 2013). In terms of rearing, insects have higher rates of growth and feed conversion rates and can breed on small spaces with a low impact on the environment (FAO, 2009; van-Huis, 2013). Irregular supply of markets in the larvae makes it difficult to meet demand especially during the dry season. To compensate these ruptures seasonal in supply, it is necessary to produce this insect outside of its natural habitat. The objective of this study is to know some biological parameters of R. phoenicis. Specifically, it will determine incubation period, female fecundity, egg fertility, the survival rate, larval development time, longevity, sex ratio and emergence rate of adults.

Reference

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Article source : Biological studies on palm tree weevil Rhynchophorus Phoenicis fabricius (Coleoptera; Curculionidae): An interest food bug in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

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Microbial Allies: Molecular Insights into Bacteria of Healthy Porites lutea Corals | InformativeBD

Muhammad Arif Asadi,  Bambang Semedi, Muliawati Handayani, and Umi Zakiyah, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Microbial Allies: Molecular Insights into Bacteria of Healthy Porites lutea Corals. Entitled, Molecular characteristic of bacteria associated with healthy Porites lutea coral of South Malang Waters, Indonesia. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Coral reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystem yet highly vulnerable to diseases and climate change impacts in which approximately 30% of corals have been affected globally. Porites lutea is among the most widespread coral in Indonesia, yet it is also highly impacted by the diseases. This study aimed to isolate, molecularly characterize and identify the associated bacteria that dominated the healthy P. lutea. The coral sampling was using snorkeling while streak method was used for bacterial isolation and purification. Molecular identification consisted of DNA extraction, 16S rRNA PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene flow, and BLAST homology. Results showed that the bacterium associated with healthy P. lutea was closely related to Marinobacter xestospongiae, Marinobacter zheijiangensis, and Marinobacter mobililis with a similarity of 96%, 96%, and 95% respectively. The bacterium can be used as a candidate for further anti-pathogenic bacterial test and may be able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria of coral diseases particularly Pink Line Syndrome that highly impact P. lutea in many areas.

Read more : Love and Life in the Loft: Breeding Biology of Domestic Pigeons in Haripur | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Coral reefs form some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth, often described as "rainforests of the sea" or as "ocean oases." The reefs are home to numerous marine species such as hard and soft corals, sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, fish, and even marine mammals (Fisher et al., 2015; Gross, 2013). In the marine ecosystem, coral reefs serve an important role in providing shelter, spawning and nursery grounds to a wide range of marine life (Fisher et al., 2015; Veron et al., 2009). Healthy reefs also generate income for local communities and support global economies through fisheries and coral reef tourism (Asadi and Andrimida, 2017).

Indonesia contains the highest diversity of coral reefs species. In the Bird’s Head Peninsula of Indonesian Papua alone, 574 species of corals live within the area (72% of the world’s total) (Veron et al., 2011). However, Indonesia's coral reefs are endangered due to destructive fishing practices as well as other anthropogenic threats such as sedimentation, organic pollution, and even destructive tourism activities (Putra et al., 2015). Moreover, the increasing sea surface temperature and the decreasing ocean pH due to the global rise of carbon dioxide elevate the damage of coral reefs ecosystem (Bruno, 2013; Orr et al., 2005). Those factors induce and contribute to the coral bleaching and the outbreak of coral diseases and subsequently increase death to corals over extensive areas (Séré et al., 2015; Weil et al., 2009).

The diseases of scleractinian corals were initially found in the Caribbean, and over the last 30 years, many Indo-Pacific corals have been affected with the diseases causing mortality and significant changes in coral community structures (Weil E et al., 2012). There are a few studies quantifying the coral diseases on Indonesian waters (Johan et al., 2015; Subhan et al., 2011). Moreover, molecular studies of the microorganisms that cause coral diseases and syndromes are even scarcer. In Karimunjawa waters, the molecular study of bacteria associated with Black Band Disease (BBD) on Acropora sp. coral showed that pathogenic microbial group was associated with the diseases (Sabdono and Radjasa, 2006).

Furthermore, to understand microorganisms that play a role in the White Band Disease (WBD) that infected Staghorn Coral Acropora cervicornis, Gignoux-Wolfsohn and Vollmer (2015) isolated and compared both the diseased and healthy-associated bacteria from the coral.

The healthy-associated bacteria may be able to produce bioactive agents with anti-pathogenic properties that could also protect against the diseaseassociated bacteria (Bakkiyaraj et al., 2013). This research aimed to isolate, molecularly characterize and identify the associated bacterium that dominated the healthy Porites lutea coral using 16S rRNA sequence analysis (Mignard and Flandrois, 2006). Moreover, P. lutea is the most abundant coral in the research area (Luthfi et al., 2016).

The species is also vulnerable to coral diseases like Pink Line Syndrome (Ravindran et al., 2015). Therefore, the study of the potential bacteria that could protect against coral disease is beneficial to reduce the impact of the disease on coral reefs ecosystem.

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Fisher R, O’Leary RA, Low-Choy S, Mengersen K, Knowlton N, Brainard RE, Caley MJ. 2015. Species Richness on Coral Reefs and the Pursuit of Convergent Global Estimates. Current Biology 25, 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.022

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Article source : Molecular characteristic of bacteria associated with healthy Porites lutea coral of South Malang Waters, Indonesia 

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