Enhancing Garcinia kola Seed Germination Techniques | InformativeBD

Joseph M. Asomaning, from the institute of Ghana. wrote a Research article about, Enhancing Garcinia kola Seed Germination Techniques. Entitled, Germination of Garcinia kola (heckel) seeds in response to seed sectioning, chemical pretreatment and different temperatures. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Garcinia kola Heckel is a multi-purpose tree widely used in West Africa resulting in its over-exploitation, the species is extinction-threatened. On farm conservation through cultivation has been recommended. However, seeds of the species can take about 18 months to germinate. This study aims at generating information on how the combinations of the techniques of seed sectioning, chemical treatment and temperature can be used to enhance germination of the seed. Seed sections and whole seeds pretreated with dormancy breaking chemicals were germinated on a gel of 1% water agar at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. Statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 5×7×4 factorial (germination materials × chemical treatments × temperature). Germination data showed significances (p<0.001) namely: germination materials, germination temperatures, germination materials x germination temperatures, germination materials x chemicals, germination temperatures x chemicals.

Read more : Optimizing In Vitro Organogenesis in Sugarcane Using Plant Growth Regulators | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Garcinia is a tropical plant genus including several species in Africa, America and Asia. These species are commonly useful for many purposes. The seeds of G. kola have pharmacological uses in treating coughs, throat infections, bronchitis and hepatitis (Farombi et al., 2005) The seeds which serve as a bitter stimulant also serve as snake repellent when they are placed round the compound (Nair, 1990). Other medicinal uses include: purgative, antiparasitic, antimicrobial. The seeds are used to prevent and relieve colic, cure head or chest colds.

This plant has shown bronchodilator effect (Orie and Ekon 1993), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial and antiviral properties (Akoachere et al., 2002). In laboratory tests, Garcinia kola was found to halt the deadly disease caused by Ebola virus in its tracks. The virus causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever - an often-fatal condition (Anonymous, 1999). Compounds from the plant have also proved effective against some strains of flu, a contagious respiratory disease also commonly known as influenza (Iwu, 1993). Its by-products are also useful: the wood makes excellent fuel wood; its dense rounded crown makes it an ideal tree for shade around homestead; the branches are used as chewing stick because of its bitter taste and antibacterial activities of its extracts (Taiwo et al., 1999). The bark of the stem is used in the tanning and dyeing industry (Irvine, 1961).

Because of its high interest resulting in its overexploitation, Garcinia kola is extinction-threatened in several West and Central African countries such as Ivory Coast (FAO (1996), Ghana (Wong, 1997), Congo and Cameroon (Tchatat, 1999). It is therefore useful to undertake on farm conservation by small holder farmers through agroforestry systems in order to decrease the pressure on wild population of the species. However, the major difficulty in Garcinia kola propagation as for several species of Garcinia genus is related to seeds germination. Due to dormancy in Garcinia, seeds can take as long as 18 months to germinate (Aduse-Poku et al., 2003). Some studies to investigate seed germination of some species in the genus Garcinia has been done at the farmer’s level and under laboratory conditions. These include Garcinia gummi-gutta (Geeta et al, 2006); Garcinia indica (Malik et al., 2005); Garcinia kola (Agyili et al., 2007; Kanmegne and Omokolo 2008).

The present work aims at generating information on how the combination of the techniques of seed sectioning, chemical treatment and temperature can be used to enhance the germination of G. kola. The information will be useful in raising large quantities of seedlings for several farming communities in Ghana who are being encouraged to plant the species on their cocoa farms as a shade crop and as a means of conserving the species.

Reference

Aduse-Poku K, Nyinaku F, Atiase VY, Awuah R, Mensah EO, Nyantakyi D, Owusu HK and Agyenim-Boateng B. 2003. Improving rural livelihoods within the context of sustainable development: case study of Goaso forest district. Tropenbos International Ghana, University of Amsterdam and Institute of Renewable Natural Resources 50 pp.

Agyili J, Sacandé M, Koffi E and Peprah T. 2007. Improving the collection and germination of West African Garcinia kola Heckel seeds. New Forests 34, 269-279.

