Health Benefits of Banana (Musa): A Review | InformativeBD

 

Fatima Zahra, Sidra Khalid, Maria Aslam, and Zainab Sharmeen,  from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Review article about, Health Benefits of Banana (Musa): A Review. Entitled, Health benefits of banana (Musa)- A review study. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Banana is a very delicious and nutritious fruit, economically more affordable in all over the world for all age groups from the Musaceae family. It belongs to the genus Musa. Banana is easily digestible, have low fat, sufficient amount of minerals and vitamins therefore used in special diets as for babies, patient having stomach disorders, arthritis. Every part of banana plant has specific health benefits, used to treat and prevent different diseases like cancer, ulcer, Alzheimer’s disease, infection, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, diabetes, and hypertension due to its antifungal, antibiotic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The unripe banana cooked form called plantains used as vegetable in some countries, useful for ulcer and digestive disorder. The leaves of banana plant are used for skin allergies, skin burns and flower of banana for bronchitis, diabetes, insect’s bites. The peel and pulp have dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin which is effective for the smoothness of muscles of intestine and vitamin c of banana peel helps to get rid from free radical and protect the body from disease attack. The purpose of writing this review article to study the benefits of nutrients present in banana like phenols, flavonoids, phytochemicals, potassium, vitamins, fiber on human health.

Read more : Optimizing Taxus baccata In Vitro Culture: Explants, Media & Hormones | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Plants are the natural source of drugs and food products used in all over the world, plants itself and its derivatives are safer in use and have no harmful effects (Calberto et al., 2015). That’s the reason the plants and its derivatives are used as or in the production of medicine globally (Serafino et al., 2008). Medicine based research helps to know the value of the plants and the amount of active ingredients present in it (Williamson, Liu, & Izzo, 2020). The daily consumption of Fruits can lower the risk of some diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, gastric problems etc. ulcers that’s the reason of the addition of fruits as important ingredient in a healthy diet (Rakotoniaina, 2018).

Banana is mostly consumed by the people globally due to its low price and affordable for everyone (Amri, Hossain, & Sciences, 2018; Rodriguez-Amaya & Analysis, 2010). It is cultivated in all over the world about almost 130 countries, mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions and Asia is the center of origin from South-East. Cost-effectively, banana is the fifth agricultural food cultivated in world trade, after cereals, cacao, coffee and sugar and it is an essential fruit crop in the world other than grapes, apples and citrus fruits (Aurore, Parfait, Fahrasmane, & Technology, 2009). Only 20% of banana yield is exported to other countries while the rest are consumed by countries where they are grown. The major countries which are exporters of banana is Ecuador and USA in the world (Tubiello et al., 2013)

Banana fruit consist of two parts: pulp and peel. Peel is about 40% of total weight of the banana and main byproduct of fruit. In past before the researches have begun banana peel is dumped into waste, contributing as massive amount of organic material considering it has no useful benefits. Later on the composition of banana peel is studied and found that it has many beneficial activities and used in many applications (Agama‐Acevedo et al., 2009). Banana pulp is the edible portion of the fruit and has a large amount of nutrition composition. Researchers has studied the vast variety of biologically active components found in banana pulp that can be extracted or isolated for the enrichment of food for health purposes such as different types of starch and cellulose (Khoozani, Birch, Bekhit, & technology, 2019)

The main reason to study health benefits of banana to elaborate the need of consumption of banana in daily dietary practices, as it contains many bioactive substances like phytosterols, phenolics, biogenic amines, carotenoids which are highly required in daily diet as they have many beneficial and healthy effects on human well-being. Most of these substances have antioxidant properties and are required for protecting the body against various free radical stress. (Singh, Singh, Kaur, & Singh, 2016)

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 Article source : Health benefits of banana (Musa)- A review study 

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Optimizing Taxus baccata In Vitro Culture: Explants, Media & Hormones | InformativeBD

