Using Eleocharis dulcis Fibers for Stronger Composites | InformativeBD

NH. Haryanti, Suryajaya, L. Banowati, Amrullah, and Tetti N. Manik, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Using Eleocharis dulcis Fibers for Stronger Composites. Entitled, The long microfiber of Water-chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) as composite reinforcing material. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This preliminary research used long microfiber from water chesnut (Eleocharis dulcis) which is a weed plant in South Kalimantan, as a composite reinforcement material. This study aimed to study the effect of 6% NaOH alkalizing treatment and ultra-sonication on the properties of a long microfiber of water chesnut, especially for their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Firstly, the fiber of water chesnut was alkalizing by NaOH. This 6% NaOH treatment has reduced the moisture content of the fibers and their chemical components (lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) while the density and tensile strength of the fibers were increased. The process continued by bleaching and ultra-sonication the fiber to create a long microfiber. The water content of fibers after alkalizing treatment and ultra-sonication has met the SNI standard. Alkalizing treatment reduced the fiber size by 373.05 mm, and in the form of microfiber, before ultra-sonication was 4.28-5.96 mm and after ultra-sonication was 3.17-4.00 mm. The tensile strength of long microfiber could not measure but after alkalized, it increased significantly, from 354.25 to 3,282.10 MPa. Therefore, it is recommended that this long water chesnut microfiber is very good when used as a reinforcing material in the manufacture of composites because it will blend better with the matrix.

Read more : Multifunctional PVDF Nanocomposites with CNTs and Iron Oxide | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Composites are a combination of two or more materials that have functions and uses as reinforcement and matrix. The use of natural fibers as composite reinforcement is an alternative material to replace metal materials. Natural fiber has several advantages such as: low density, biodegradable, and has good mechanical properties and most importantly environmentally friendly (Wang, 2003; Mallick, 2007). Natural fibers found in South Kalimantan are water chesnut (Purun tikus), bundung, bemban, water hyacinth, and others. Water chesnut or Eleocharis dulcis is a wild plant that can well adapt in waterlogged areas, both in tidal swamps, lowland swamps and rice fields. Water chesnut can grow in acidic soils with a pH of 2.5-3.5 (Rosyidah et al., 2018). This plant has a fairly strong fiber because it has a rope-like fiber texture that can exceed the tensile strength of rattan or bamboo (Asikin and Thamrin, 2012; Firda and Fuad, 2020).

For many years, the water chesnut has been used by local community just for making mats (Asikin & Thamrin, 2012). Several studies have done for the possible potential of water chesnut such as biofilter (Prihatini et al., 2011), heavy metal absorber (Asikin & Thamrin, 2012), activated carbon (Suryajaya et al., 2020), and cement board composite material (Haryanti & Wardhana, 2017; Wardhana & Haryanti, 2017). Alkalizing treatment is the most common and best method in processing natural fibers to be used as a composite reinforcement material to improve the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the fiber. The purpose of alkalizing is to break down the lignin structure, break down cellulose bonds, increase the porosity of the material, break down hemicellulose and depolymerize hemicellulose. From several studies that have been carried out, no one has used long fiber of water chesnut as a reinforcing material in the manufacture of composites. Besides that, research on the treatment of alkalization on long fibers of water chesnut to microfiber-shaped fibers has not been carried out. The size of the fiber affects the performance of the composite, as the diameter become smaller, the tensile strength would increase. It is caused by smaller voids in the fiber which in turn caused many intermolecular bonds, thus increasing its strength (Saidah et al., 2018). It could be concluded that microfiber would be better in used than normal fiber. The natural fibers can be made into microfiber by isolating cellulose through the process of alkalization and ultra-sonication. In this article, alkalization and ultra-sonication treatments were carried out on natural fibers of water chesnut using long and straight fibers with a size of 20cm and this is the novelty of this study.

Ultrasonic treatment of cellulose could reduce porosity. Furthermore, it also increases fiber dispersion in the matrix and adhesion between matrix and fiber thus resulting in high tensile strength. In order to get a fine and strong microfiber dispersion, it is necessary to know the size of the microfiber and increase the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the fiber in order to increase the cellulose content (Kanoth et al., 2017; Abral, Putra, Asrofi, Park & Kim, 2018; Chen et al., 2011; Lismeri et al., 2018). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics (chemical, physical, mechanical), functional groups and chemical content of water chestnut fiber and to make microfibers with 6% NaOH alkalization for 3 hours and continued with the first bleaching process using 5% NaOCl for 2 hours, the second bleaching process using 4% KOH for 1 hour and continued by ultra-sonication process.