Akoachere JF, Ndip RN, Chenwi EB, Ndip LM, Njock TE and Anong DN. 2002. Antibacterial effect of Zingiber officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens. East Africa Medical Journal 79(11), 588-592.

Anegbeh PO, Iruka C and Nkirika C. 2006. Enhancing germination of bitter cola (Garcinia kola) Heckel: prospects for agroforestry farmers in the Niger Delta. Scientia Africana 5(1), 1118-1931.

Asomaning JM, Olympio NS, Sacandé M. 2011. Desiccation sensitivity and germination of recalcitrant Garcinia kola Heckel seeds. Research Journal of Seed Science 4(1), 15-27.

Asomaning JM. 2009. Seed desiccation tolerance and germination of seven important forest tree species in Ghana. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. School of Graduate Studies, Department of Horticulture. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana 1-187 .

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Eyog-Matig O, Aoudji AKN, Linsouss C. 2007. Garcinia kola Heckel seeds dormancy-breaking. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 5(1), 63-71.

Farombi EO, Adepoju BF, Ola-Davies OE and Emerole GO. 2005. Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity and hepatic oxidative damage in rats by kolaviron, a natural bioflavonoid of Garcinia kola seeds. European Journal Cancer Prevention 14 (3), 207-214.

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Tchatat M. 1999. Produits forestiers autres que le bois d’œuvre (PFAB): place dans l’aménagement durable des forêts denses humides d’Afrique centrale. Série FORAFRI, document 18. CIRAD, CIFOR, IRAD & CARPE 103 pp.

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Article source : Germination of Garcinia kola (heckel) seeds in response to seed sectioning, chemical pretreatment and different temperatures  

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Optimizing In Vitro Organogenesis in Sugarcane Using Plant Growth Regulators | InformativeBD

Naveed Ahmad, Muhammad Ishaq,  Ajmal Mandozai, Asif Ali Khan,  Noor al amin,  Muhammad Inam,  Raza Ullah,  Hina Shaukat, Muhammad Abrar, Ismail Khan, and Raham Sher Khan, from the institute of China. wrote a Research article about, Optimizing In Vitro Organogenesis in Sugarcane Using Plant Growth Regulators. Entitled, Optimization of an efficient system for the In Vitro Organogenesis of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) from apical shoot explant using different plant growth regulators. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

An efficient in vitro system provides considerable opportunities to regenerable target tissues in plants. The large scale multiplication of newly released sugarcane varieties still remains inexplicit. Here, we investigate the response of three different sugarcane varieties (CP 77400, CP2086, and M 93) towards the onset of callus induction and adventitious organogenesis. Young leaves of apical shoot were subjected to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with various combination and concentrations of growth regulators for callus induction, adventitious shoot morphogenesis and rooting. Our results indicated that highest percent callus induction was observed in variety CP77400 which was 80% when explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.5 mg/l auxin after 14 days of incubation. The maximum adventitious shoot induction was observed in CP 77400 variety incubated with MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l auxin and 1 mg/l cytokinin. Morover, sugarcane variety CP 77400 showed highest rate of in vitro root induction when incubated with half MS basal medium supplemented 3 mg/l auxin alone. Regarding the mean number of roots per shoots and the average length of the roots, the variety CP77400 showed the highest number of roots per shoots (8.4) and the highest root length (6.5 cm) on half-strength MS medium supplemented with auxin (3 mg/L). Thus, these findings can be used to promote mass production of different varieties of sugarcane which may overcome the present trend of demand future.