Behjat Sasan Baharak, Omidi Mansoor, Naghavi Mohammad Reza,  Hariri Akbari Farhad, Kalate Jari Sepideh, Shafiee Mehdi, and Shafiee Mohammad, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle. Entitled, Effect of explants, salts concentration medium and hormone treatments on Taxus baccata in vitro culture. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Taxus baccata is an endangered forest tree species with low regeneration. The highest Callus induction (96.67%) was occurred on ½ MS medium which had one-fourth nitrogen (KNO3, NH4NO3) supplemented with glutamine, 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l Kin from stem. The maximum callus size (80.67 mm2) was obtained from leaf culture on ½ MS medium in combination with glutamine, 2 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l Kin. In order to observe cells meristematically, the tissue was transferred to the ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/l 2,4-D and 3 BAP for 7-8 weeks. In micropropagation, adding activated charcoal (2 g/l) to the medium increased the average number of new leaves and shoot elongation. The maximum shoot elongation (2.66 cm) and growth new leaves were observed in the MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l Kin after 1 month. The best Rooting of elongated shoots was obtained in the WPM medium without growth regulators.

Read more : Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Taxol, a unique drug employed for the treatment of cancers, was first identified in 1954. This effective agent was extracted from the bark of Taxus species. European yew (Taxus baccata) is a slow growing tree with regeneration which is endangered and prone to extinction due to the small size and senescent status of most populations. Moreover seeds of Taxus are more difficult to germinate than most of the coniferous species (Pilz, 1996 a, b).

Many attempts have been devoted to produce Taxol by chemical synthesis, but to date the availability of this anticancer compound is not sufficient to satisfy the commercial requirements. On the other hand, reduced pools of natural adult trees available for the extraction, and low levels of paclitaxel and related taxanes in Taxus tissue, underline the need for an alternative source of taxanes, such as plant cell and tissue culture (Mihaljevic et al., 2002). Vegetative propagation elite yew can serve as a renewable and economic tissue source for increasing taxol production (Ho et al., 1998), But several years are still required to masspropagation these clones. However, cutting and grafting technique have been employed in propagation of Himalayan yew recently (Saini 2001). Chee (1995) and Eccher (1988) reported methods on large scale propagating of Taxus spp. In addition, Wickremesinhe and Arteca (1993) reported methods on initiation of callus cultures and maintenance of suspension cultures of Taxus species. Young stem cutting of adult trees were commonly used as primary explants sources for callus induction (Mihaljevic et al., 2002). This result encouraged us to attempt to optimize the induction and selection of T. baccata callus lines on modified MS medium in combination with hormonal treatments and two type explants for fast growing culture. Micropropagation might be a very useful tool to use for the mass propagation of superior yew trees and the production of high-quality plantlets for nursery operation.

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 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02921111

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Mihaljevic S, Bjedov I, Kovac M, Levanic DL, Jelaska S. 2002. Effect of explants source and growth Regulators on in vitro callus growth of Taxus baccata L. Washingtonii. Food Tech Bio. 40(4), 299- 303. UDC 57.086.83.006.2:582.85. ISSN 1330-9862.

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Saini RP. 2001. Vegetative propagation in Silviculture (Hills) Division, Darjeeling (West Bengal). Ind Forester. 127, 389-408.

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Article source : Effect of explants, salts concentration medium and hormone treatments on Taxus baccata in vitro culture 

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Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle | InformativeBD

