Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production | InformativeBD

MA. Magdalena V. Gatdula, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production. Entitled, A microcontroller based flour processing machine for Coconut pulp. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a microcontroller-based flour processing machine for pressed coconut pulp. The entire system is automated to carry out the task continuously with minimal interaction of the user. The designed project used software written in C++ and executed on the Arduino UNO. Developmental research was utilized in the study and an online survey was distributed to five bakers, five coconut sellers, and five computer engineering professionals to evaluate the acceptability of the automated cocoflour machine. The results shown high acceptability that the machine could produce coconut flour. The study concludes that the automated machine coconut flour maker is user-friendly, and anybody can operate this machine without any technical knowledge that can produce acceptable coconut flour consistently with its adequate production time. It requires less monitoring and human labor.

Read more : Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Trees are the world's largest plants, and their importance to the environment and human wellbeing cannot be underestimated. These plants produce oxygen, absorb carbon, keep soil healthy, and help to preserve the world's biodiversity. The products made from these plants highlight the relevance of trees in the lives of many people; it includes construction materials, fibers, and fuels.

Furthermore, trees can produce a variety of nutritious food such as fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and edible oils, which can help to diversify diets and mitigate seasonal food and nutritional shortages. Agroforestry employs hundreds of tree species to improve food sustainability and nutritional security (Jamnadass et al., 2020). Among all the species of trees available on the planet, only the Coconut Palm is referred to as "The Tree of Life." The coconut tree is recognized as one of the world's most significant fruit trees (Lapina & Andal, 2017). FAO says Asia-Pacific generates 90% of the world's coconut products, including water, oil, milk, and construction timbers. In 2019, Southeast Asian islands, especially the Philippines, were the leading producers and exporters of coconuts. Davao Region was the leading producer of coconuts, contributing 455.45 thousand metric tons, or 13.8 percent of overall coconut production. (Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)).

The coconut tree makes relatively little trash because every part of it is useful. Coconut tree cultivation is entirely sustainable, and it is a remarkable natural resource that yields interesting coconut goods. Throughout decades, the coconut has been a healthy supply of meats, milk, and oils that have sustained and nurtured individuals all over the world. This crop is classified as a "functional food" because, in regard to its vitamins, it provides a variety of possible health benefits (Ramaswamy, 2013). Coconut's main products include virgin coconut oil, desiccated coconut, coconut water, as well as coconut flour.

According to Masa, D., coconut milk/cream powder goods generate approximately 3,463 MT of coco residue each year, of which 40% is being used as a food ingredient as well as the other 60% is utilized as feedstuff or discarded. Coconut flour is a one-of-akind substance manufactured from the waste of coconut milk production. It is relatively low in digestible carbohydrates, involves no gluten, is much less costly than any of the other nut flours, contains high fiber as well as essential vitamins, and tastes great. (Ramaswamy, 2013). Its nutritional advantages may drive the industry to generate functional food components that may conduce to the appropriate treatment and management of chronic diseases, which opens the possibility of using coconut flour as a food supplement for people with diabetes (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University).

The shredded meat, also known as the pulp, is dried after emptying and extracting the milk. The pressed coconut pulp is heated or dried before being pulverized to make coconut flour. Traditionally, coconut pulp is dried by spreading thin layers of it in the open sun. This approach has drawbacks, such as no control over the rate of drying and non-uniform drying (Kumar et al., 2015). After drying, a milling machine is used to produce pulverized coconut pulp.

According to Majeedullah (2022), drying requires heat and mass transmission. Heat must be transmitted to the material's surface to evaporate moisture latently. Mass transfer involves water diffusion through a substance to an evaporating surface and vapor diffusion into passing air. This theory was related to how air and contact drying worked. Heat is transferred through foodstuffs from either heated air or heated surfaces. The water vapor of pressed coconut pulp is removed with the air. 

Reference

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Businessdiary. 2018. Coconut flour from sapal; cheap and nutritious. Retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://businessdiary.com.ph/11786/coconut-flour-sapal-cheap-nutritious

Castillo M, Ani P. 2019. The Philippine Coconut Industry: Status, Policies and Strategic Directions for Development. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP). Retrieved January 6, 2022, from https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1382

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Expert System for Coconut: Coconut Processing. (n.d). 2022. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Website. Retrieved January 6, 2022, http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/coconut/coconut/coconut_faq_main page.html

Jamnadass R. 2015. Understanding the Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems in Food Provision. Open Book Publishers. https://books.openedition. org/obp/2756?lang=en

Jongyingcharoen JS, Wuttigarn P, Assawarachan R. 2019. Hot air drying of coconut residue: Shelf life, drying characteristics, and product quality. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science Vol. 301. Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/301/1