Read more : Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important agro-industrial crop which serves as a primary source of sugar across the world (Raza et al., 2010). It is a C4 plant belongs to genus Saccharum, which represent not only the major source of world's sugar but possess potential to be a key crop in biofactory evolution as it generates high yield of important products e.g. paper, biofibers, acetic acid, industrial enzymes, animal feed, renewable source of energy, biofuel and bioplastic (Nonato et al., 2001). Every year product losses in sugarcane production account for up to 70%, due to many biotic and abiotic stresses as bacteria, fungi, viruses (Parmessur et al., 2002) and drought and salinity stresses. Approximately 100 types of diseases caused by different types of pests and insects concerned with sugarcane have been reported worldwide in different countries, but most predominant diseases of sugarcane are fungal pathogen which leads to the appearance of spots on the leaves of sugarcane. However, various other physiological factors which comprise major constrains to the production of sugarcane, including high aneuploidy, low fertility, large genome size and complex environmental interactions. Consequently, lack of suitable propagation system is considered serious threats in sugarcane cultivation procedures (Tiwari et al., 2010). In order to resolve the problems related to the climate changes and the need of a novel varieties, the techniques of plant tissue culture are followed nowadays (Yadav et al., 2012). For many other species, sugarcane may benefit of unconventional breeding mediated by in vitro techniques to speed up the genetic improvement (Rugini et al., 2016). The micropropagation and establishment of aseptic tissue culture have gained enormous position throughout last thirty years. Genetic engineering can significantly integrate transgenic traits or somaclonal variation for the introduction of interesting traits as salt and drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance (Ahmed et al., 2019; Rugini et al., 2016; Silvestri et al., 2016). Furthermore, it has been observed that plant tissue culture has overcome many problems related with traditional breeding systems by confirming disease free propagation of sugarcane and reduced the time frame which is a pre requisite for plant proliferation (Khan et al., 2006). The aim of current study was to develop an efficient and reliable protocol for the in vitro callus initiation and regeneration of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) using apical shoots as explants.

Reference

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Baksha R, Alam R, Karim MZ, Paul SK, Hossain MA, Miah MAS, Rahman ABMM. 2002. In vitro shoot tip culture of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) variety LSD28. Biotechnology 1(2-4), 67-72.

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Brisibe EA, Miyake H, Taniguchi T, Maeda E. 1994. Regulation of somatic embryogenesis in long term callus cultures of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). New Phytologist 126, 301-307.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03949.x

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Khan SA, Rashid H, Chaudhary MF, Chaudhary Z, Fatima Z, Siddiqui SU, Zia M. 2009. Effect of cytokinins on shoot multiplication in three elite sugarcane varieties. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(4), 1651-1658.

Khatri A, Khan IA, Javed MA, Siddiqui MA, Khan MKR, Khanzada MH, Dahar NA, Khan R. 2002. Studies on callusing and regeneration potential of indigenous and exotic sugarcane clones. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1(1), 41-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2002.41.43

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Nonato RV, Mantelatto PE, Rossell CEV. 2001. Integrated production of biodegradable plastic, sugar and ethanol. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 57, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100732

Parmessur Y, Aljanabi A, Saumtally S,   Dookun-Saumtally A. 2002. Sugarcane yellow leaf virus and sugarcane yellows phytoplasma: elimination by tissue culture. Plant Pathology 51, 561-566. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00747.x

Raza G, Ali K, Muhkhtiar Z, Mansoor M, Arshad M, Asad S. 2010. The response of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes to callus induction, regeneration and different concentrations of the selective agent (geneticin-418). African Journal of Biotechnology 9(51), 8738-8747.

Rugini E, Cristofori V, Silvestri C. 2016. Genetic improvement of olive (olea europaea L.) by conventional and in vitro biotechnology methods. Biotechnology Advances 34(5), 687-696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.004

Silvestri C, Cristofori V, Ceccarelli M, Caceres, ME, Escribà -Lacuesta J, Rugini E. 2016. Adventitious shoot organogenesis from leaf and petiole explants of european hazelnut. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 126(1), 59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0976-7

Tarique HM, Mannan MA, Bhuiyan MSR, Rahaman MM. 2010. Micropropagation of sugarcane through leaf sheath culture. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production 2(2), 13-15.

Tiwari AK, Bharti YP, Tripathi S, Mishra N, Lal M. 2010. Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Sugarcane Crop with Special Reference to Disease Resistance. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 45, 235-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/APhyt.45.2010.2.1

Yadav S, Ahmad A, Rastogi J, Lal M. 2012. Tissue culture strategies in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 3(2), 427-441.