T.J. Dougnon, S. Farougou, T.M Kpodékon, G. Hounmanou, and D. Hounnnonkpè, from the institute of Benin. wrote a Research article about, Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle. Entitled, Comparative study of the effect of Tephrosia vogelii’s leaves ethanolic extract and Alfapor® (Alpha-cypermethrin) on Amblyomma variegatum in Borgou cattle. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Ticks are responsible for significant economic loses in Africa and the world. This study compares the effect of ethanolic extract of Tephrosiavogelii (tv) and Alfapor ® on Amblyommavariegatum. For this purpose, fifty (50) Borgou bulls of 1-2 years were divided into 10 lots of five. Lot 0 (control) was not treated. The others treatments have been from one treatment to two treatments (seven days after the first one) with the extract of tv in direct application.andtThe spraying form of has been used with one treatment to two treatments (seven days after the firs one).. The mortality rate of ticks in the Lot 1 between days 2 and 7 ranged from 59.49% to 87.76% and 84, 89% to 100% in lot 9 (P <0.05).The perineum has the highest infection rate (35.31%) with a significative difference compared to the scrotum (26.92%) and dewlap (24.89%) (P <0,05). At day 7 which is the last day count before the second treatment, Lot 5 who received a single treatment of the extract ofTephrosiavogeliiat 4 ml / L water spray has the highest rate mortality ticks (88.97%) with a significant difference compared to the other groups (P <0.05).It appears that the ano-genital area was the most infested by Amblyommavariegatum; the ethanolic extract of tv used in direct application of 8 ml on Amblyommavariegatum is effective at 98.51%; Alfapor® used 1ml / L of water spray is as effective as ethanolic extract of tv direct implementation in 8 ml of Amblyommavariegatum.

Read more :  Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren in Upper Dir, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Introduction

In most African occidental countries such as Benin, ruminant livestock is one of the main activities in animal production. Since 2004, Benin has estimated cattle at 1,717,900 heads. This herd is experiencing an annual growth rate of about 3.6% and is composed of the bullfighting races lagoon, Borgou and Somba (31%) of M'bororo zebu, Goudali and White Fulani (7.7%), as well as subjects and their crossbreeds (61.3%) (MAEP, 2004). These animals offer tremendous benefits to producers on livestock, economic and socio-cultural (Pamoet al., 2002). Unfortunately, their productivity is still low, many diseases that affect their growth and reproduction constituting one of the main causes.

Indeed, like cattle in other countries of West Africa, those of Benin undergo various parasitic attacks including, ticks occupy a prominent place. Diseases transmitted by these ticks are numerous. Some of these diseases include heartwater, anaplasmosis, theileriosis, babesiosis. Infestation by ticks also causes the appearance of dermatophilosis a more or less serious bacterial skin condition (Frebling,2005). In addition, each of these diseases has risks of immunosuppression and negative impacts on the biochemical parameters of the body static.

To overcome these difficulties, synthetic acaricides are used in intensive production systems to combat and control these ectoparasites (Pamoet al., 2002). However, the impact on man and his environment, the presence of resistant strains of mites to acaricides and the high cost of good quality products at local markets require a search for alternatives because ticks can cause a variety of health conditions ranging from harmless to serious (de Castro et al. 1997).. so the aim of this study is to compare the effect of Alfapor® and the ethanolic extract of leaves of TephrosiavogeliionAmblyommavariegatum tick in bovine BosTaurusBorgou

Reference

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Christopher  T,  Edward  M,  Marizvikuru  M, Tembinkosi C. 2009. Utilization of Tephrosiavogelii in controlling ticks in dairy cows by trading small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(17), 4134-4136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB2009.000-9396

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De Castro JJ, James AD, Minjauw B, Di Giulio GU, Permin A, Pegram RG, Chizyuka HG, Sinyangwe P. 1997. Long-term studies on the economic impact of ticks on Sanga cattle in Zambia. Experimental and Apply Acarology 21(1), 3-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018450824854

Farougou S, Kpodékon M, Tchabodé DM, Youssao AKI, Boko C. 2006. Seasonal abundance of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting cattle in the Sudan zone of Benin: case of Atacora and Donga departments. Review MedicalVeterinary 158(12), 627-632.

Frebling  JR.  2005.  Prevalence  and  intensity  of infestation of cattle marie-galante by Amblyommavariegatum: implications for eradication programs in the French Antilles. Thesis.MedicineVeterinary, Toulouse, 77 p.

