BioELIT Effectiveness Against Melon Fly in Cucumber Cultivation | InformativeBD

Diabate Dohouonan, Kouadio Kouakou Norbert, Akpesse Akpa Alexandre Moïse and Tano Yao, from the institute of Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a Research article about, BioELIT Effectiveness Against Melon Fly in Cucumber Cultivation. Entitled, Effectiveness of the insecticide BioELIT on Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in cucumber Cucumis sativus (Linné, 1753). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important pest of cucurbit fruits. It reduces the quality and yield of cucumber despite the use of chemical pesticides harmful to humans and the environment. Thus, this study was conducted in the Tonkpi region to compare the efficacy of the botanical extract BioELIT® to the chemical pesticides K-OPTIMAL 35 EC® and Cypercal 50 EC® commonly used by farmers. Foliar applications of these three insecticides were made from the 35th day after sowing. Only the control plots were not treated. For each treatment and the untreated, 5 replicates were made. Each elementary plot was two meters long and one meter wide. Sampling of Bactrocera cucurbitae adults were made weekly by using pitfall traps and direct observation, starting on the 35th day after planting just before the first foliar applications. From the 45th day after sowing, three visits with an interval of 4 days were made to count fruits attacked by Bactrocera cucurbitae. The results showed that the females of Bactrocera cucurbitae sting the young cucumber fruits, insert eggs and cause the loss of elaborated sap accumulated in the fruit, the malformation of the fruit, the browning then the necrosis of the fruit tissues. The botanical extract BioELIT® showed similar efficacy to the pesticides K-OPTIMAL 35 EC® and Cypercal 50 EC®. These treatments significantly reduced the number of Bactrocera cucurbitae on cucumber. The percentages of reduction of Bactrocera cucurbitae infested on cucumber varied between 12% and 70% during the trial. The number of fruits attacked (F= 27.103; p <0.0001) and the fruit attack rates (F= 73.352; p <0.0001) by Bactrocera cucurbitae were statistically identical in the plots treated with the botanical extract BioELIT® and the pesticides K-OPTIMAL 35 EC® and Cypercal 50 EC®. Thus, the botanical extract BioELIT® can replace chemical pesticides in the control of Bactrocera cucurbitae.

Read more : Health Benefits of Banana (Musa): A Review | InformativeBD

Introduction 

The fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important pest of Cucurbitaceae and solanaceae fruits in the tropics and subtropics (McQuate and Teruya, 2015; Assi et al., 2017; Shahzadi et al., 2019). It reduced both fruits quality and the yield of cucumber. The insects B. cucurbitae cause abundant crop losses (Déclert, 1990; Koyama et al., 2004) and crop losses vary between 30% and 100% despite chemical pesticides application (Dhillon et al., 2005; Shahzadi et al., 2019). In Côte d’Ivoire, farmers use pesticides to protect cucumber Cucumis sativus against B. cucurbitae (Doumbia and Kwadjo, 2009). However, in Côte d’Ivoire, several studies showed that, the recommended application rates were not respected and only 27% of pesticides used by farmers were registered (Doumbia and Kwadjo, 2009). Indeed, these pesticides used by farmers were persistent and accumulate in water, soil and air but also in food (Baglieri et al., 2011; Horváth et al., 2013). Furthermore, during foliar spraying, a proportion of pesticides always reach bacteria, earthworms, insects and soil fungi. Their toxic effects reduce the activity of the essential fauna for maintaining soil fertility.

In order to guarantee food safety for consumers and to preserve the environment, maximum residue limits for pesticides in food and water must be increasingly low. It is therefore important to provide an alternative solution to the use of pesticides by advocating the use of biopesticides. Thus, in Japan, the population of B. cucurbitae has been considerably reduced by the release of sterile insects (Koyama, 1994). In Thailand, parasitoids have been used to the control of B. cucurbitae (Ramadan and Messing, 2003). In Hawaii and Taiwan, the biopesticide Spinosad has been used against B. cucurbitae as an alternative to organophosphate pesticides that are harmful to humans and the environment (Hsu et al., 2012).