Article source :Optimization of an efficient system for the In Vitro Organogenesis of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) from apical shoot explant using different plant growth regulators 

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Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production | InformativeBD

MA. Magdalena V. Gatdula, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, Microcontroller Technology for Coconut Flour Production. Entitled, A microcontroller based flour processing machine for Coconut pulp. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a microcontroller-based flour processing machine for pressed coconut pulp. The entire system is automated to carry out the task continuously with minimal interaction of the user. The designed project used software written in C++ and executed on the Arduino UNO. Developmental research was utilized in the study and an online survey was distributed to five bakers, five coconut sellers, and five computer engineering professionals to evaluate the acceptability of the automated cocoflour machine. The results shown high acceptability that the machine could produce coconut flour. The study concludes that the automated machine coconut flour maker is user-friendly, and anybody can operate this machine without any technical knowledge that can produce acceptable coconut flour consistently with its adequate production time. It requires less monitoring and human labor.

Read more : Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Trees are the world's largest plants, and their importance to the environment and human wellbeing cannot be underestimated. These plants produce oxygen, absorb carbon, keep soil healthy, and help to preserve the world's biodiversity. The products made from these plants highlight the relevance of trees in the lives of many people; it includes construction materials, fibers, and fuels.

Furthermore, trees can produce a variety of nutritious food such as fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and edible oils, which can help to diversify diets and mitigate seasonal food and nutritional shortages. Agroforestry employs hundreds of tree species to improve food sustainability and nutritional security (Jamnadass et al., 2020). Among all the species of trees available on the planet, only the Coconut Palm is referred to as "The Tree of Life." The coconut tree is recognized as one of the world's most significant fruit trees (Lapina & Andal, 2017). FAO says Asia-Pacific generates 90% of the world's coconut products, including water, oil, milk, and construction timbers. In 2019, Southeast Asian islands, especially the Philippines, were the leading producers and exporters of coconuts. Davao Region was the leading producer of coconuts, contributing 455.45 thousand metric tons, or 13.8 percent of overall coconut production. (Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)).

The coconut tree makes relatively little trash because every part of it is useful. Coconut tree cultivation is entirely sustainable, and it is a remarkable natural resource that yields interesting coconut goods. Throughout decades, the coconut has been a healthy supply of meats, milk, and oils that have sustained and nurtured individuals all over the world. This crop is classified as a "functional food" because, in regard to its vitamins, it provides a variety of possible health benefits (Ramaswamy, 2013). Coconut's main products include virgin coconut oil, desiccated coconut, coconut water, as well as coconut flour.

According to Masa, D., coconut milk/cream powder goods generate approximately 3,463 MT of coco residue each year, of which 40% is being used as a food ingredient as well as the other 60% is utilized as feedstuff or discarded. Coconut flour is a one-of-akind substance manufactured from the waste of coconut milk production. It is relatively low in digestible carbohydrates, involves no gluten, is much less costly than any of the other nut flours, contains high fiber as well as essential vitamins, and tastes great. (Ramaswamy, 2013). Its nutritional advantages may drive the industry to generate functional food components that may conduce to the appropriate treatment and management of chronic diseases, which opens the possibility of using coconut flour as a food supplement for people with diabetes (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University).

The shredded meat, also known as the pulp, is dried after emptying and extracting the milk. The pressed coconut pulp is heated or dried before being pulverized to make coconut flour. Traditionally, coconut pulp is dried by spreading thin layers of it in the open sun. This approach has drawbacks, such as no control over the rate of drying and non-uniform drying (Kumar et al., 2015). After drying, a milling machine is used to produce pulverized coconut pulp.

According to Majeedullah (2022), drying requires heat and mass transmission. Heat must be transmitted to the material's surface to evaporate moisture latently. Mass transfer involves water diffusion through a substance to an evaporating surface and vapor diffusion into passing air. This theory was related to how air and contact drying worked. Heat is transferred through foodstuffs from either heated air or heated surfaces. The water vapor of pressed coconut pulp is removed with the air. 