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Article source : A microcontroller based flour processing machine for Coconut pulp 

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Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk | InformativeBD

Muhammad Fahad Chaudhary, Ali Abbas Dilawar, Muhammad Asim, Suneel Ahmad, and Unsa Saleem, from the institute of Cameroon. wrote a Research article about, Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk. Entitled, Detection of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pyogenes from raw milk samples in Faisalabad. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Milk is a very important source of nutrition for humans as well as animals. It contains carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Due to its nutritious composition, it is an excellent medium for the growth of microorganisms. Milk gets contaminated by different microorganisms including Streptococcus species.  Considering its importance, the present study was designed to check the microbial contamination of raw milk. 90 samples were collected from different areas of Faisalabad city. Mainly Streptococcus species were targeted and isolated. Out of 90, only 23 samples were found positive for Streptococcus species. Most species were identified as Streptococcus pyogenes by biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed and isolates were found to be susceptible to Amikacin (30µg), Tazobactam (110µg), Levofloxacin (5µg), Tobramycin (30µg), Ampicilin-sulbactam (20µg), Chloromphenicol (30µg), and Gentamycin (30µg) and were resistant to Cefoxitin (30µg), Tigecycline (15µg), Cefipime (30µ), Ampicilin (10µ), Cefotoxime (10µg), Trimethoprim (25µg), Cefuroxime (30µg), Cefixime (5µg), Tetracycline (10µg). For further confirmation, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was performed according to CLSI guidelines and results showed that isolates were susceptible to only Ampicillin, Amikacin and Erythromycin. Animals suffering from clinical or sub-clinical mastitis are the source of Streptococcal contamination of milk. The current study supports the finding that raw milk can be regarded as a critical source of MDR bacteria. Strict monitoring and the implementation of effective hygienic should be implemented.

Read more : Honeybee Foraging on Wild Flowers in Dang, Cameroon | InformativeBD

Introduction

Milk is a nutrient-rich,white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is a primary source of nutrition for children and good for bone growth as it is rich in calcium. Its demand in the global market is increasing day by day. It is also used for the production of a variety of dairy products like yogurt, cheese, etc.It containscarbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals(Guetouache et al., 2014).Due to its nutritious composition, it is an excellent medium for the growth of many microbial communities(Soomro et al., 2002). Milk gets contaminated by different microorganisms including Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species, Compylobacter species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc and these microorganisms adversely affect the quality of milk(Elmoslemany et al., 2009).These pathogenic microorganisms are known to cause serious health hazards to the general population.Milk can serve as a source for transferring these microorganisms from animals to humans (Zoonosis)(Garcell et al. 2015). Milk is extremely susceptible to spoilage due to these microorganisms which get into milk from different sources such as Milkman’s hands, water, feed, Animal’s skin,utensils, environment, etc (Prejit et al., 2007). Microorganisms present in raw milk produce toxins and are responsible for foodborne diseases.Food borne diseases are responsible for >50% cases of mortality to children. These microorganisms are the huge challenge for the dairy industry.

Microorganisms are also present in the milk if the animal suffers from mastitis(Jeykumar et al. 2013). Generally, mastitis is divided into Clinical, subclinical and chronic(Haggag et al. 2018). Mastitis is a multifactorial disease and is very difficult to control. Mastitis can be caused by different bacterial species mainly Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Additionally, different pathogens are typical of different types of mastitis (Clinical, sub-clinical and heifer mastitis). Pathogens involved in bovine mastitis are classified as contagious or environmental pathogen depending upon their epidemiological association with the disease(Azevedo et al., 2015). Contagious pathogens are those which spread from one animal to another while the primary source of pathogen is animal. Environmental pathogens are those which enter the milk during milking whereas the primary source of pathogen is the environment. Due to its economic importance, extensive research is being carried out to determine the microorganisms which affect the quality of milk.Given growing public awareness about food safety and quality, information about the microbial contamination of milk is of great significance. Until now information on such aspects in Pakistan is scant and scattered. This study was performed to check the microbial contamination of milk in different areas of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, Streptococcal species that are adversely affecting the quality of milk are isolated. Because these microorganisms also cause food-borne diseases in the population so their susceptibility to different antibiotics is also determined. This test revealed that the organism is multidrug resistance (MDR).This MDR organism is one of the maincauses of the emerging problem of antibiotics resistance in humans. These bacteria become resistant to antibiotics when these antibiotics are overused in livestock(Azevedo et al. 2015). This resistant organism enters into humans through the milk of these organisms.

