Roadside Flora in Transition: Plant Communities Across Pine Forest Elevations | InformativeBD

Shaheen Qadir,  Adeela Altaf,  Muhammad Hashim,  Eamon Bushra,  Asia BiBi,  Nazir Ahmad,  Ishtiaq Ahmad,  Kaneez Fatima, and Altaf Ahmad Dasti, from the different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Roadside Flora in Transition: Plant Communities Across Pine Forest Elevations. Entitled, Distribution of roadside plant communities along the altitudinal gradient in pine forests, Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In mountainous areas, road construction is accompanied by large‐scale physical disturbance that drastically modify the landscape. Road construction and cutting process of mountains removes soil and rock from the hillside above the proposed road, while soil and rock are deposited on the down‐slope area. The resultant roadsides are highly disturbed habitats characterized by plant communities maintained at an early successional stage. The present research was conducted along the roadside, consisting of Nathia Gali (Temperate forest), Abbottabad (Tropical forest) and Thandiani Valley (Sub alpine forest) to determine the associations and relationships between the plant communities and soil, grouping and quantification of plant communities using multivariate ordination techniques. The study area ranges in altitude from 2400 to 2700 m, a.s.l. A total 74 genera having 82 species belonging to 44 families were recorded during the field survey. The major families were Rosaceae (30%), Lamiaceae (23%) and Asteraceae (17%). Other families also contributed a good share in flora. Herbs contributed the more share followed by shrubs and trees. Presence/absence data were used to classify and ordinate for both sites and species. DCA axes 1 and 2 were used for data interpretation. The relationships between soil characters and DCA axes 1 and 2 were determined using Spearman Rank correlation. Cluster analysis identified 3 vegetation types. These vegetation types have been discussed in the context of topographic and edaphic heterogeneity.

Read more : Roadside Leaves as Pollution Sensors: Weather and Particulates in Quetta | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Roads are designed as major channels of intercommunication between the communities existing in disparate strata of earth, yet it is pervasive disturbance with far-reaching impacts on vegetation and plant community composition (Coffin, 2007; Cui et al., 2009). Vegetation recovery is essential to stabilize slopes (Fu et al., 2010), increase water infiltration capacity (Walton et al., 2014), and reduce erosion and sedimentation of watersheds (Donaldson et al., 2013). Vegetation recovery following road construction is dynamic, variable and is strongly influenced by underlying edaphic and environmental conditions (Dong et al., 2010).

Roads often traverse heterogeneous substrate e.g. parent material/rock type (Deduke et al., 2016; Walker et al., 2013) that directly influence additional edaphic factors (Hahm et al., 2014; Ullmann et al., 1995; Abella et al., 2008). In particular, substrate variability influences on vegetation and species composition of roadside slopes (Neher et al., 2013). For the distribution pattern of different animals and plants varieties roadsides can also considered as entranceway and habitats or barriers (Angold, 1997).

Plant communities of roadside also provides refugees for the conservation of isolated or relict population of plant species in highly modified regions where novel ecosystems are emerging (Dolley and Audet, 2013). For example, soil depth and texture are strong determinants of nutrient contents (Li et al., 2016) which subsequently influence plant species diversity and long term species persistence following disturbance (Cui et al., 2009; He and Monaco, 2018) and roads are mostly noted as assisting to the spatial spread of alien species, since they express the basic corridor for various invader floristic species introduction, with high reproductive rates and short life spans (Parendes and Jones, 2000).

Although mountain ecosystems are considered to be at low risk of plant invasion due to their harsh climate and limited human activities but the promotion of mountain areas, particularly the Himalayan region (Khuroo et al., 2007), as global tourist destination has put these ecosystems at higher risk of invasion. Pickering and Hill (2007) described that distribution pattern of invasive plants along roadsides varied with altitude and road construction facilitated plant invasion in mountainous regions. Arevalo et al. (2005) revealed that at elevation of (1900-2000 m) the maximum quantity of alien vegetation present. Pauchard and Alaback, (2004) illustrated that along roadside with the variation of altitude between (280- 1290 m) alien varieties richness was negatively associated with altitude.

Along the environmental gradient the various well known factors that find out the distribution of the plant species include topographic heterogeneity and particularly elevation (Liberman et al., 1985), Rain fall (Hall and Swaine, 1976) and redistribution of rain fall water (Shmida et al., 1986), Edaphic factors particularly Topography(Richards, 1996), Soil texture (Davis et al., 1998), Light availability (Liberman et al., 1995), Drainage (Hubbell and Foster, 1986), Soil nutrients (Baillie et al., 1987), Light regime and the degree of anthropogenic other catastrophic disturbances (Perkins and Hatfield, 2014).