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Sujitha J, Muneer MRS, Mahendran T, Kiruthiga B. 2018. Influence of Storage Temperature on the Quality Parameters of wheat Flour during Short Term Storage. Sabaragamuwa University Journal 16(1), 53-57. DOI: http://doi.org /10.4038/suslj.v16i1.7718

Tiemoko J. 2019. Food dehydration: control of the drying cycle in 4.0 way. Altus Technology. Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://altustech.com /en/food-dehydration-control-of-the-drying-cycle-in

Urbaniak D, Otwinowski H, Zhukov V, Barochkin A, Boryca J, Wylecia LT. 2021. Application of Modified Thermodynamic Grinding Theory in Jet Mill. Acta Physica Polonica A 139(5), 529-531. https://doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.139.529

Article source : A microcontroller based flour processing machine for Coconut pulp 

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Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk | InformativeBD

Muhammad Fahad Chaudhary, Ali Abbas Dilawar, Muhammad Asim, Suneel Ahmad, and Unsa Saleem, from the institute of Cameroon. wrote a Research article about, Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Faisalabad Raw Milk. Entitled, Detection of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pyogenes from raw milk samples in Faisalabad. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Milk is a very important source of nutrition for humans as well as animals. It contains carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Due to its nutritious composition, it is an excellent medium for the growth of microorganisms. Milk gets contaminated by different microorganisms including Streptococcus species.  Considering its importance, the present study was designed to check the microbial contamination of raw milk. 90 samples were collected from different areas of Faisalabad city. Mainly Streptococcus species were targeted and isolated. Out of 90, only 23 samples were found positive for Streptococcus species. Most species were identified as Streptococcus pyogenes by biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed and isolates were found to be susceptible to Amikacin (30µg), Tazobactam (110µg), Levofloxacin (5µg), Tobramycin (30µg), Ampicilin-sulbactam (20µg), Chloromphenicol (30µg), and Gentamycin (30µg) and were resistant to Cefoxitin (30µg), Tigecycline (15µg), Cefipime (30µ), Ampicilin (10µ), Cefotoxime (10µg), Trimethoprim (25µg), Cefuroxime (30µg), Cefixime (5µg), Tetracycline (10µg). For further confirmation, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was performed according to CLSI guidelines and results showed that isolates were susceptible to only Ampicillin, Amikacin and Erythromycin. Animals suffering from clinical or sub-clinical mastitis are the source of Streptococcal contamination of milk. The current study supports the finding that raw milk can be regarded as a critical source of MDR bacteria. Strict monitoring and the implementation of effective hygienic should be implemented.

Read more : Honeybee Foraging on Wild Flowers in Dang, Cameroon | InformativeBD

Introduction

Milk is a nutrient-rich,white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is a primary source of nutrition for children and good for bone growth as it is rich in calcium. Its demand in the global market is increasing day by day. It is also used for the production of a variety of dairy products like yogurt, cheese, etc.It containscarbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals(Guetouache et al., 2014).Due to its nutritious composition, it is an excellent medium for the growth of many microbial communities(Soomro et al., 2002). Milk gets contaminated by different microorganisms including Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species, Compylobacter species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc and these microorganisms adversely affect the quality of milk(Elmoslemany et al., 2009).These pathogenic microorganisms are known to cause serious health hazards to the general population.Milk can serve as a source for transferring these microorganisms from animals to humans (Zoonosis)(Garcell et al. 2015). Milk is extremely susceptible to spoilage due to these microorganisms which get into milk from different sources such as Milkman’s hands, water, feed, Animal’s skin,utensils, environment, etc (Prejit et al., 2007). Microorganisms present in raw milk produce toxins and are responsible for foodborne diseases.Food borne diseases are responsible for >50% cases of mortality to children. These microorganisms are the huge challenge for the dairy industry.