Gueye A, Mbengue M, Diouf A, Sonko ML. 1993. Ticks and hemoparasitoses in livestock in Senegal. Revue Elevage de Medicine Vétérinaire46(4), 551-561.

 Kalume MK, Losson B, Angenot L, Tits M, Wauters JN, Saegerman C. 2012. Rotenoid contents and in vitroacaricidal activity of Tephrosiavogelii leaf extract on the tick Rhipicephalusappendiculatus.Annales de MédecineVétérinaire156 (2), 19-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.201206.015

 MAEP.2004. Annual Activity Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou. 120 p.

 Matovu H, Olila D. 2007.Acaricidal activity of Tephrosiavogelii Extracts on Nymph and Adult Ticks. International Journal of Medical2, 83-88.

 Munyuli B, Mushambanyi T. 2003. Effect of different plant powders on the infestation of seeds of legumes and cereals in conservation in Kivu (Democratic Republic of Congo).Cahiers Agriculture 12, 23-31.

 Pamo TE, AmvamZollo PH, Tendonkeng F, Kana JR, Fongang MD, Tapondjou LA. 2002. Chemical composition and acaricidal effect of essential oils from leaves of Chromolaenaodorata (L.) King and Robins and Eucalyptus saligna Smith.on ticks (Rhipicephaluslunulatus Neumann) of the dwarf goat Guinea in West Cameroon. Livestock Research for Rural Development 16(9), 94-99.

Article source : Comparative study of the effect of Tephrosia vogelii’s leaves ethanolic extract and Alfapor®(Alpha-cypermethrin) on Amblyomma variegatum in Borgou cattle  

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Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren in Upper Dir, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Waheed Ullah, Akram Shah, Qaiser Jamal,  Sana Ullah, Ibrar Muhammad, and Hamid Ullah, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Intestinal Parasites Among Schoolchildren in Upper Dir, Pakistan. Entitled, Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among school children in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school going children across District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 222 stool specimens (156 from boys and 66 from girls) were taken from participants of age 4-15 years. Among 222 inhabitants 81 were included from urban and 141 from rural areas. Overall prevalence of parasitic infection was found to be (73.87%). A total of 10 different species (7 helminthes and 3 protozoans) were detected. The parasites encountered were Ascaris lumbricoides (54.50%), Taenia saginata (16.22%), Hymenolepis nana (10.81%) and Taxocara species (10.36%), Trichuris trichiura (6.76%), Entamoeba coli (5.41%), Giardia lamblia (2.25%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.3%), Enterobius vermicularis (1.3%) and hookworms (0.45%). Ascaris was more frequent (75.18%) in rural community, while Taenia saginata (35.80%), Hymenolepis nana (25.93%) and Taxocara species (28.40%) were more prevalent among urban population.

Read more : Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Parasites are organisms that depend upon other organisms for food and abode. Approximately most of the humans carry several different kinds of parasites. Parasites in often cases are restricted to digestive tract especially intestine. Intestinal parasites include both helminthes such as tape worm and flukes worms as well as protozoa like Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Entameoba sp. Intestinal infections are among the most common infections worldwide and so as in Pakistan. It is estimated that presently, due to parasitic infection, approximately 3.5 billion people are affected while 450 million are ill, majority of them being children (Jombo et al., 2010).

Intestinal parasites are responsible for causing some of the major diseases throughout the world such as amoebiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, hookworm infection and trichuriasis. These diseases are closely related to the low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, inadequate medical care and absence of safe drinking water supplies (Abu-Madi et al., 2008). Some of these diseases are often resulting in mortality, specifically in under develop or less develop countries of tropic and sub-tropic.