Reference

Elmoslemany AM, Keefe JP, Dohoo IR, Dingwell RT. 2009. Microbiological quality of bulk tank raw milk in Prince Edward Island dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 92(9), 4239-4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1751

Aijaz Hussain Smmoro, Arain MA, Khaskheli M, BachalBhutto. 2002. Isolation of Escherichia Coli from Raw Milk and Milk Products in Relation to Public Health Sold under Market Conditions at Tandojam, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3), 151-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2002.151.152

Carla Maria Lopes de Azevedo, Diana Pacheco, Luisa Soares, Ricardo Romao, Monica Moitoso, Jaime Maldonado, Roger Guix, Joao Simoes. 2015. Prevalence of contagious and environmental mastitis-causing bacteria in bulk tank milk and its relationships with milking practices of dairy cattle herds in São Miguel Island (Azores). Tropical Animal Health and Production 48(2), 451-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0973-6

Cinthia Alves-Barroco, Catarina Rodrigues, Luis Raposo R, Catarina Bras, Mario Diniz, Joao Caco, Pedro Costa M, lida Santos –Sanches, Alexandra Fernandes R. 2018. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. Dysgalactiae isolated from milk of the bovine udder as emerging pathogens: In vitro and in vivo infection of human cells and zebrafish as biological models, microbiologyOpen 8(17). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.623

Clinton Mcdaniel J, Diana Cardwell M, Robert Moeller B, Gregory Gray C. 2014. Humans and Cattle: A Review of Bovine Zoonoses. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases 14(1), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1164

Guerin-Faublee V, Tardy F, Bouveron C, Carret G. 2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus species isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. International journal of antimicrobial agents 19(3), 219-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00485-x

Guetouache Mourad, Guessas Bettache, Medjekal Samir. 2014. Composition and nutritional value of raw milk. Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 2(10), 155-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15739/IBSPR.005

Thaker HC, Brahmbhatt MN, Nayak JB. 2013. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from milk and milk products and their drug resistance patterns in Anand, Gujarat. Veterinary World 5(12), 10-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2013.10-13

Humberto Guanche Garcell E, Guilarte Garcia Pedro Vazquez Pueyo I, Rodriguez Martin, Ariadna Villanueva Arias, Ramon Alfonso Serrano N. 2016. Outbreaks of brucellosis related to the consumption of unpasteurized camel milk. Journal of Infection and Public Health 9(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.12.006

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Prejit Nanu E, Latha C. 2007. Microbial quality assurance of milk during production, processing and marketing.  American Journal of Food Technology 2(3), 136-144, http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2007.136.144

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Yasser Haggag N, Mohamed Nossair A, Alaa Mansour M, Amir Abd el Rahman. 2018. Streptococci in Dairy Farms: Isolation, Antibiogram Pattern and Disinfectant Sensitivity. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences  59(2),  85-92, http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.8031

Article source : Detection of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pyogenes from raw milk samples in Faisalabad 

 

 

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Honeybee Foraging on Wild Flowers in Dang, Cameroon | InformativeBD

Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouo, Christian Wékéré, Delphine Nguemo Dongock, Sidonie Fameni and Tope, from the institute of Cameroon. wrote a Research article about, Honeybee Foraging on Wild Flowers in Dang, Cameroon. entitled, Exploitation of Acacia sieberiana, Allophylus africanus and Flacourtia indica flowers by Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Dang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroon). This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

To date, in Cameroon, the demand for honey and other hive products is very high, partly because of the absent of the knowledge of the apicultural value of many plant species. This research was conducted to evaluate the apicultural value of Acacia sieberiana DC., Allophylus africanus P. Beauv. and Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr. Apis mellifera Linnaeus workers foraging activity was studied on the flowers of these plant species, from March to July 2015 and 2016. At Dang, the flowers of each plant species were observed two days per week, between 7am and 18pm, for recording the pollen and/or nectar foraging behaviour of A. mellifera workers. Results showed that, A. mellifera harvested intensely and regularly the nectar of each plant species. In addition, F. indica was visited intensely for pollen; Al. africanus and Ac. sieberiana were also visited for pollen but slightly. The greatest mean number of workers foraging simultaneously in activity per 1000 flowers varied from 210 (Al. africanus) to 634 (Ac. sieberiana). The mean foraging speed varied from 6.53 flowers/min (Ac. sieberiana) to 30.44 flowers/min (Al. africanus) in 2015 and  5.87 flowers/min (Ac. sieberiana) to 23.94 flowers/min (Al. africanus) in 2016. Thus, Ac. sieberiana, Al. africanus and F. indica could be cultivated and protected to increase honey production. Flacourtia indica could enable beekeepers to increase their pollen production as a hive product. During foraging, A. mellifera workers improved pollination possibilities of each plant species.