Reference

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Boimau K, Cunha TDa. 2015. Pengaruh Panjang Serat Terhadap Sifat Bending Komposit Poliester Berpenguat Serat Daun Gewang. Proceeding Seminar Nasional Tahunan Teknik Mesin XIV (SNTTM XIV), 1-4.

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Firda AF, Fuad IS. 2020. Pengaruh Variasi Perendaman Beton Purun Tikus Terhadap Kuat Tekan dan Kuat Lentur Beton. Forum Mekanika 9(1), 1-10.

Hairiyah N, Amalia RR, Widyastuti A. 2017. Pembuatan Mikrokomposit Dari Serat Alam Purun Tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) Dan Eceng Gondok (Eichornia Crassipes) Sebagai Filler Dengan Limbah Plastik Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Sebagai Matriks. Jurnal Teknologi Agro-Industri 4(2), 61-72.

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Haryanti NH, Wardhana H. 2017. Purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) fiber composition as cement board composite material. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 11(3), 137-142.

Haryanti NH, Suryajaya, Banowati L, Rahmah M, Safi’i A. 2021. Modification of purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) as a natural fiber composite using KMnO4 and NaOH. Indonesian Journal: Spektra: Jurnal Fisika Dan Aplikasinya 6(1), 37-47.

Hashim MY, Amin AM, Marwah OMF, Othman MH, Yunus MRM, Huat NC. 2017. The effect of alkali treatment under various conditions on physical properties of kenaf fiber. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 914(1), 1-15.

Jenifer SM, Fahmi H, Perdana M. 2020. Analisa Struktur Mikro, Kandungan Lignin Dan Hemiselulosa Serat Pelepah Sawit Akibat Perlakuan Alkali. Prosiding Nasional Rekayasa Teknologi Industri Dan Informasi XV Tahun 2020 (ReTII), 339-344.

Kanoth BP, Thomas T, Joseph JM, Narayanankutty SK. 2017. Restructuring of Coir to Microfibers for Enhanced Reinforcement in Natural Rubber. Polymer Composites 1-10.

Lismeri L, Irmalinda G, Darni Y, Herdiana N. 2018. Aplikasi fiber selulosa dari limbah batang ubi kayu sebagai film komposit berbasis low density polyethylene (LDPE). Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet Dan Plastik 7, 69-82.

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Prihatini NS, Krisdianto SA, Azizah N, Khameni S, Astuti D. 2011. Potensi Purun Tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) Sebagai Biofilter. Proceedings Environmental Talk: Toward A Better Green Living 154-165.

Rachmawaty R, Meriyani M, Priyanto S. 2013. Sintesis Selulosa Diasetat Dari Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Dan Potensinya Untuk Pembuatan Membran. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Dan Industri 2(3), 8-16.

Rosyidah K, Rohman T, Fitriani R. 2018. Aktivasi Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Daun Purun Tikus (Eleocharis dulcis). JKPK (Jurnal Kimia Dan Pendidikan Kimia) 3(3), 135-140.

Roy A, Chakraborty S, Kundu SP, Basak RK, Basu Majumder S, Adhikari B. 2012. Improvement in mechanical properties of jute fibres through mild alkali treatment as demonstrated by utilisation of the Weibull distribution model. Bioresource Technology 107, 222-228.

Sahara E, Dahliani NK, and Manuaba IBP. 2017. Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Arang Aktif Dari Batang Tanaman Gumitir (Tagetes erecta) Dengan Aktivator Naoh. Jurnal Kimia 11(2), 174-180.

Saidah A, Susilowati SE, and Nofendri Y. 2018. Pengaruh Fraksi Volume Serat Terhadap Kekuatan Mekanik Komposit Serat Jerami Padi Epoxy Dan Serat Jerami Padi Resin Yukalac 157. Jurnal Konversi Energi Dan Manufaktur 96-101.