However, roadside exotic or native plant communities help in conserving landscape qualities (Khalid et al., 2008). They are also essential places to observe the floristic communities, patterns of distribution and their potential for incursion into interior environment (Trombulak and Frissell, 2000). Furthermore, roadsides are helpful for discovering the effect of climatic factors on distribution pattern of plant species across a various altitudinal gradient (Antonio et al., 2001).

In the present investigation, we assessed variation in vegetation structure and plant community composition along express highways radiating from Murree outward into Abbottabad and Thandiani in Northern Pakistan. Our primary objectives were to identify vegetation structure and plant community composition along the roadside and to relate roadside vegetation and environmental heterogeneity that affects the vegetation patterns along roadside crossing Himalayan forests in Pakistan.

To achieve the objectives of the present investigation, numerical analysis of the data was preferred. Multivariate analysis techniques are the swift tools for ecologist. Ordination analysis is also important statistical tool to elucidate major axes on compositional variation in vegetation data obtained from presence/absence record of species. Cluster analysis is mostly used (Charman et al., 1993; Franklin et al., 1999). The results of species DCA were used to correlate the response of species for edaphic variations (Dasti et al., 2010).

The aims of the present study were To relate roadside vegetation and environmental heterogeneity that affects the vegetation patterns along the roadside crossing Himalayan forests in Pakistan.

To identify the environmental factors of overriding importance in determining the nature of plant communities in these landscapes.

To know the factors which control the distribution pattern of species?

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Article source : Distribution of roadside plant communities along the altitudinal gradient in pine forests, Pakistan  

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Roadside Leaves as Pollution Sensors: Weather and Particulates in Quetta | InformativeBD

Sher Muhammad,  Saadullah Khan Leghari, Palwasha Amanullah, Shamim Gul,  Shazia Saeed,  Alia Ahmad,  Allah Bakhsh Gulshan,  Fasial Hussain Leghari, and Basira Sher, from the different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Roadside Leaves as Pollution Sensors: Weather and Particulates in Quetta. Entitled, Influence of Weather, Time and Pollution Level on Amount of Particulate Matter Placed on the Leaves of Nerium oleander and Ligustrum lucidum Grown along the Roadsides of Quetta City. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The PM accumulation process by plants is quite energetic, and even after one day, fluctuations in PM load on foliage can be significant. Rain and, to a lesser extent, wind influenced PM deposition on leaves, with the latter being more species-specific. This research explored the temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM) collected on two evergreen plant species (Nerium oleander and Ligustrum lucidum) leaves commonly grown along with the roadside Quetta city Balochistan, Pakistan. The impact of wind and rain on the quantity of PM collected on vegetation was investigated. The PM (g⋅m−2) concentrations held by N. oleander and L. lucidum leaves considerably varied among the places (from 7.70 – 10.7 & 6.24 – 9.53) with significant variation and over time (from 5.94 – 18.0 & 5.32 – 16.5). The highest PM concentrations on the foliage of N. oleander and L. lucidum growing at the most contaminated site, Saryab road, were determined.  The largest and lowest levels of accumulation PM followed in August and January, respectively, throughout the year. Rainfall events eliminated a significant percentage of the accumulated PM on leaves (30%, 42% and 55% of PM from leaves of N. oleander and 40, 62 and 95% from L. lucidum leaves) and strong winds (20%. 35% and 47% of PM N. oleander and 25%, 45% and 71% from L. lucidum), It’s also possible that heavier precipitation or a higher maximum wind speed will help to eliminate more PM from the leaves. Rainfall primarily cleared coarse and large particles, but small fragments clung to the foliage more tenaciously. These findings suggested that when assessing total PM accumulation on leaves, the influence of regional weather circumstances (such as strong wind or rainfall), altered seasons, and levels of pollution should be judged.