Read more : Foliar Glycine Betaine Improves Broccoli Performance | InformativeBD

Introduction

Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) is a social insect that builds its nest in a cavity, by connecting cones to the upper wall (Michel et al., 1994). In nests also called hives, the bees live in colonies containing about 50000 to 60000 individuals (Michel et al., 1994). Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) DC., Allophylus africanus (Sapindaceae) P. Beauv. and Flacourtia indica (Flacourtiaceae) (Burm. F.) Merr. are the plant species who provide the alimentary resources (nectar et pollen) for honeybees. The plant species flowers are visited by these bees for the nectar and the pollen collection. The basic foods of each A. mellifera colony are nectar and pollen (Villières, 1987; Jha and Vandermeer, 2009) collected from many plant species (Morse and Calderone, 2000). The nectar is transformed into honey which is stored together with pollen in the hive for future use (Crane, 1999). These substances have been exploited by humans for thousands of years (Crane, 1999). The production of these two substances depends on the abundance of some plant species in the environment of the apiary and their attractiveness to honeybees (Afik et al., 2006). Thus sustainable beekeeping in a given Region requires a detailed knowledge of the apicultural value of the plant species that grow in the environment of the Apiaries (Leven et al., 2005).

Before this study, there was no literature on the relationship between the honeybees and many plant species (including Acacia sieberiana, Allophylus africanus and Flacourtia indica) in Cameroon. Yet, in this country, because of the increasing demand for hive products such as honey and pollen, beekeeping needs to be developed (INADES, 2000).

The main objective of this work was to study of the relationships between A. mellifera Linnaeus, Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) DC., Allophylus africanus (Sapindaceae) P. Beauv. and Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Murr. for their optimal exploitation. For each plant species, we recorded the activity of A. mellifera on flowers, evaluated the apicultural value and registered the pollination behaviour of A. mellifera.

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Kwaga BT, Akosim C, Dishan EE, Khobe D. 2016. Potentials of flora species on the yield of honey in Dakka forest reserve, Bali local government area of Taraba state, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment 8, 2141-1778.

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Népidé NC, Tchuenguem FFN. 2016. Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera adansonii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae) flowers at Dang, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. International Journal of Biosciences 3, 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/9.3.75-88

Nnamani CV, Uguru AN. 2013. Diversity of honey producing plants of Southern Nigeria : basic prerequisite for conservation and sustainability. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 8, 103- 112.

Pharaon MA, Dounia, Douka C, Otiobo AEN, Tchuenguem FFN. 2018. Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) on flowers of Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) at Bilone (Obala, Cameroon). International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences 4, 12– 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0403003

Philippe JM. 1991. La pollinisation par les abeilles: pose des colonies dans les cultures en floraison en vue d´accroître les rendements des productions végétales. EDISUD, Aix-en-Provence, 178.

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Tchuenguem FFN. 2005. Activité de butinage et de pollinisation de Apis mellifera adansonii  (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Apinae) sur les fleurs de trois plantes à Ngaoundéré (Cameroun): Callistemon rigidus (Myrtaceae), Syzygium guineense var. macrocarpum (Myrtaceae) et Voacanga africana (Apocynaceae). Thèse de Doctorat d’État, Université de Yaoundé I., 103.

Tchuenguem FFN, Djonwangwé D, Brückner D. 2008. Foraging behaviour of the african honeybee (Apis mellifera adansonii) on Annona senegalensis, Croton macrostachyus, Psorospermum febrifugum and Syzygium guineense var. guineense at Ngaoundéré (Cameroon). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11, 719– 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.719.725

Tchuenguem FFN, Ngakou A, Kengni BS. 2009a. Pollination and yield responses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to the foraging activity of Apis mellifera adansonii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Ngaoundéré (Cameroon). African Journal of Biotechnology 8, 1988– 1996.

Tchuenguem FFN, Djonwangwé D, Messi J, Brückner D. 2009b. Activité de butinage et de pollinisation de Apis mellifera adansonii (Hymenoptera, Apidae) sur les fleurs de Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae) à Ngaoundéré (Cameroun). Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology 5, 1– 9.

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Tchuenguem FFN, Népidé NC. 2018. Efficacité pollinisatrice de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) sur Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) var. Graine Blanche et Lisse à Dang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroun). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 12, 446– 461.

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Valdeyron G. 1984. Production des semences pour quelques plantes de grandes cultures: céréales, graminées fourragères, betterave à sucre. In: “Pollinisation et productions végétales”, Pesson P. & Louveaux J. (Eds), INRA, Paris, 143– 330.

Villières B. 1987. L’apiculture en Afrique Tropicale. Dossier “Le point sur” n°11, GRET, Paris, 220.