In India, various seed and leaf extracts and plant bulbs significantly reduced Bactrocera tau (Walker) egg hatch (Thakur et al., 2012). Thus, this study was conducted in the Tonkpi region to compare the efficacy of the biopesticide BioELIT® with the two chemical pesticides Cypercal 50EC® and KOPTIMAL 35 EC® commonly used by farmers. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of the biopesticide BioELIT® and the two chemical insecticides on the level of infestation and the attack rate of cucumber fruits by B. cucurbitae.

Reference

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Article source : Effectiveness of the insecticide BioELIT on Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in cucumber Cucumis sativus (Linné, 1753)   

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Health Benefits of Banana (Musa): A Review | InformativeBD

 

Fatima Zahra, Sidra Khalid, Maria Aslam, and Zainab Sharmeen,  from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Review article about, Health Benefits of Banana (Musa): A Review. Entitled, Health benefits of banana (Musa)- A review study. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Banana is a very delicious and nutritious fruit, economically more affordable in all over the world for all age groups from the Musaceae family. It belongs to the genus Musa. Banana is easily digestible, have low fat, sufficient amount of minerals and vitamins therefore used in special diets as for babies, patient having stomach disorders, arthritis. Every part of banana plant has specific health benefits, used to treat and prevent different diseases like cancer, ulcer, Alzheimer’s disease, infection, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, diabetes, and hypertension due to its antifungal, antibiotic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The unripe banana cooked form called plantains used as vegetable in some countries, useful for ulcer and digestive disorder. The leaves of banana plant are used for skin allergies, skin burns and flower of banana for bronchitis, diabetes, insect’s bites. The peel and pulp have dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin which is effective for the smoothness of muscles of intestine and vitamin c of banana peel helps to get rid from free radical and protect the body from disease attack. The purpose of writing this review article to study the benefits of nutrients present in banana like phenols, flavonoids, phytochemicals, potassium, vitamins, fiber on human health.

Read more : Optimizing Taxus baccata In Vitro Culture: Explants, Media & Hormones | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Plants are the natural source of drugs and food products used in all over the world, plants itself and its derivatives are safer in use and have no harmful effects (Calberto et al., 2015). That’s the reason the plants and its derivatives are used as or in the production of medicine globally (Serafino et al., 2008). Medicine based research helps to know the value of the plants and the amount of active ingredients present in it (Williamson, Liu, & Izzo, 2020). The daily consumption of Fruits can lower the risk of some diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, gastric problems etc. ulcers that’s the reason of the addition of fruits as important ingredient in a healthy diet (Rakotoniaina, 2018).

Banana is mostly consumed by the people globally due to its low price and affordable for everyone (Amri, Hossain, & Sciences, 2018; Rodriguez-Amaya & Analysis, 2010). It is cultivated in all over the world about almost 130 countries, mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions and Asia is the center of origin from South-East. Cost-effectively, banana is the fifth agricultural food cultivated in world trade, after cereals, cacao, coffee and sugar and it is an essential fruit crop in the world other than grapes, apples and citrus fruits (Aurore, Parfait, Fahrasmane, & Technology, 2009). Only 20% of banana yield is exported to other countries while the rest are consumed by countries where they are grown. The major countries which are exporters of banana is Ecuador and USA in the world (Tubiello et al., 2013)

Banana fruit consist of two parts: pulp and peel. Peel is about 40% of total weight of the banana and main byproduct of fruit. In past before the researches have begun banana peel is dumped into waste, contributing as massive amount of organic material considering it has no useful benefits. Later on the composition of banana peel is studied and found that it has many beneficial activities and used in many applications (Agama‐Acevedo et al., 2009). Banana pulp is the edible portion of the fruit and has a large amount of nutrition composition. Researchers has studied the vast variety of biologically active components found in banana pulp that can be extracted or isolated for the enrichment of food for health purposes such as different types of starch and cellulose (Khoozani, Birch, Bekhit, & technology, 2019)