Suryajaya, Haryanti NH, Husain S, Safitri M. 2020. Preliminary study of activated carbon from water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis). Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1572, 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012053

Syafri E, Kasim A, Abral H, Asben, Sudirman A. 2018. Pembuatan Dan Karakterisasi Komposit Bioplastik Berbasis Filler Cellulose Micro Fibers Rami. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 19(2), 66-71.

Syarief A. 2011. Uji Lentur Komposit Polyester-Serat Purun Tikus (Eleocharis dulcis). Info Teknik 12(2), 10-18.

Wardhana H, Haryanti NH. 2017. The characteristics of purun tikus particle board cement board. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 10(1).

Winarsih S. 2016. Pengarun Konsentrasi NaOH dan Lama Pemaparan Microwave Terhadap Kandungan Selulosa, Hemiselulosa dan Lignin Tongkol Jagung. Seminar Nasional Dan Gelar Produk | SENASPRO 285-290.

Article source : The long microfiber of Water-chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) as composite reinforcing material  

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Multifunctional PVDF Nanocomposites with CNTs and Iron Oxide | InformativeBD

Muhammad Arif, Mohsan Nawaz, Saira Bibi, Saddiqa Bigum, Shakeel Zeb, Qaribullah, Hameed Ur Rehman, Wajid Ullah, Ikram Ullah, Muhammad Ikramullah, Zia Ul Islam,  and Zohra Aftab Bokharee, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Multifunctional PVDF Nanocomposites with CNTs and Iron Oxide. entitled, A multifunctional poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites reinforced with single walled carbon nanotubes and iron oxide nanoparticles. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This research work elaborates the synthesis and characterization of PVDF nanocomposite films reinforced with Fe3O4 NPs and γ-SWCNTs. Nanocomposite film were synthesized through solution casting method, DMF (Dimethyleformamide) used as a solvent. For proper dispersion of nanofiller, samples were sonicated followed by reflux. Different types of PVDF nanocomposite were synthesized by adding different weight percent of nanofiller (0%, 0.03% γ-SWCNTs, 0.01% Fe3O4, 0.03% γ-SWCNTs/0.01% Fe3O4) to PVDF matrix. Results obtained from the analysis of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), X-rays diffraction (XRD) were very informative for the phase change of PVDF from α-phase to β-phase, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows the thermal stability of the system, while impedance spectroscopy shows the enhancement in electrical and dielectrical properties of PVDF by incorporating nanofillers.

Read more : Enhancing Garcinia kolaSeed Germination Techniques | InformativeBD

Introduction

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with semi-crystalline character is pure thermoplastic and a non-reactive polymer having five crystalline phases known as: α, β, γ, δ, ε-phases[A. J. Lovinger, 1983], containing fluorine atom bonded to carbon atom. This material is categorized by an extraordinary resistivity to bases, acid as well as solvent. It is produced by the combination of the vinylidene difluoride (H2C=CF2)[P. Martins, 2014]. PVDF is piezoelectric substance and having greater stability than any other polymer and behave same like of other fluoropolymers in similar environment. No chemical degradation or oxidation occurs by continuous exposure to high temperature up to 149°C [X. Gu,2006, H. Kawai,1969]. The property of piezoelectricity make it desired substance for many applications like headphones, microphones and sensors[Y. Fu,2005]. The most important phase i.e βphase, having two chains in all-trans (TTTT) planar zigzag structure are connected into an orthorhombic unit cell. In all five phases, β-phase has highest spontaneous polarization. Many research effort have used to obtained β-phase due to their strong ferroelectrics[J. Bergman Jr, 1971] pyroelectricty and piezoelectricity[T. Furukawa,1989,V. Sencadas,2006]. The morphology of the polymer is affected by the addition of nanofillers and also having the effect on the mechanical properties of the polymer. In this regard CNTs and ferrite is used as additive and have marked effect on the morphology, piezoelectricity, and thermal as well as on the mechanical properties of PVDF, which can be used in electronics, actuators and sensors [O. Bajpai,2015,S. Begum,2016]. The effect of CNTs on the morphology of PVDF have being studied by Zhang et al. [S. Zhang, 2005] used coagulation method for the preparation of PVDF/CNTs composite, Wang et al. [M. Wang, 2007] used melt mixing method for the preparation of nanocomposite, Manna and Nadi [S. Manna, 2010] using solution casting and metl-mixing method for composite preparation, Levi et al. [N. Levi,2004] achieve composite of PVDF with addition of CNTs by solution casting method Kim et al. [G. H. Kim, 2009]formed composite by solution casting method.