Wright GA, Skinner BD, Smith BH. 2002. Ability of honeybee, Apis mellifera, to detect and discriminate odors of varieties of canola (Brassica rapa and Brassica napus) and snapgragon flowers (Antirrhinum majus). Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 721– 740. http://dx.doi.org/0098-0331/02/0400-0721/0

Yédomonhan H, Tossou MG, Akoègninou A, Demènou BB, Traoré D. 2009. Diversité des plantes mellifères de la zone soudano-guinéenne: cas de l’arrondissement de Manigri (Centre-Ouest du Bénin). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 3, 355– 366.

Zumba JX, Myers GO, Clawson EL, Miller DK, Danka RG, Blanche SB. 2013. Developing hybrid cotton (Gossypium spp.) using honeybees as pollinators and the roundup ready phenotype as the selection trait. Journal of Cotton Science 17, 293– 301.

Article source : Exploitation of Acacia sieberiana, Allophylus africanus and Flacourtia indica flowers by Apismellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Dang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroon)  

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Foliar Glycine Betaine Improves Broccoli Performance | InformativeBD

Sana Liaqat,  Nida Mansoora,  Muhammad Shahnawaz Bhatti,  Shafaq Aslam,  Nida Batool, Sana Ishaq, Ashir Masroor, and Filza Ghafoor, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Foliar Glycine Betaine Improves Broccoli Performance. Entitled, Effect of foliar applied glycine betaine on growth performance of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Glycine betaine performs a crucial role, like osmoprotectant and cytoplasmic osmotic solute specifically in the members of family Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae. Brassica oleracea var. Italica subvariety PALMIRA 2 hybrid due to the presence of glucosinolate plays a vital role for humans. A pot experiment was performed at the Old Botanical Garden, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 35 days seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with 7 kg of soil for two weeks to get them acclimatized to pot soil conditions. Foliar application of glycine betaine (0, water spray, 5, 10, and 15 mM) was given after 2 months of transplantation. Data regarding the growth parameters, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, mineral ions determination, nutrient use efficiency, nutrient uptake, total soluble proteins, and photosynthetic pigments were collected after 15 days of glycine betaine application. Application of GB increased shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot calcium, potassium, nutrient uptake of sodium, calcium, potassium, SOD, peroxidase, and total soluble proteins of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica). Implementation of GB showed non-significant results of parameters such as root fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a/b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll), nutrient use efficiency of sodium, and catalase activity.

Read more : Farmers and Pesticide Practices in Rawalpindi, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Introduction

Glycine betaine performs a crucial role, like osmoprotectant or as a well-suited cytoplasmic osmotic solute specifically in the members of family Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae. Glycine betaine is zwitterionic, N-methyl derivative present in many higher plants, microorganisms, and animals (Saeed et al., 2016). In plants improved the action of antioxidants, proteins, enzymes, and photosynthetic activity of plants (Banu et al., 2009).

Synthesis of glycine betaine is not the same in different plants for example some plants like barley and spinach gather comparatively high levels of GB as compared to tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana in their chloroplasts. Application of glycine betaine protect plants from stress, and it is introduced in higher plant and microorganisms by genetic engineering which shows the importance of GB.

It keeps the cell membrane integral in its nature and enzyme equilibrium takes part in the removal of ROS from the cell (Sakamoto and Murata, 2002).

In agriculture from an economical and defensive perspective, foliar-applied glycine betaine is very important. Due to its ameliorative nature to enhance crop production and reduces toxic environmental stresses. Besides GB improves the activities of antioxidant enzymes in rice seedlings. Accumulation of glycine betaine protects plant plasma membrane from disruption, high temperature (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2014).

Broccoli variety PAALMIRA 2 hybrid member of Brassicaceae family and grows up to 90cm in length. It is found around the Mediterranean region and southwestern Europe. It is an old vegetable native to Turkey and its cultivation starts there, later it is found in the USA, England.

In 1923 its industrial cultivation started (Decoteau, 2000). Broccoli is composed of sulforaphane, glucosinolates, selenium, polyphenols, and secondary metabolites, A, C, and E vitamins are also present.

Isothiocyanates present in broccoli, help in the prevention of cancer, its leaves are also utilized in the treatment of skin-related diseases. The presence of glucoraphanin sulforaphane in broccoli high concentration completely hinder the chemical induction of breast cancer in rats (Meyer et al., 2008).

The sprouts of broccoli are famous because of rich in vitamin contents, minerals, and glucosinolate secondary metabolites act as phenolic compounds (Baenas et al., 2012).

 Objectives To evaluate the effect of foliar application of glycine betaine on broccoli variety PALMIRA 2 hybrid.

To observe the changes in physiological and morphological characters of broccoli by foliar spray of glycine betaine.

Reference

Baenas N, Moreno DA, Viguera G. 2012. Selecting sprouts of Brassicaceae for optimum phytochemical composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, 11409–11420.