The main reason to study health benefits of banana to elaborate the need of consumption of banana in daily dietary practices, as it contains many bioactive substances like phytosterols, phenolics, biogenic amines, carotenoids which are highly required in daily diet as they have many beneficial and healthy effects on human well-being. Most of these substances have antioxidant properties and are required for protecting the body against various free radical stress. (Singh, Singh, Kaur, & Singh, 2016)

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Sundaram S, Anjum S, Dwivedi P, Rai GK. 2011. Antioxidant activity and protective effect of banana peel against oxidative hemolysis of human erythrocyte at different stages of ripening 164(7), 1192-1206. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9205-3

Swanson MD, Winter HC, Goldstein IJ, Markovitz DM. 2010. A lectin isolated from bananas is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication 285(12), 8646-8655.

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Tepal P. 2016. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid and phenolic content assays of various solvent extracts of tepal of Musa paradisiaca 20(5), 1181-1190. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2005-25

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Tubiello FN, Salvatore M, Rossi S, Ferrara A, Fitton N, Smith P. 2013. The FAOSTAT database of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 8(1), 015009. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015009

Vilela C, Santos SA, Villaverde JJ, Oliveira L, Nunes A, Cordeiro N, Freire CS, Silvestre AJ. 2014. Lipophilic phytochemicals from banana fruits of several Musa species 162, 247-252. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.050

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Yang J, Tu J, Liu H, Wen L, Jiang Y, Yang B. 2019. Identification of an immunostimulatory polysaccharide in banana 277, 46-53. https://doi.org /10.1016 /j.foodchem.2018.10.043

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Zafar IM, Saleha A, Hoque MM, Sohel RM. 2011. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of different extracts of Musa sapientum L. subsp. sylvestris 2, 62-65.

 Article source : Health benefits of banana (Musa)- A review study 

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Optimizing Taxus baccata In Vitro Culture: Explants, Media & Hormones | InformativeBD

Behjat Sasan Baharak, Omidi Mansoor, Naghavi Mohammad Reza,  Hariri Akbari Farhad, Kalate Jari Sepideh, Shafiee Mehdi, and Shafiee Mohammad, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle. Entitled, Effect of explants, salts concentration medium and hormone treatments on Taxus baccata in vitro culture. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Taxus baccata is an endangered forest tree species with low regeneration. The highest Callus induction (96.67%) was occurred on ½ MS medium which had one-fourth nitrogen (KNO3, NH4NO3) supplemented with glutamine, 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l Kin from stem. The maximum callus size (80.67 mm2) was obtained from leaf culture on ½ MS medium in combination with glutamine, 2 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l Kin. In order to observe cells meristematically, the tissue was transferred to the ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/l 2,4-D and 3 BAP for 7-8 weeks. In micropropagation, adding activated charcoal (2 g/l) to the medium increased the average number of new leaves and shoot elongation. The maximum shoot elongation (2.66 cm) and growth new leaves were observed in the MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l Kin after 1 month. The best Rooting of elongated shoots was obtained in the WPM medium without growth regulators.

Read more : Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Taxol, a unique drug employed for the treatment of cancers, was first identified in 1954. This effective agent was extracted from the bark of Taxus species. European yew (Taxus baccata) is a slow growing tree with regeneration which is endangered and prone to extinction due to the small size and senescent status of most populations. Moreover seeds of Taxus are more difficult to germinate than most of the coniferous species (Pilz, 1996 a, b).

Many attempts have been devoted to produce Taxol by chemical synthesis, but to date the availability of this anticancer compound is not sufficient to satisfy the commercial requirements. On the other hand, reduced pools of natural adult trees available for the extraction, and low levels of paclitaxel and related taxanes in Taxus tissue, underline the need for an alternative source of taxanes, such as plant cell and tissue culture (Mihaljevic et al., 2002). Vegetative propagation elite yew can serve as a renewable and economic tissue source for increasing taxol production (Ho et al., 1998), But several years are still required to masspropagation these clones. However, cutting and grafting technique have been employed in propagation of Himalayan yew recently (Saini 2001). Chee (1995) and Eccher (1988) reported methods on large scale propagating of Taxus spp. In addition, Wickremesinhe and Arteca (1993) reported methods on initiation of callus cultures and maintenance of suspension cultures of Taxus species. Young stem cutting of adult trees were commonly used as primary explants sources for callus induction (Mihaljevic et al., 2002). This result encouraged us to attempt to optimize the induction and selection of T. baccata callus lines on modified MS medium in combination with hormonal treatments and two type explants for fast growing culture. Micropropagation might be a very useful tool to use for the mass propagation of superior yew trees and the production of high-quality plantlets for nursery operation.