These all studies were performed for change in crystallinity as well as for the enhancement of β-phase PVDF. Magnetite nanomaterial have become the most advanced research material in the field of chemistry because magnetite nanoparticles play an important role in increasing the properties of composite material. Among Nano sized material iron oxide are very important due to magnetic properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility and low cost as well as having interesting role in the enhancement of nanocomposite properties due to its application in electronics, optical and mechanical devices[W. Eerenstein,2006,J. Kumar,2006, G. A. Prinz, 1998]. PVDF/Fe3O4composite shows superparamagnetic nature with the presence of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles, while the maximum saturation magnetization were found to be 30.8 emu/g [X. Wang, 2012]. Incomposite film of PVDF/Fe3O4which are prepared by solution casting method, it was found that by the inclusion of Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) significant increase in crystallinity of PVDF and β-phase content[T. Prabhakaran,2013 20]. While decrease in crystallinity and increase in conductivity were also be reported by some authors [A. S. Bhatt, 2011].

In order to investigate the effect of CNTs addition on the crystallization, the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of PVDF/CNTs composites much work has been done. In addition to this the incorporation of third phase in the form of inorganic nanoparticles has been explored with the objective to increase the multifunctionality of the prepared ternary nanocomposites. Like the advanced work on ternary nanocomposites it has been shown that the addition of graphene oxide enhance the thermal conductivity [W.-b. Zhang, 2015], The Dielectric permittivity were greatly increased by the incorporation of BaTiO3[Z. Liu, 2015], similarly the inclusion Fe3O4 content to PVDF/CNTs resulting in the enhancement of both electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity of ternary nanocomposite prepared by twin screw compounding method [C. Tsonos, 2015]. The present work deals with a noval three-phase PVDF nanocomposite system with the loading of γ-SWCNTs and iron oxides Nanoparticles.

To be best of our knowledge there no systematic work on PVDF/γ-SWCNTs/Fe3O4 ternary nanocomposites in the literature. The effect of CNTs and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were especially studied in current research work. Focusing on the insulating behavior of PVDF and conductive role of the system by the incorporation of nanofillers.

Reference

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Yuan JK, Yao SH, Dang ZM, Sylvestre A, Genestoux M, Bai1 J. 2011. Giant dielectric permittivity nanocomposites: realizing true potential of pristine carbon nanotubes in polyvinylidene fluoride matrix through an enhanced interfacial interaction, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, p 5515-5521.

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Martins P, Costa CM, Botelho G, Lanceros-Mendez S, Barandiaran J, Gutierrez J. 2012. Dielectric and magnetic properties of ferrite/poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites, Materials Chemistry and Physics 131, p 698-705.

Martins P, Costa CM, Lanceros-Mendez S. 2011. Nucleation of electroactive β-phase poly (vinilidene fluoride) with CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 nanofillers: a new method for the preparation of multiferroic nanocomposites, Applied Physics A, 103, p233-237.

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Article source : A multifunctional poly( vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites reinforced with single walled carbonnanotubes and iron oxide nanoparticles 

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Enhancing Garcinia kola Seed Germination Techniques | InformativeBD

Joseph M. Asomaning, from the institute of Ghana. wrote a Research article about, Enhancing Garcinia kola Seed Germination Techniques. Entitled, Germination of Garcinia kola (heckel) seeds in response to seed sectioning, chemical pretreatment and different temperatures. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Garcinia kola Heckel is a multi-purpose tree widely used in West Africa resulting in its over-exploitation, the species is extinction-threatened. On farm conservation through cultivation has been recommended. However, seeds of the species can take about 18 months to germinate. This study aims at generating information on how the combinations of the techniques of seed sectioning, chemical treatment and temperature can be used to enhance germination of the seed. Seed sections and whole seeds pretreated with dormancy breaking chemicals were germinated on a gel of 1% water agar at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. Statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 5×7×4 factorial (germination materials × chemical treatments × temperature). Germination data showed significances (p<0.001) namely: germination materials, germination temperatures, germination materials x germination temperatures, germination materials x chemicals, germination temperatures x chemicals.