Read more : Bamboo Power: Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Value of a Remarkable Resource | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Unlike many other pollutants, particulate matter (PM) cannot be defined by the fluctuations in mass concentrations of a particular chemical over time and space. PM movement and its environmental and health impacts are influenced by a number of important elements. The fine fraction has gotten the most attention since it has an impact on health, visibility, and radiative forcing. Long-distance migration of fine particulate matter can have global, regional, and local consequences. Air pollution is becoming a greater hazard to the environment, animals, plants, and human health in metropolitan areas (EEA, 2015; Leghari, 2019). PM, which is made up of liquid and solid organic and inorganic particles, is the most dangerous pollutants among all taken from the inhalation route (Bell et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2015). There are both human-made and natural sources of it (Juda-Rezler et al., 2011). Particles having an aerodynamic diameter ranging from 0.001 to 100 m have different ecological effects and lifespan (Farmer, 2002). Chronic PM exposure can start with a variety of health issues (Kim et al., 2015). Because organisms are subjected to an extensive array of uncontrollable variables such as parasites, climate factors, and a complex pollutant mixture, estimating the impact of air pollutants is difficult (Leghari et al., 2018a). Air pollution in cities has become a major environmental issue in the last several decades, particularly in developing countries and their main cities (Leghari and Zaidi, 2013). Since the last few decades, it has been noted that as the human population grows, so does industry and the number of automobiles. These automobiles and industries emitted a range of air pollutants, which might lead to environmental degradation, the destruction of all forms of roadside crops, and a reduction in tree lifespan. Depending on the pollutant and the species' tolerance, the nature of adverse effects can vary to some extent (Mughal et al., 2018).

The increased usage of vehicles in urban areas has contributed to rising levels of air pollutants in recent years. PM pollution is one of the environmental challenges. (Kardel et al., 2010; Saebo et al., 2012).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, heavy metals, and other compounds are found in atmospheric PM, which is primarily anthropogenic in origin (such as industrial and building activity, residential heating, and road traffic) (Saebo et al., 2012). Further that there are potential dangers to condition, vegetation, and wellbeing from the inappropriate treatment of strong squander. In numerous urban regions, the private strong waste transfer practices comprise of open-consuming utilizing barrels or other comparative gadgets rather than, or notwithstanding, transfer to civil landfills or metropolitan strong waste combustors. The inspirations for families that open-consume their trash may incorporate comfort, propensity, or landfill and cost evasion. Emanations from consuming strong private waste are discharged at ground level bringing about diminished weakening by scattering (Leghari et al., 2015). Furthermore, the expanding technologies and human population are causing one of the most serious problems we face today, namely, air pollution. A key role is played by pollen grains in plant fertility and proper insemination. A plant's fertility declines in severe air pollution circumstances due to direct and indirect impacts on the propagative system (Leghari et al., 2018b). Momentum administrative and examine activities, including PM, are propelled by its impacts on human wellbeing (like a malignant growth, coronary illness, cardiovascular infection, eye aggravation, respiratory ailment, and asthma) Pope III et al., (2004), on deceivability, and on the capacity of oversaw and normal biological systems (Grantz et al., 2003). As a result, one of the essential protection responsibilities at the moment is to reduce PM concentrations in the ambient air. In addition to minimizing PM sources, phytoremediation is considered an additional and useful strategy for reducing air pollution by filtering and absorbing some PM through forest crowns and leaves (Kardel et al., 2010; Escobedo et al., 2011; Saebo et al., 2012; Nowak et al., 2013; Popek et al., 2013). Numerous different investigations have been directed in various zones of the world. For example, in the United States, urban vegetation might expel around 21.49x104 t of PM every year (Nowak et al., 2006).

To improve air quality in extremely polluted places, Plants have a high potential to absorb PM in the air. This research was conducted in Quetta's urban areas, which are located in a semi-arid climate and have seen considerable development. N. oleander and L. lucidum, a joint perennial plant species, are nominated as the examination material for the reason of their occurrence in metropolitan regions in the study zone. So these species were chosen to detect variations in PM deposited on leaves over a year in various urban settings, as well as to explore the impact of weather (rain and wind) and time on PM clearance from leaves.

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Article source : Influence of Weather,Time and Pollution Level on Amount of Particulate Matter Placed on the Leavesof Nerium oleander and Ligustrum lucidum Grown along the Roadsides of QuettaCity 

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Bamboo Power: Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Value of a Remarkable Resource | InformativeBD

N. Kambale Ndavaro,  ADMT. Hegbe,  JD. Minengu Mayulu,  W. Muhindo Sahani,  SSH. Biaou, and AK. Natta, from the different institute of Congo and Benin. wrote a Review article about, Bamboo Power: Ecological, Economic, and Cultural Value of a Remarkable Resource. Entitled, Bamboos (Bambusiadeae): plant resources with ecological, socio-economic and cultural virtues: A review. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bamboos (Bambusiadeae) are plant resources with several virtues and uses. However, the fragmentary, partial and dispersed aspect of the information relating to the benefits of bamboo does not make it possible to easily understand the potential of the latter, in order to promote their sustainability. This article reviews knowledge on the ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance of bamboos throughout the world in the light of the various studies that have been carried out on these subjects. Literature data show that bamboos play an invaluable role in environmental protection. They sequester large quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide, stabilize slopes against edaphic erosion and intervene in ecological sanitation. A privileged habitat for several animal and plant species, bamboos play a major ecological role in the conservation of biodiversity. In addition, bamboos represent an important source of income for many households. There are, in fact, several products made from bamboo, from textiles to paper and cooking. Bamboos are also used in housing construction, handicrafts and traditional medicine. Finally, in some societies, bamboos are among the plants that have become true cultural markers or emblems of human history. Considering the ecosystem goods and services of bamboos, it is necessary to promote their conservation on the basis of conclusive technical data. Thus, future studies should be conducted to identify current threats to bamboo worldwide.