Reference

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Amancio S, Rebordao PL, Chave MM. 1999. Improvement of acclimatization of micropropagated Grapevine: photosynthesis competence and carbon allocation. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 58, 31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006323129593 Baker CM, Munoz-Fernandez N, Carter CD. 1999. Improved shoot development and rooting from mature Cotyledons of sunflower. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 58, 39-49. Baker CM, Munoz-Fernandez N, Carter CD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006306111905 Bonga JM, Von Aderkas P. 1992. In vitro culture of trees, P.255. Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht, London. ISBN 0792315405, 9780792315407.

Chang SH, Chen CK, Tsay Y. 2001. Micropropagation of Taxus mairei from mature trees. Plant Cell Rep. 20, 496-502.

Chee PP. 1995. Organogenesis in Taxus brevifolia tissue cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 14(9), 560-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231938

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Goleniowski ME. 2000. Cell lines of Taxus species as source of the anticancer drug taxol. Biocell. 24(2), 139-144. PMID: 10979612.

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Saini RP. 2001. Vegetative propagation in Silviculture (Hills) Division, Darjeeling (West Bengal). Ind Forester. 127, 389-408.

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Article source : Effect of explants, salts concentration medium and hormone treatments on Taxus baccata in vitro culture 

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Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle | InformativeBD

T.J. Dougnon, S. Farougou, T.M Kpodékon, G. Hounmanou, and D. Hounnnonkpè, from the institute of Benin. wrote a Research article about, Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle. Entitled, Comparative study of the effect of Tephrosia vogelii’s leaves ethanolic extract and Alfapor® (Alpha-cypermethrin) on Amblyomma variegatum in Borgou cattle. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Ticks are responsible for significant economic loses in Africa and the world. This study compares the effect of ethanolic extract of Tephrosiavogelii (tv) and Alfapor ® on Amblyommavariegatum. For this purpose, fifty (50) Borgou bulls of 1-2 years were divided into 10 lots of five. Lot 0 (control) was not treated. The others treatments have been from one treatment to two treatments (seven days after the first one) with the extract of tv in direct application.andtThe spraying form of has been used with one treatment to two treatments (seven days after the firs one).. The mortality rate of ticks in the Lot 1 between days 2 and 7 ranged from 59.49% to 87.76% and 84, 89% to 100% in lot 9 (P <0.05).The perineum has the highest infection rate (35.31%) with a significative difference compared to the scrotum (26.92%) and dewlap (24.89%) (P <0,05). At day 7 which is the last day count before the second treatment, Lot 5 who received a single treatment of the extract ofTephrosiavogeliiat 4 ml / L water spray has the highest rate mortality ticks (88.97%) with a significant difference compared to the other groups (P <0.05).It appears that the ano-genital area was the most infested by Amblyommavariegatum; the ethanolic extract of tv used in direct application of 8 ml on Amblyommavariegatum is effective at 98.51%; Alfapor® used 1ml / L of water spray is as effective as ethanolic extract of tv direct implementation in 8 ml of Amblyommavariegatum.

Read more :  Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren in Upper Dir, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Introduction

In most African occidental countries such as Benin, ruminant livestock is one of the main activities in animal production. Since 2004, Benin has estimated cattle at 1,717,900 heads. This herd is experiencing an annual growth rate of about 3.6% and is composed of the bullfighting races lagoon, Borgou and Somba (31%) of M'bororo zebu, Goudali and White Fulani (7.7%), as well as subjects and their crossbreeds (61.3%) (MAEP, 2004). These animals offer tremendous benefits to producers on livestock, economic and socio-cultural (Pamoet al., 2002). Unfortunately, their productivity is still low, many diseases that affect their growth and reproduction constituting one of the main causes.