Read more : Optimizing In Vitro Organogenesis in Sugarcane Using Plant Growth Regulators | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Garcinia is a tropical plant genus including several species in Africa, America and Asia. These species are commonly useful for many purposes. The seeds of G. kola have pharmacological uses in treating coughs, throat infections, bronchitis and hepatitis (Farombi et al., 2005) The seeds which serve as a bitter stimulant also serve as snake repellent when they are placed round the compound (Nair, 1990). Other medicinal uses include: purgative, antiparasitic, antimicrobial. The seeds are used to prevent and relieve colic, cure head or chest colds.

This plant has shown bronchodilator effect (Orie and Ekon 1993), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial and antiviral properties (Akoachere et al., 2002). In laboratory tests, Garcinia kola was found to halt the deadly disease caused by Ebola virus in its tracks. The virus causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever - an often-fatal condition (Anonymous, 1999). Compounds from the plant have also proved effective against some strains of flu, a contagious respiratory disease also commonly known as influenza (Iwu, 1993). Its by-products are also useful: the wood makes excellent fuel wood; its dense rounded crown makes it an ideal tree for shade around homestead; the branches are used as chewing stick because of its bitter taste and antibacterial activities of its extracts (Taiwo et al., 1999). The bark of the stem is used in the tanning and dyeing industry (Irvine, 1961).

Because of its high interest resulting in its overexploitation, Garcinia kola is extinction-threatened in several West and Central African countries such as Ivory Coast (FAO (1996), Ghana (Wong, 1997), Congo and Cameroon (Tchatat, 1999). It is therefore useful to undertake on farm conservation by small holder farmers through agroforestry systems in order to decrease the pressure on wild population of the species. However, the major difficulty in Garcinia kola propagation as for several species of Garcinia genus is related to seeds germination. Due to dormancy in Garcinia, seeds can take as long as 18 months to germinate (Aduse-Poku et al., 2003). Some studies to investigate seed germination of some species in the genus Garcinia has been done at the farmer’s level and under laboratory conditions. These include Garcinia gummi-gutta (Geeta et al, 2006); Garcinia indica (Malik et al., 2005); Garcinia kola (Agyili et al., 2007; Kanmegne and Omokolo 2008).

The present work aims at generating information on how the combination of the techniques of seed sectioning, chemical treatment and temperature can be used to enhance the germination of G. kola. The information will be useful in raising large quantities of seedlings for several farming communities in Ghana who are being encouraged to plant the species on their cocoa farms as a shade crop and as a means of conserving the species.

Reference

Aduse-Poku K, Nyinaku F, Atiase VY, Awuah R, Mensah EO, Nyantakyi D, Owusu HK and Agyenim-Boateng B. 2003. Improving rural livelihoods within the context of sustainable development: case study of Goaso forest district. Tropenbos International Ghana, University of Amsterdam and Institute of Renewable Natural Resources 50 pp.

Agyili J, Sacandé M, Koffi E and Peprah T. 2007. Improving the collection and germination of West African Garcinia kola Heckel seeds. New Forests 34, 269-279.

Akoachere JF, Ndip RN, Chenwi EB, Ndip LM, Njock TE and Anong DN. 2002. Antibacterial effect of Zingiber officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens. East Africa Medical Journal 79(11), 588-592.

Anegbeh PO, Iruka C and Nkirika C. 2006. Enhancing germination of bitter cola (Garcinia kola) Heckel: prospects for agroforestry farmers in the Niger Delta. Scientia Africana 5(1), 1118-1931.

Asomaning JM, Olympio NS, Sacandé M. 2011. Desiccation sensitivity and germination of recalcitrant Garcinia kola Heckel seeds. Research Journal of Seed Science 4(1), 15-27.