Banu MN, Hoque MA, Sugimoto MWK, Matsuoka Y, Shimoishi YN, Murata Y. 2009. Proline and glycine betaine induce antioxidant defense gene expression and suppress cell death in cultured tobacco cells under salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiology 166, 146-156.

Decoteau D.  2000. Vegetable Crops.  Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Rahman A, Nahar K, Fujita M. 2014. Exogenous Proline and Glycine Betaine Mediated Upregulation of Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems Provides Better Protection against Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties. BioMed Research International 16, 4-17.

Jabeen N, Abbas Z, Iqbal M, Rizwan M, Jabbar A, Farid M, Abbas F. 2016. Glycine betaine mediates chromium tolerance in mung bean through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 62, 648-662.

Khalifa GS, Abdelrassoul M, Hegazi AM, El-Sherif MH. 2016.  Attenuation of negative effects of saline stress in two lettuce cultivars by salicylic acid and glycine betaine. Gesunde Pflanzen 68, 177–189.

Lutts S, Majerus V, Kinet JM. 1999. NaCl effects on proline metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Plant Physiology 105, 450-458.

Meyer M, Adam ST. 2008. Comparison of glucosinolate levels in commercial broccoli and red cabbage from conventional and ecological farming. European Food Research and Technology 226, 1429-1437.

Rahman MS, Miyake H, Takeoka Y. 2002. Effects of exogenous glycine betaine on growth and ultrastructure of salt-stressed rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Production Science 5, 33-44.

Abbreviations SOD Superoxide dismutase, POD peroxidase. 

Article source : Effect of foliar applied glycine betaine on growth performance of broccoli (Brassica oleraceavar. Italica) 

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Farmers and Pesticide Practices in Rawalpindi, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Antonio-Abdu Sami M. Magomnang, from the institute of Philippines and Dianne Mae M. Asiñero, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Farmers and Pesticide Practices in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. entitled, Pesticide usage by Farmers; A case study of District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

As well pesticides are playing an important role in enhancing crop yield, but producing resistance against many crop pests and are also harmful to our environment. Surveys were conducted in 21 villages of district Rawalpindi, Pakistan in 2016. Data about pesticide usage were collected from 210 respondents (local farmers). The results show that only 22% local farmers have potential towards use of pesticides. The maximum pesticide users were found in Taxila and the price was the key factor to select pesticides for the farmers. Selection of pesticide maximum depends on previous experience of farmers. Only 3 % farmers adopt precautionary measures before using the pesticides in this area. This study will be helpful in future to aware local people about the safe and accurate use of pesticide to produce healthy and good yield crops and also helpful to conduct awareness programs in the future.

Read more : Bacterial Wilt Threat:Ralstonia solanacearum Impact on Crops in South Kalimantan | InformativeBD 

 Introduction

The Philippine agricultural sector has depended and relied on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides for food production for almost over three decades. Due to lack of an effective and locally available fertilizer and pesticide technologies, Philippines resorted to importation of 85% of its total inorganic fertilizer and more than 90% of its pesticide requirements. A study conducted by Javier and Brown (2014) revealed that large amounts of foreign exchange spent on importation have contributed to the stagnant and limited growth of our economy. Hence, bio-fertilizer research in the country was undertaken in the late 70s to come up with more cost-efficient local alternatives to imported fertilizers and pesticides.

Organic agriculture was developed not just to aid the limited economic growth of the country but also to help poor farmers who cannot afford the insurmountable rising cost of inorganic fertilizers. Organic agriculture is a specific type of low external input agriculture that adheres to certain principles in the production and transformation of agricultural commodities (Pendar, 2008). It is based on minimizing the use of external inputs and avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides (WHO, 2001). Organic farming has grown rapidly in the past few decades, especially in industrialized nations, and organic products were one of the most rapidly growing segments of the retail food industry in these countries. In 2004, some 24 million hectares were globally managed organically in three countries (Argentina, Australia and Italy), and much of this farming involved an extensive, organically certified grazing land (Yussefi, 2004).

An Executive Order 481 was signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo of the Philippines on December 27, 2005 on the Promotion and Development of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines. Then, Agriculture Secretary Domingo F. Panganiban during this time signed an Administrative Order No. 9 series of 2006 or the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of EO 481. With this development, the Department of Agriculture has come up with programs and projects in support to EO 481(ATI, 2006).

To promote organic farming in the country, this study attempted to utilize natural farming through the application of Indigenous Microorganism (IMO) in growing a particular plant. IMO has been successfully tried by government agriculturists, academic researchers, non-profit organizations and farmers alike. Studies have found that IMO is useful in removing bad odors from animal wastes, hastening composting, and contributing to crops’ general health (Business Diary, 2013).