Read more : Phenolic Richness: Exploring Antioxidants in Apayao’s Indigenous Fruit Trees | InformativeBD 

Introduction 

Bamboos (Bambusiadeae) are one of the largest groups of Poaceae and comprise about 75-107 genera (Bhatt et al., 2005) distributed between 1250-1600 species (Yuen et al., 2017; Polesi et al., 2021). Generally considered cumbersome and not very useful plants, bamboos are nevertheless among the most precious plant resources in the world, as they have several virtues and several uses (Kalanzi et al., 2017; Dje Bi et al., 2020). Indeed, bamboo contributes to the socio-economic development not only of marginalized areas, but also of urban environments (Somashekar et al., 2018; INBAR, 2020). All the organs of these giant grasses are used by humans for multiple purposes (Bitariho and Mosango, 2005; Hessavi et al., 2019; Dje Bi et al., 2020). Some ethnobotanical and ethnoecological studies report a diversity of uses of bamboo by populations in several countries in tropical regions (Kalanzi et al., 2017; Shahzad et al., 2021). Through their various uses, bamboos represent an important source of income and employment for many households, both rural and urban (Ramananantoandro et al., 2013; Dje Bi et al., 2017; Mridusmita, 2018). A privileged habitat for several animal and plant species, bamboos play a very important ecological role in the conservation of biodiversity (Bystriakova et al., 2004; Randrianarimanana et al., 2012; Safari et al., 2015). In the current context of global changes, bamboos contribute effectively to the protection of the environment (Ramananantoandro et al., 2013; INBAR, 2020) and also constitute an important element of the cultural heritage of several peoples around the world (Eblic, 2008; Dougoud, 2013; Guichard-Anguis, 2017).

However, the fragmentary, partial and dispersed aspect of the information relating to the benefits of bamboo does not allow us to grasp the enormous potential of these tall grasses. In fact, bamboos are still relatively little used in certain countries in the tropics where these giant grasses grow. Certainly, this comes from a lack of local tradition and technique for their use, on the one hand, but also and above all from a lack of documented information in a global, structured and very precise way on the multiple virtues of bamboos, on the other hand. These deficits of structured and precise documentation constitute a major limit to the optimal valorization of these phytoresources as well as to their conservation and sustainable management. To deal with this problem, this study takes stock of the state of knowledge on the ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance of bamboos in the world.

The interest of this bibliographic research is therefore operational. It serves to facilitate access to a greater range of information relating to the ecosystem services of bamboos, with a view to optimizing their uses and motivating human communities in the rural world of tropical regions to promote their sustainability, in order to be able to contribute effectively in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aim, among other things, to eliminate poverty, hunger and ensure food security in the world (Dje Bi et al., 2020).

To achieve this, a documentary search was carried out on the Web using the search engines Google, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect. The research equations were formulated using the following key words: Bamboos, ecosystem services, environmental protection, income, cultural heritage. In addition to these search engines, two bibliographic databases were queried, namely AGORA and OARE. As suggested by Gillet et al. (2016), books and scientific articles that were redundant and deviated from the research topic were eliminated, retaining only those containing as many bibliographic references as possible. This made it possible to select the references appearing in this bibliographical synthesis and whose automatic recording in Harvard style was done using the Zotero software. A total of 144 documents (articles, books and theses) relating to the importance of bamboo in the world were selected.