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Article source : Germination of Garcinia kola (heckel) seeds in response to seed sectioning, chemical pretreatment and different temperatures  

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Optimizing In Vitro Organogenesis in Sugarcane Using Plant Growth Regulators | InformativeBD

Naveed Ahmad, Muhammad Ishaq,  Ajmal Mandozai, Asif Ali Khan,  Noor al amin,  Muhammad Inam,  Raza Ullah,  Hina Shaukat, Muhammad Abrar, Ismail Khan, and Raham Sher Khan, from the institute of China. wrote a Research article about, Optimizing In Vitro Organogenesis in Sugarcane Using Plant Growth Regulators. Entitled, Optimization of an efficient system for the In Vitro Organogenesis of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) from apical shoot explant using different plant growth regulators. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

An efficient in vitro system provides considerable opportunities to regenerable target tissues in plants. The large scale multiplication of newly released sugarcane varieties still remains inexplicit. Here, we investigate the response of three different sugarcane varieties (CP 77400, CP2086, and M 93) towards the onset of callus induction and adventitious organogenesis. Young leaves of apical shoot were subjected to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with various combination and concentrations of growth regulators for callus induction, adventitious shoot morphogenesis and rooting. Our results indicated that highest percent callus induction was observed in variety CP77400 which was 80% when explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.5 mg/l auxin after 14 days of incubation. The maximum adventitious shoot induction was observed in CP 77400 variety incubated with MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l auxin and 1 mg/l cytokinin. Morover, sugarcane variety CP 77400 showed highest rate of in vitro root induction when incubated with half MS basal medium supplemented 3 mg/l auxin alone. Regarding the mean number of roots per shoots and the average length of the roots, the variety CP77400 showed the highest number of roots per shoots (8.4) and the highest root length (6.5 cm) on half-strength MS medium supplemented with auxin (3 mg/L). Thus, these findings can be used to promote mass production of different varieties of sugarcane which may overcome the present trend of demand future.

Read more : Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important agro-industrial crop which serves as a primary source of sugar across the world (Raza et al., 2010). It is a C4 plant belongs to genus Saccharum, which represent not only the major source of world's sugar but possess potential to be a key crop in biofactory evolution as it generates high yield of important products e.g. paper, biofibers, acetic acid, industrial enzymes, animal feed, renewable source of energy, biofuel and bioplastic (Nonato et al., 2001). Every year product losses in sugarcane production account for up to 70%, due to many biotic and abiotic stresses as bacteria, fungi, viruses (Parmessur et al., 2002) and drought and salinity stresses. Approximately 100 types of diseases caused by different types of pests and insects concerned with sugarcane have been reported worldwide in different countries, but most predominant diseases of sugarcane are fungal pathogen which leads to the appearance of spots on the leaves of sugarcane. However, various other physiological factors which comprise major constrains to the production of sugarcane, including high aneuploidy, low fertility, large genome size and complex environmental interactions. Consequently, lack of suitable propagation system is considered serious threats in sugarcane cultivation procedures (Tiwari et al., 2010). In order to resolve the problems related to the climate changes and the need of a novel varieties, the techniques of plant tissue culture are followed nowadays (Yadav et al., 2012). For many other species, sugarcane may benefit of unconventional breeding mediated by in vitro techniques to speed up the genetic improvement (Rugini et al., 2016). The micropropagation and establishment of aseptic tissue culture have gained enormous position throughout last thirty years. Genetic engineering can significantly integrate transgenic traits or somaclonal variation for the introduction of interesting traits as salt and drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance (Ahmed et al., 2019; Rugini et al., 2016; Silvestri et al., 2016). Furthermore, it has been observed that plant tissue culture has overcome many problems related with traditional breeding systems by confirming disease free propagation of sugarcane and reduced the time frame which is a pre requisite for plant proliferation (Khan et al., 2006). The aim of current study was to develop an efficient and reliable protocol for the in vitro callus initiation and regeneration of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) using apical shoots as explants.

Reference

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Silvestri C, Cristofori V, Ceccarelli M, Caceres, ME, Escribà -Lacuesta J, Rugini E. 2016. Adventitious shoot organogenesis from leaf and petiole explants of european hazelnut. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 126(1), 59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0976-7

Tarique HM, Mannan MA, Bhuiyan MSR, Rahaman MM. 2010. Micropropagation of sugarcane through leaf sheath culture. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production 2(2), 13-15.