The main purpose of this study is to grow Brassica juncea (lettuce) plant using organic fertilizers developed from the species of Paspalum conjugatum (Carabao grass) and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass). Prior to determining the effects of this developed organic fertilizers, the soil samples used were determine in terms of size of particles to examine permeability and capillary of water; pH (acidity or basicity) and the nutrient contents of the soil (Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus).

Reference

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Khan IAT0, Parveen Z, Riazuddin, Ahmed M. 2007. Multi-residue determination of organophosphorus pesticides and synethetic pyrethroids in wheat. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6(9), 905-908.

Article source : Pesticide usage by Farmers; A case study of District Rawalpindi, Pakistan 

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Bacterial Wilt Threat: Ralstonia solanacearum Impact on Crops in South Kalimantan | InformativeBD

Yusriadi, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Bacterial Wilt Threat: Ralstonia solanacearum Impact on Crops in South Kalimantan. Entitled, Intensity of Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial cause wilting disease in several plants in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Disease that develops and is very detrimental to plants in South Kalimantan is a bacterial wilt disease and has spread in plantations which are superior commodities, with high attack rates. Since 2007 losses due to this disease have increased until mid-2017 losses of up to 80% (severe attack rate). The cause of this disease is the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, which is found in almost all of Indonesia. This bacterium is the most important limiting factor for the successful production of 33 families or 150 types of plants both cultivated plants and ornamental plants, such as tomatoes, peanuts, ginger, bananas, eggplant, potatoes and tobacco which are dangerous diseases in the subtropics and tropics because this bacterium has many host plants. This study aims to determine the level of attack on several plants that are widely cultivated in South Kalimantan. This level of attack is very important for a comprehensive alternative control. The method used was sampling at each planting location and sampling in the affected areas of the plantations, then identification was carried out. The results showed that there was no difference in the level of attack on crops caused by these bacteria obtained from the South Kalimantan area of ​​Indonesia.

Read more : Liver Shield from Nature: Hepatoprotective Potential of Berberis lycium Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

South Kalimantan in the development of the agricultural sector is felt to be very potential, this is supported by the vast land conditions, and sufficient labor available and conducive security conditions. Various policies and strategic steps in accelerating development in this field, the provincial government of South Kalimantan through the Department of Agriculture, Food Crops and Horticulture carries out policies and activities in the framework of Safeguarding Food Security through policies a). Maintaining/increasing the surplus of rice production, b) Increasing the availability of other food (crops and horticulture). Policy in increasing production, productivity, competitiveness and value added of food crops and horticulture products (TPH) by focusing on the development of superior commodities (Rice, Corn, Peanuts, Oranges, Bananas and Rhizomes) with the commodity zoning approach, as well as optimizing the control of disturbing organisms plants (OPT) and anticipation of natural disasters on agricultural land.

In Indonesia wilting caused by bacteria is a disease that is very detrimental to cropping. In general, bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Yabuuchi et al., 1995) is one of the main obstacles in the production of almost all types of plants both in tropical and temperate climates. It is estimated that there are 50 plant families including Solanaceae, Musaceae, Asteracea, Fabaceae, including families of forest trees, shrubs and weeds. The cause of the bacterial wilt disease of R. solanacearum is known to have a wide geographical distribution and diversity of races (strains) so to control it first needs to know its races, as well as its biovar and host. So far, wilted bacteria are divided into biovar groups (Hartman, Hong, Hanudin & Hayward, 1993) and racial groups, each of which is differentiated based on phenotypic characteristics and host range.

Bacterial wilt caused by bacteria (Rasltonia solanacearum) is one of the main diseases and is widespread especially in plants that have economic value such as potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, ginger, chillies, peanuts, bananas and tobacco in tropical and subtropical regions (Hayward 1990; Hayward 1994). Machmud, (1989) that weed species found in peanut fields are also potential hosts for P. solanacearum bacteria. The role of weeds as an important source of inoculum, because bacteria that attack weeds sometimes do not show real symptoms. These bacteria have many races and different levels of attack on different plants, as well as in different regions will be found different races are not the same and sometimes have distinctive characteristics (both biology and physiology). This research will aim to look at the level of attack and spread of these bacteria, so that we will get a type of plant that is safe to be cultivated in certain areas, as well as integrated control tactics that will be prepared to prevent this wilt attack. In South Kalimantan the bacterial wilt of R. solanacearum is a major limiting factor in the production of Kepok bananas (2007 to present) Yusriadi et al., 2017). But lately it turns out that wilting is not only found in banana plants, but has been found in vegetable and other horticultural crops. This study aims to determine the level of attack on several vegetable and horticultural crops that are widely cultivated in South Kalimantan, carried out an overall alternative control.