Indeed, like cattle in other countries of West Africa, those of Benin undergo various parasitic attacks including, ticks occupy a prominent place. Diseases transmitted by these ticks are numerous. Some of these diseases include heartwater, anaplasmosis, theileriosis, babesiosis. Infestation by ticks also causes the appearance of dermatophilosis a more or less serious bacterial skin condition (Frebling,2005). In addition, each of these diseases has risks of immunosuppression and negative impacts on the biochemical parameters of the body static.

To overcome these difficulties, synthetic acaricides are used in intensive production systems to combat and control these ectoparasites (Pamoet al., 2002). However, the impact on man and his environment, the presence of resistant strains of mites to acaricides and the high cost of good quality products at local markets require a search for alternatives because ticks can cause a variety of health conditions ranging from harmless to serious (de Castro et al. 1997).. so the aim of this study is to compare the effect of Alfapor® and the ethanolic extract of leaves of TephrosiavogeliionAmblyommavariegatum tick in bovine BosTaurusBorgou

Reference

Achukwi MD, Tanya VN, Hill EW, Bradley DG, MeghenC,Sauveroche B, Banser JT, Ndoki JN. 1997. Susceptibility of the Namchi and Kapsiki cattle of Cameroon to trypanosome infection. Tropical Animal Health Production 29, 219-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02632308

Christopher  T,  Edward  M,  Marizvikuru  M, Tembinkosi C. 2009. Utilization of Tephrosiavogelii in controlling ticks in dairy cows by trading small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(17), 4134-4136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB2009.000-9396

CIRAD.2002.What to do without veterinary.P 20.

De Castro JJ, James AD, Minjauw B, Di Giulio GU, Permin A, Pegram RG, Chizyuka HG, Sinyangwe P. 1997. Long-term studies on the economic impact of ticks on Sanga cattle in Zambia. Experimental and Apply Acarology 21(1), 3-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018450824854

Farougou S, Kpodékon M, Tchabodé DM, Youssao AKI, Boko C. 2006. Seasonal abundance of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting cattle in the Sudan zone of Benin: case of Atacora and Donga departments. Review MedicalVeterinary 158(12), 627-632.

Frebling  JR.  2005.  Prevalence  and  intensity  of infestation of cattle marie-galante by Amblyommavariegatum: implications for eradication programs in the French Antilles. Thesis.MedicineVeterinary, Toulouse, 77 p.

Gueye A, Mbengue M, Diouf A, Sonko ML. 1993. Ticks and hemoparasitoses in livestock in Senegal. Revue Elevage de Medicine Vétérinaire46(4), 551-561.

 Kalume MK, Losson B, Angenot L, Tits M, Wauters JN, Saegerman C. 2012. Rotenoid contents and in vitroacaricidal activity of Tephrosiavogelii leaf extract on the tick Rhipicephalusappendiculatus.Annales de MédecineVétérinaire156 (2), 19-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.201206.015

 MAEP.2004. Annual Activity Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou. 120 p.

 Matovu H, Olila D. 2007.Acaricidal activity of Tephrosiavogelii Extracts on Nymph and Adult Ticks. International Journal of Medical2, 83-88.

 Munyuli B, Mushambanyi T. 2003. Effect of different plant powders on the infestation of seeds of legumes and cereals in conservation in Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo).Cahiers Agriculture 12, 23-31.

 Pamo TE, AmvamZollo PH, Tendonkeng F, Kana JR, Fongang MD, Tapondjou LA. 2002. Chemical composition and acaricidal effect of essential oils from leaves of Chromolaenaodorata (L.) King and Robins and Eucalyptus saligna Smith.on ticks (Rhipicephaluslunulatus Neumann) of the dwarf goat Guinea in West Cameroon. Livestock Research for Rural Development 16(9), 94-99.