In Pakistan parasitic infection is one of the main causes of diarrhea. It affects about 170 to 400 million middle aged children annually. The immediate effects of helminthiasis include anemia and impaired cognition (NHSR Pakistan, 1998). The most common intestinal parasites in Pakistan are helminthes like Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura and Entrobius vermicularis and common protozoans including Entamoeba species and Giardia lamblia (Fung and Cairncross, 2009).

Owing to the severity of the issue research have been conducted on intestinal parasites in different parts of the world. Tasawar et al. (2010), Ensink et al. (2005), Qureshi et al. (1999) and Pal & Subhani (1989) carried out studies on intestinal parasites in different areas of the Pakistan. Sharif et al., (2010), Jombo et al. (2010), Siwila et al. (2010), Pourrut et al. (2010), Steinmann et al. (2010), Abdelmoneim et al. (2010), Hsieh et al. (2010), Eligial et al. (2010), Gamboa et al. (2011), Fung and Cairncross (2009), Abu-Madi et al. (2008), Kinfu and Erko (2008), and Mascie-Taylor et al. (2003) carried out research on intestinal parasites in different parts of the world.

Data regarding intestinal parasites for different areas of the Pakistan is available but no data appears in literature for the area under study. Therefore the present preliminary study was conducted to evaluate prevalence of intestinal parasites, during October and November, 2010, in school going children at District Upper Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Reference

Abdelmoneim SS, Galal AL, Osama A, Abdel-Salam N. 2010. Irritable bowel syndrome in Upper Egypt: The role of intestinal parasites and evidence of the response. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology 11, 96-100.

Abu-Madi MA, Behnke JM, Ismail A. 2008. Patterns of infection with intestinal parasites in Qatar among food handlers and housemaids from different geographical regions of origin. Acta Tropica 106, 213-220.

Chaudhry ZH, Afzal M, Malik MA. 2004. Epidemiological Factors Affecting Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Children of Muzaffarabad District. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 36, 267-271.

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Eligial AM, Masawi AM, Al-Jaser NM, Abdelrahman KA, Shah AH. 2010. Audit of stool analysis results to ensure the prevalence of common types of intestinal parasites in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 17, 1-4.

Ensink JHJ, Hoek DVW, Mukhtar M, Tahir Z, Amerasinghe PF. 2005. High risk of hookworm infection among wastewater farmers in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, 809-818.

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Gamboa MI, Navone GT, Ordan AB, Torres MF, Castro LE, Oyhenart EE. 2011. Socio-environmental conditions, intestinal parasitic infections and nutritional status in children from a suburban neighborhood of La Plata, Argentina. Acta Tropica 118, 184-189.

Hsieh MH, Ling WY, Dai CY, Haung JF, Haung CK, Chien HH, Wang CL, Chung WL, Wu JR, Chen ER, Ho CK, Yu ML. 2010. Intestinal parasitic infection detected by stool examination in foreign laborer in Kaohsiung. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci 26, 136-43.

Jombo GT, Damen JG, Safiyanu H, Odey F, Mbaawuaga EM. 2010. Human intestinal parasitism, potable water availability and methods of sewage disposal among nomadic Fulanis in Kuraje rural settlement of Zamfara state. Asian Pacific Journal of Medicine 3, 491-493.

Kinfu A, Erko B. 2008. Cockroaches as carriers of human intestinal parasites in two localities in Ethiopia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102, 1143-1147.

Mascie-Taylor CGN, Karim R, Karim E, Akhtar S, Ahmad T, Montanari RM. 2003. The cost-effectiveness of health education in improving knowledge and awareness about intestinal parasites in rural Bangladesh. Economics and Human Biology 1, 321-330.

NHSR. 1998. National Health survey of Pakistan. Pak. Med. Res. Coun. 110 p.

Pal RA, Subhani F. 1989. Prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in primary school children of DIR district (N.W.F.P) Pakistan. Journal of science and Technology 13, 99-102.