Microorganisms are also present in the milk if the animal suffers from mastitis(Jeykumar et al. 2013). Generally, mastitis is divided into Clinical, subclinical and chronic(Haggag et al. 2018). Mastitis is a multifactorial disease and is very difficult to control. Mastitis can be caused by different bacterial species mainly Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Additionally, different pathogens are typical of different types of mastitis (Clinical, sub-clinical and heifer mastitis). Pathogens involved in bovine mastitis are classified as contagious or environmental pathogen depending upon their epidemiological association with the disease(Azevedo et al., 2015). Contagious pathogens are those which spread from one animal to another while the primary source of pathogen is animal. Environmental pathogens are those which enter the milk during milking whereas the primary source of pathogen is the environment. Due to its economic importance, extensive research is being carried out to determine the microorganisms which affect the quality of milk.Given growing public awareness about food safety and quality, information about the microbial contamination of milk is of great significance. Until now information on such aspects in Pakistan is scant and scattered. This study was performed to check the microbial contamination of milk in different areas of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, Streptococcal species that are adversely affecting the quality of milk are isolated. Because these microorganisms also cause food-borne diseases in the population so their susceptibility to different antibiotics is also determined. This test revealed that the organism is multidrug resistance (MDR).This MDR organism is one of the maincauses of the emerging problem of antibiotics resistance in humans. These bacteria become resistant to antibiotics when these antibiotics are overused in livestock(Azevedo et al. 2015). This resistant organism enters into humans through the milk of these organisms.

Reference

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Aijaz Hussain Smmoro, Arain MA, Khaskheli M, BachalBhutto. 2002. Isolation of Escherichia Coli from Raw Milk and Milk Products in Relation to Public Health Sold under Market Conditions at Tandojam, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1(3), 151-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2002.151.152

Carla Maria Lopes de Azevedo, Diana Pacheco, Luisa Soares, Ricardo Romao, Monica Moitoso, Jaime Maldonado, Roger Guix, Joao Simoes. 2015. Prevalence of contagious and environmental mastitis-causing bacteria in bulk tank milk and its relationships with milking practices of dairy cattle herds in São Miguel Island (Azores). Tropical Animal Health and Production 48(2), 451-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0973-6

Cinthia Alves-Barroco, Catarina Rodrigues, Luis Raposo R, Catarina Bras, Mario Diniz, Joao Caco, Pedro Costa M, lida Santos –Sanches, Alexandra Fernandes R. 2018. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. Dysgalactiae isolated from milk of the bovine udder as emerging pathogens: In vitro and in vivo infection of human cells and zebrafish as biological models, microbiologyOpen 8(17). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.623

Clinton Mcdaniel J, Diana Cardwell M, Robert Moeller B, Gregory Gray C. 2014. Humans and Cattle: A Review of Bovine Zoonoses. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases 14(1), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1164

Guerin-Faublee V, Tardy F, Bouveron C, Carret G. 2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus species isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. International journal of antimicrobial agents 19(3), 219-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00485-x

Guetouache Mourad, Guessas Bettache, Medjekal Samir. 2014. Composition and nutritional value of raw milk. Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 2(10), 155-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15739/IBSPR.005

Thaker HC, Brahmbhatt MN, Nayak JB. 2013. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from milk and milk products and their drug resistance patterns in Anand, Gujarat. Veterinary World 5(12), 10-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2013.10-13

Humberto Guanche Garcell E, Guilarte Garcia Pedro Vazquez Pueyo I, Rodriguez Martin, Ariadna Villanueva Arias, Ramon Alfonso Serrano N. 2016. Outbreaks of brucellosis related to the consumption of unpasteurized camel milk. Journal of Infection and Public Health 9(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.12.006

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Jeykumar, Vinodkumar G, Bimal P Bashir, Sudhakar Krovvidi. 2013. Antibiogram of mastitis pathogens in the milk of crossbred cows in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, Veterinary World 6(6), 354-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2013.354-356

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Yasser Haggag N, Mohamed Nossair A, Alaa Mansour M, Amir Abd el Rahman. 2018. Streptococci in Dairy Farms: Isolation, Antibiogram Pattern and Disinfectant Sensitivity. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences  59(2),  85-92, http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.8031