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Article source : Bamboos (Bambusiadeae):plant resources with ecological, socio-economic and cultural virtues: A review

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Phenolic Richness: Exploring Antioxidants in Apayao’s Indigenous Fruit Trees | InformativeBD

Maria Christina Z. Manicad, from the institute of Philippines. Agustina G. Pattung, from the institute of Philippines and Hannie T. Martin, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Phenolic Richness: Exploring Antioxidants in Apayao’s Indigenous Fruit Trees. Entitled, Total phenolic contents of selected indigenous fruit trees in Apayao. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics, identity and total phenolic contents of three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao namely Namot, Bignai kalabaw and Lubeg. These lesser known trees were abundant in the region but were underutilized as very little information were available for its maximization. Results of the study showed that the Namot is the richest source of phenolics. Among the four (4) plant extracts, Namot leaves extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents at 1.06mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The lowest phenolic contents were noticed in Bignai kalabaw (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng leaves at 0.71mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The total phenolic contents of the extracts of lubeg fruits were found to be lower than the leaves at 0.99 and 1.05mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE), respectively. Lubegbelongs to Family Myrtaceae under Phylum Magnoliophyta. The chemical composition of Lubeg leaves was high in steroids, tannins, and coumarins while its fruits were highly positive in quinones and flavonoids. It has anti-oxidant property, and anti-inflammatory. Phenolics are the largest group of phytochemicals that account for most of the antioxidant activity in plants or plant products. The total phenolic content will be helpful for developing new drugs and standardizing the drug. Gallic acid may occur in plants in soluble form either as quinic acid esters (5) or hydrolyzable tannins. The most important biological activity of phenolic compounds is probably their many observed inhibitory effects on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.

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Introduction

The use of plants for varied purposes is undeniable. Today, many are using plants for health and wellness. As such, there is a growing interest to tap plants as sources of food supplements, medicines, dyes and many more. Molecules are unique to plants or a group of plants. These metabolites are used as food, flavors, color, dyes, and as raw materials for industrial products Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and tannins.

The presence of these metabolites is responsible for plant pigment and coloration. This group of compounds has received a great deal of attention in today’s recent years (Cowan, 1999). A revisit on the use of plant-derived commodities coming from nature is encouraged nowadays. With the recognition and promotion of plants, with modern use of standardized extraction and chemical analysis, it is now possible to identify and characterize the active ingredient of plants like phenolic contents.

Phenolic compounds act as essential metabolites for plant growth and reproduction, and as protecting agents against pathogens. In addition, they are related to the sensorial properties of food of vegetal origin, mainly regarding color (Mujica & Soto, 2009). A. Aberoumand & Deokule (2008) cited that these compounds one of the most widely occurring groups of phytochemicals are of considerable physiological and morphological importance in plants. Phenolic compounds exhibit a wide range of physiological properties, such as anti-allergenic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects.

The Province of Apayao in Northern Cordillera is rich with various natural resources such as forest resources and agricultural resources, water resources, mineral resources and etc. With these rich resources, needs for food, shelter, medicines and the like come from the environment. The forests include various species of flora like trees, food plants, medicinal plants, veterinary plants, ornamental plants and etc.

These trees have developmental potentials if the biochemical ingredients will be discovered. Plants contain primary metabolites essential to the life of the plants like sugars, amino acids and nucleotides and secondary metabolites used as food, flavors, color, dyes, poisons, perfumes, aromatherapy, industrial products such as rubber, oils and prescription drugs, which contain at least one chemical originally identified and extracted from a plant (Cowan, 1999). The bioactive phytochemicals like total phenolic contents of these three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao namely namot, bignai kalabaw and lubeg,once analyzed can enhance their potential commercial values and utilization for better biodiversity conservation. This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics and identity of the three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao namely namot, bignai kalabaw and lubeg; and to determine the total phenolic contents of three indigenous fruit trees in Apayao.

Reference

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Biju J, Sulaiman CT, Satheesh J, Reddy VRK. 2014. Total phenolics and Flavonoid in Selected Medicinal Plants from Kerala. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(1), 2014.

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Cowan MM. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiol Rev. 1999 October 12(4), 564-582.

Hossain A, Sha M. 2011. A study on the total phenols content and antioxidant activity of essential oils and different solvent extracts of endemic plants Merremia borneensis. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.

Manicad, Maria Christina Z. 2017. Morphological Characterization and Physico chemical Evaluation of Lubeg Species in Apayao for Its Utilization and Conservation. Dissertation ISU Cabagan.

Mehrdad Abootalebian, Javad Keramat, Mahdi Kadivar, Farhad Ahmadia. Mahnaz Abdinia. 2016. Comparison of total phenolic and antioxidant activity of different Mentha spicata and M. longifolia accessions. https://doi.org/10. 1016/ j.aoas.2016.10.002.

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NazishSiddiqui, Abdur Rau, Abdul Latif, Zeenat Mahmood. 2016.  Spectrophotometric determination of the total phenolic content, spectral and fluorescence study of the herbal Unani drug Gul-e-Zoofa (Nepeta bracteata Benth).

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Source : Total phenolic contents of selected indigenous fruit trees in Apayao 

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