Pourrut X, Diffo JLD, Somo RM, Bilong BCF, Delaporte E, Lebreton M, Gonzalez JP. 2010. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in primate bushmeat and pets in Camrroon. Veterinary parasitology 175, 187-191.

Qureshi H, Baqai R, Ahmad W. 1999. Secnidazole response in amoebiasis and giardiasis. Eastern Mediterranean Journal 5, 389-390.

Sharif M, Daryani A, Asgarian F, Nasrolahei M. 2010. Intestinal  parasitc infections among intellectual disability children in rehabilitation centers of northern Iran. Resarch in Development Disabilities 31, 924-928.

Siwila J, Phiri IGK, Enemark LH, Nchito M, Olsen A. 2010. Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, 122-128.

Steinmann P, Usubalieva J, Imanalieva C, Minbaeva G, Stefiuk K, Jeandron A, Utzinger J. 2010. Rapid appraisal of human intestinal helminth infections among school children in Osh oblast, Kyrgyzstan. Acta Tropica 116, 178-184.

Tasawar Z, Kausar S, Lashari MH. 2010. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in humans in Multan. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci 23, 344-348.

USAID. 2005. District Health Profile Upper Dir. Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns, PAIMAN. p. 6.

Article source : Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among school children in District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan   

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Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting | InformativeBD

Akram Ghaffari, Tahereh Hasanloo, and Mojtaba Khayam Nekouei, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting. Entitled, Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The goal of this study was to determine micropropagation system for a mass production of Tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica). For this reason, explants dissected from strilled young cladodes successfully established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 mg l-1 Benzyl amino purine (BAP). MS medium containing different combinations of BAP (5 mg l-1) and Indole acetic acid (IAA) (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) , BAP (5 mg l-1) and Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) ( 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg l-1) and Kinetin ( 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) were tested for shoot development . The best results for shoot development and elongation were obtained in media containing 5 mg l-1 and 0.25 mg l-1 NAA. The highest multiplication rate (3.9) was observed in media supplemented with 5 mg l-1 BAP and 2 mg l-1 of NAA. Satisfactory rooting was achieved in MS Basal medium (5-6 cm length) without callus formation. The percentage of rooting was 100% and Plants were successfully established in a mix of pit and perlite (2:1) (100%) and acclimatization accomplished under greenhouse condition. In this study, total concentration of carbohydrates and proteins were measured in in vivo cultured (control) and in vitro propagated tuna after 3 months. As a result, no significant differences were observed between control and micropropagated tuna in protein concentration. Whereas carbohydrate content in micropropagated plants (3.24 mg g-1) was 2- fold that of the control plants (1.52 mg g-1).

Read more : Spice Power: Fighting Sweetmeat Bacteria with Natural Antimicrobials | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Opuntia ficus-indica belongs to Cactaceae family and its Authority is Mill, common names are Indian Fig, Tuna Cactus, Mission Prickly Pear, prickly pear and Spanish tuna. That is a big, tree-like cactus that can grow quickly to 15 ft tall. The species is native to Mexico and it was introduced into southern Europe, Africa and India very long ago (Bein, 1996).

The genus Opuntia (Cactaceae) has a specialized photosynthetic mechanism known as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), whereby these plants open their stomates and take up CO2 at night. This attribute leads to reduced water loss (Nobel, 1995, Taiz and Zeiger, 1998). Regarding to its high wateruse efficiency (even in areas with low annual rainfall values, 120-150 mm), and its high drought-tolerance (Le Houérou, 1994), this cactus is a most widely used forage resource in arid and semiarid region during periods of drought and shortage of herbaceous plants and has been extensively developed for decades.