Tiwari AK, Bharti YP, Tripathi S, Mishra N, Lal M. 2010. Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Sugarcane Crop with Special Reference to Disease Resistance. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 45, 235-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/APhyt.45.2010.2.1

Yadav S, Ahmad A, Rastogi J, Lal M. 2012. Tissue culture strategies in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(2), 427-441.

Article source :Optimization of an efficient system for the In Vitro Organogenesis of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) from apical shoot explant using different plant growth regulators 

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Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production | InformativeBD

MA. Magdalena V. Gatdula, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production. Entitled, A microcontroller based flour processing machine for Coconut pulp. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a microcontroller-based flour processing machine for pressed coconut pulp. The entire system is automated to carry out the task continuously with minimal interaction of the user. The designed project used software written in C++ and executed on the Arduino UNO. Developmental research was utilized in the study and an online survey was distributed to five bakers, five coconut sellers, and five computer engineering professionals to evaluate the acceptability of the automated cocoflour machine. The results shown high acceptability that the machine could produce coconut flour. The study concludes that the automated machine coconut flour maker is user-friendly, and anybody can operate this machine without any technical knowledge that can produce acceptable coconut flour consistently with its adequate production time. It requires less monitoring and human labor.

Read more : Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Trees are the world's largest plants, and their importance to the environment and human wellbeing cannot be underestimated. These plants produce oxygen, absorb carbon, keep soil healthy, and help to preserve the world's biodiversity. The products made from these plants highlight the relevance of trees in the lives of many people; it includes construction materials, fibers, and fuels.

Furthermore, trees can produce a variety of nutritious food such as fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and edible oils, which can help to diversify diets and mitigate seasonal food and nutritional shortages. Agroforestry employs hundreds of tree species to improve food sustainability and nutritional security (Jamnadass et al., 2020). Among all the species of trees available on the planet, only the Coconut Palm is referred to as "The Tree of Life." The coconut tree is recognized as one of the world's most significant fruit trees (Lapina & Andal, 2017). FAO says Asia-Pacific generates 90% of the world's coconut products, including water, oil, milk, and construction timbers. In 2019, Southeast Asian islands, especially the Philippines, were the leading producers and exporters of coconuts. Davao Region was the leading producer of coconuts, contributing 455.45 thousand metric tons, or 13.8 percent of overall coconut production. (Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)).

The coconut tree makes relatively little trash because every part of it is useful. Coconut tree cultivation is entirely sustainable, and it is a remarkable natural resource that yields interesting coconut goods. Throughout decades, the coconut has been a healthy supply of meats, milk, and oils that have sustained and nurtured individuals all over the world. This crop is classified as a "functional food" because, in regard to its vitamins, it provides a variety of possible health benefits (Ramaswamy, 2013). Coconut's main products include virgin coconut oil, desiccated coconut, coconut water, as well as coconut flour.

According to Masa, D., coconut milk/cream powder goods generate approximately 3,463 MT of coco residue each year, of which 40% is being used as a food ingredient as well as the other 60% is utilized as feedstuff or discarded. Coconut flour is a one-of-akind substance manufactured from the waste of coconut milk production. It is relatively low in digestible carbohydrates, involves no gluten, is much less costly than any of the other nut flours, contains high fiber as well as essential vitamins, and tastes great. (Ramaswamy, 2013). Its nutritional advantages may drive the industry to generate functional food components that may conduce to the appropriate treatment and management of chronic diseases, which opens the possibility of using coconut flour as a food supplement for people with diabetes (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University).

The shredded meat, also known as the pulp, is dried after emptying and extracting the milk. The pressed coconut pulp is heated or dried before being pulverized to make coconut flour. Traditionally, coconut pulp is dried by spreading thin layers of it in the open sun. This approach has drawbacks, such as no control over the rate of drying and non-uniform drying (Kumar et al., 2015). After drying, a milling machine is used to produce pulverized coconut pulp.

According to Majeedullah (2022), drying requires heat and mass transmission. Heat must be transmitted to the material's surface to evaporate moisture latently. Mass transfer involves water diffusion through a substance to an evaporating surface and vapor diffusion into passing air. This theory was related to how air and contact drying worked. Heat is transferred through foodstuffs from either heated air or heated surfaces. The water vapor of pressed coconut pulp is removed with the air. 

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Article source : A microcontroller based flour processing machine for Coconut pulp 

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