Reference

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Buddenhagen IW. 1986. Bacterial wilt revisited. Proc. Int. Workshop, PCARRD pp. 126-143, 8-10 Oct. 1986. ACIAR Proceeding. Los Banos, Philippines

Djaya AA. 1994. Upaya Pengendalian Layu Bakteri (Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith) Pada Jahe dengan Mikroorganisme Antagonis, Perlakuan Bibit dan Tanah. Tesis Prog. Pascasarjana IPB, Bogor. 74 hal.

Fahy EM, Persley GJ. 1983. Plant Bacterial Disease a Diagnostic Guide. Academic Press. Australia. 303p.

Hartman GL, Hong WF, Hanudin & Hayward AC. 1993. Potensial of Biological and Chemical Control of Bacterial Wilt. In Hartman GL & Hayward AC (eds). Bacterial Wilt. Proc. of an international conference held at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, October 1992. ACIAR Proceedings .

Hayward AC. 1991. Biology and epidemiologi of bacterial Wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol 29, 65-87.

Hayward AC. 1994. The host of Pseudomonas solanacearum. In Hayward, A.C. & G.L. Hartman (eds.). Bacterial Wilt, the Disease and its Causative Agent P. solanacearum. CAB Int UK 9-24.

Hayward AC. 1990. Diagnosis, Distribution and Status of Groundnut Bacterial Wilt. In Middleton & Hayward (eds.). Proceeding of an ACIAR/ICRISAT collaborative research planning meeting held at Genting Highlands, Malaysia 1990. ACIAR Proceedings 31, 12-17.

Horita M, Tsuchiya K. 2001. Genetic Diversity of Japanese Strain of Ralstonia solanacearum. APS Press. 91(4), 399-407.

Kumar A, Sarma YR, Anandaraj M. 2004. Evaluation of genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt of ginger using REP-PCR and PCR-RFLP. Current Science 87(11), p-1555-1561.

Machmud M. 1989. Resistensi Varietas dan Plasma Nutfah Kacang Tanah terhadap Penyakit Layu (Pseudomonas solanacearum). dalam Syam, Mahyudin (Penyunting) Sem. Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Pangan Bogor 471-482.

Machmud M. 1986. Bacterial wilt in Indonesia. In Persley G.J. (ed). Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific. Proc. Of an Int. Workshop held at PCARRD-ACIAR, Philippines. ACIAR Proceedings No. 13, 32-34.

Mairawita Habazar T, Hasyim A, Nasir N, Suswati. 2012. Potensi Serangga Pengunjunga Bunga Sebagai Vektor Penyakit Darah Bakteri (Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotipe IV) Pada Pisang di Sumatera Barat. J. Ento. Indonesia 9(1), 38-47.

Suryadi Y., M. Machmud. 2004. Kemajuan Teknik Deteksi dan Identifikasi Pseudomonas solanacearum.Jurnal Tinjauan Ilmiah Riset Biologi dan Bioteknologi PertanianVolume 1 Nomor 1. Bogor.

Suryadi Y., Rais SA. 2009. Respon Beberapa Genotipe Kacang Tanah Terhadap Penyakit Layu Bakteri (Ralstonia solanacearum) di Rumah Kaca. Bul. Plasma Nutfah 15(1), 20-26.

Yabuuchi E, Osaka Y, Yano I, Hotta H, Nishiuchi Y. 1995. Transfer of two Burkholderia and Alcali Genes Spesies to Ralstonia Gen; Proposal of Ralstonia picketti (ralston, palleroni and Doudroff, 1973) Comb., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith, 1986) Comb. Nov. and Ralstoni aeutropha (Davis, 1969) Com. Nov.

Yusriadi. 2010. Karakteristik Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu Tanaman Tomat di Banjarbaru. J. Chlorophyl 6(3), 137-141.

Yusriadi, A. L. Abadi, S. Djauhari, H. Halim. 2012. Keragaman Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu Pisang Di Kalimantan Selatan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biodevirsitas IV Departemen Biologi Univ. Airlangga.

Yusriadi, A, L. Abadi, S. Djauhari, H. Halim. 2017. Distribution and Diversity Ralstonia solanacearum wilt disease bacterial causes of banana (Kepok: Local Indonesia) and intensity of attack in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Biodiv. and Environ Sci. (JBES) 11(2), p. 78-83.

Yusriadi, Tjahjono B, Sinaga MS, Machmud M. 1998. Pengaruh Pemberian Mikoorganisme Antagonis (P. fluorescens & Trichoderma spp.) terhadap perkembangan Penyakit Layu Bakteri (P. solanacearum E.F. Smith) tanaman kacang tanah. Buletin HPT IPB 9(2). 

Article source : Intensity of Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial cause wilting disease in several plants in South Kalimantan, Indonesia  

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