Article source : Comparative study of the effect of Tephrosia vogelii’s leaves ethanolic extract and Alfapor®(Alpha-cypermethrin) on Amblyomma variegatum in Borgou cattle  

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Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren in Upper Dir, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Waheed Ullah, Akram Shah, Qaiser Jamal,  Sana Ullah, Ibrar Muhammad, and Hamid Ullah, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren in Upper Dir, Pakistan. Entitled, Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among school children in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school going children across District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 222 stool specimens (156 from boys and 66 from girls) were taken from participants of age 4-15 years. Among 222 inhabitants 81 were included from urban and 141 from rural areas. Overall prevalence of parasitic infection was found to be (73.87%). A total of 10 different species (7 helminthes and 3 protozoans) were detected. The parasites encountered were Ascaris lumbricoides (54.50%), Taenia saginata (16.22%), Hymenolepis nana (10.81%) and Taxocara species (10.36%), Trichuris trichiura (6.76%), Entamoeba coli (5.41%), Giardia lamblia (2.25%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.3%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.3%) and hookworms (0.45%). Ascaris was more frequent (75.18%) in rural community, while Taenia saginata (35.80%), Hymenolepis nana (25.93%) and Taxocara species (28.40%) were more prevalent among urban population.

Read more : Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Parasites are organisms that depend upon other organisms for food and abode. Approximately most of the humans carry several different kinds of parasites. Parasites in often cases are restricted to digestive tract especially intestine. Intestinal parasites include both helminthes such as tape worm and flukes worms as well as protozoa like Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Entameoba sp. Intestinal infections are among the most common infections worldwide and so as in Pakistan. It is estimated that presently, due to parasitic infection, approximately 3.5 billion people are affected while 450 million are ill, majority of them being children (Jombo et al., 2010).

Intestinal parasites are responsible for causing some of the major diseases throughout the world such as amoebiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, hookworm infection and trichuriasis. These diseases are closely related to the low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, inadequate medical care and absence of safe drinking water supplies (Abu-Madi et al., 2008). Some of these diseases are often resulting in mortality, specifically in under develop or less develop countries of tropic and sub-tropic.

In Pakistan parasitic infection is one of the main causes of diarrhea. It affects about 170 to 400 million middle aged children annually. The immediate effects of helminthiasis include anemia and impaired cognition (NHSR Pakistan, 1998). The most common intestinal parasites in Pakistan are helminthes like Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura and Entrobius vermicularis and common protozoans including Entamoeba species and Giardia lamblia (Fung and Cairncross, 2009).

Owing to the severity of the issue research have been conducted on intestinal parasites in different parts of the world. Tasawar et al. (2010), Ensink et al. (2005), Qureshi et al. (1999) and Pal & Subhani (1989) carried out studies on intestinal parasites in different areas of the Pakistan. Sharif et al., (2010), Jombo et al. (2010), Siwila et al. (2010), Pourrut et al. (2010), Steinmann et al. (2010), Abdelmoneim et al. (2010), Hsieh et al. (2010), Eligial et al. (2010), Gamboa et al. (2011), Fung and Cairncross (2009), Abu-Madi et al. (2008), Kinfu and Erko (2008), and Mascie-Taylor et al. (2003) carried out research on intestinal parasites in different parts of the world.

Data regarding intestinal parasites for different areas of the Pakistan is available but no data appears in literature for the area under study. Therefore the present preliminary study was conducted to evaluate prevalence of intestinal parasites, during October and November, 2010, in school going children at District Upper Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Reference

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Jombo GT, Damen JG, Safiyanu H, Odey F, Mbaawuaga EM. 2010. Human intestinal parasitism, potable water availability and methods of sewage disposal among nomadic Fulanis in Kuraje rural settlement of Zamfara state. Asian Pacific Journal of Medicine 3, 491-493.

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Siwila J, Phiri IGK, Enemark LH, Nchito M, Olsen A. 2010. Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, 122-128.

Steinmann P, Usubalieva J, Imanalieva C, Minbaeva G, Stefiuk K, Jeandron A, Utzinger J. 2010. Rapid appraisal of human intestinal helminth infections among school children in Osh oblast, Kyrgyzstan. Acta Tropica 116, 178-184.

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Article source : Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among school children in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan   

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