Plants are succulent with jointed, branching stems. These stems, or joints, are often cooked as a green table vegetable (Russell and Felker, 1987). In addition to all these applications, some prickly pear cactus species can be exploited in the horticultural industry as ornamental resources by virtue of their bizarre and particular morphological traits including small overall plant and cladode size, spine color, cladode shape and growth habits, epidermis color, shape and length of spines, etc. Several species such as O. pheacantha Engelmann, O. engelmanii Salm–Dyck, O. violaceae Engelmann, O. aciculata Griffiths, O. basilaris Engelmann & Bigelow, O. ficus-indica (L.) miller, O. tunicata (Lehm.) Link & Otto, O. microdasys (Lehmannn) Lehmann, O. basillaris, O. imbricata C.C. Haw DC, Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck among others, are commonly used landscaping plants in public, private, commercial and residential properties in Mexico, the Mediterranean area, Australia and south-western USA (Irish, 2001). Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase for culture of plants that is known as a multi-purpose plant since it can be applied as natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).

it can be applied as natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).

In general, prickly pear cactus species can be sexual and asexually propagated. Seed propagation is only used for scientific research to study genetic variability and factors impact on the germination process (Rojas-Are´ chiga and Va´squez-Yanes, 2000). Vegetative propagation, which is widely utilized, can be performed through the rooting of single or multiple cladodes (Fabbri et al., 1996, Lazcano et al., 1999, Mulas et al., 1992), small portions of mature cladodes derived from the dissection of tissues comprising two or more areoles (Barrientos and Brauer, 1964), or by consuming fruits. Despite all these methodologies that are easy to perform and efficient, their propagation rates are low and require large spaces for propagation. Others available asexual methods include apomixis (Garcı´a-Aguilar and Pimienta-Barrios, 1996, Ve´ lez and Rodrı´guez, 1996, Mondrago´ n, 2001), grafting (Pimienta, 1974, Maldonado and Zapien, 1977), micrografting (Estrada-Luna et al., 2002), and tissue culture (Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995) have been conducted by the other investigators. The last method has recently pointed out as the most potent because it provides high propagation rates, reduced requirements for space, and the production of healthy and pathogen-free plants. Recent evidences revealed that micropropagation has been extensively studied and successfully developed on cloning many cacti species including prickly pear cactus (Escobar-Araya et al., Estrada-Luna, 1988).

Regarding prickly pear cactus micropropagation, recent research advances show an increased interest for the scientific community to integrate studies in order to improve the efficiency of the propagation process and establish and introduce reliable protocols for plant transformation to engineer selected genotypes (Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, b, SilosEspino et al., 2006). The first study on Opuntia (prickly pear cactus) micropropagation reported by Sachar and Iyer ,1959, varies successful strategies have been described for different species including O. dillenii Haw, O. polyacantha, O. basilaris, O. amyclaea Tenore, O. echios var. gigantea, O. ficusindica Linne´ Mill, O. streptacantha Lemaire, O. robusta Wendland, O. cochinera Griffiths, O. leucotricha De Candolle, O. albicarpa Scheinvar, O. ellisiana Griff. (Mauseth and Halperin, 1975, Mauseth, 1977, 1979, Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995, Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, Estrada-Luna and Davies, 2001, Jua´ rez and Passera, 2002), however, a comprehensive protocol is not available yet because most plant responses to tissue culture are highly dependent on the genotype and some important modifications and adjustments might be performed when a new species or cultivar is considered for tissue culture, especially to optimize the overall environmental culture conditions, media, plant regulators (type, concentration, and combination), etc. during the shoot proliferation stage. Rooting and plantlet acclimatization conditions might also be investigated since they may limit the success of micropropagation (Hartmann et al., 1997). So far, there has been little observation about protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated Opuntia. The main purpose of this study was to develop efficient systems for in vitro propagation of Opuntia and investigation of protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated plants.

Reference

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Estrada-Luna AA, Martınez-Hernandez JJ, Torres-Torres ME, Chable´-Moreno F. 2008. In vitro micropropagation of the ornamental prickly pear cactus Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck and effects of sprayed GA3 after transplantation to ex vitro conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 117, 378–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.05.042

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Article source : Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting 

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