Article source : Detection of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pyogenes from raw milk samples in Faisalabad 

 

 

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Honeybee Foraging on Wild Flowers in Dang, Cameroon | InformativeBD

Fernand-Nestor Tchuenguem Fohouo, Christian Wékéré, Delphine Nguemo Dongock, Sidonie Fameni and Tope, from the institute of Cameroon. wrote a Research article about, Honeybee Foraging on Wild Flowers in Dang, Cameroon. entitled, Exploitation of Acacia sieberiana, Allophylus africanus and Flacourtia indica flowers by Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Dang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroon). This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

To date, in Cameroon, the demand for honey and other hive products is very high, partly because of the absent of the knowledge of the apicultural value of many plant species. This research was conducted to evaluate the apicultural value of Acacia sieberiana DC., Allophylus africanus P. Beauv. and Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr. Apis mellifera Linnaeus workers foraging activity was studied on the flowers of these plant species, from March to July 2015 and 2016. At Dang, the flowers of each plant species were observed two days per week, between 7am and 18pm, for recording the pollen and/or nectar foraging behaviour of A. mellifera workers. Results showed that, A. mellifera harvested intensely and regularly the nectar of each plant species. In addition, F. indica was visited intensely for pollen; Al. africanus and Ac. sieberiana were also visited for pollen but slightly. The greatest mean number of workers foraging simultaneously in activity per 1000 flowers varied from 210 (Al. africanus) to 634 (Ac. sieberiana). The mean foraging speed varied from 6.53 flowers/min (Ac. sieberiana) to 30.44 flowers/min (Al. africanus) in 2015 and  5.87 flowers/min (Ac. sieberiana) to 23.94 flowers/min (Al. africanus) in 2016. Thus, Ac. sieberiana, Al. africanus and F. indica could be cultivated and protected to increase honey production. Flacourtia indica could enable beekeepers to increase their pollen production as a hive product. During foraging, A. mellifera workers improved pollination possibilities of each plant species.

Read more : Foliar Glycine Betaine Improves Broccoli Performance | InformativeBD

Introduction

Honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) is a social insect that builds its nest in a cavity, by connecting cones to the upper wall (Michel et al., 1994). In nests also called hives, the bees live in colonies containing about 50000 to 60000 individuals (Michel et al., 1994). Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) DC., Allophylus africanus (Sapindaceae) P. Beauv. and Flacourtia indica (Flacourtiaceae) (Burm. F.) Merr. are the plant species who provide the alimentary resources (nectar et pollen) for honeybees. The plant species flowers are visited by these bees for the nectar and the pollen collection. The basic foods of each A. mellifera colony are nectar and pollen (Villières, 1987; Jha and Vandermeer, 2009) collected from many plant species (Morse and Calderone, 2000). The nectar is transformed into honey which is stored together with pollen in the hive for future use (Crane, 1999). These substances have been exploited by humans for thousands of years (Crane, 1999). The production of these two substances depends on the abundance of some plant species in the environment of the apiary and their attractiveness to honeybees (Afik et al., 2006). Thus sustainable beekeeping in a given Region requires a detailed knowledge of the apicultural value of the plant species that grow in the environment of the Apiaries (Leven et al., 2005).

Before this study, there was no literature on the relationship between the honeybees and many plant species (including Acacia sieberiana, Allophylus africanus and Flacourtia indica) in Cameroon. Yet, in this country, because of the increasing demand for hive products such as honey and pollen, beekeeping needs to be developed (INADES, 2000).

The main objective of this work was to study of the relationships between A. mellifera Linnaeus, Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) DC., Allophylus africanus (Sapindaceae) P. Beauv. and Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Murr. for their optimal exploitation. For each plant species, we recorded the activity of A. mellifera on flowers, evaluated the apicultural value and registered the pollination behaviour of A. mellifera.

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Article source : Exploitation of Acacia sieberiana, Allophylus africanus and Flacourtia indica flowers by Apismellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Dang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroon)  

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