Halophilic Mycoflora: Exploring Coastal Diversity in India | InformativeBD

M. Helan Soundra Rani and M. Kalaiselvam from the different institute of the india,wrote a research article about, Halophilic Mycoflora: Exploring Coastal Diversity in India, entitled, "Diversity of halophilic mycoflora habitat in saltpans of Tuticorin and Marakkanam along southeast coast of India". This research paper published by the International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology|IJMM. an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

 Abstract

Highly diverse biological system of solar salterns with different salinities, often provide high densities of mycofloral populations, makes the salterns excellent model systems for both its diverse and activity. In this study, diversity of halophilic fungi in six stations which includes reservoir, evaporator and crystallizer pond of both Marakkanam and Tuticorin saltpans in relation to environmental parameters were carried out for a period of two years. 95 species of halophilic fungi from water and sediment samples belongs to 41 genera were recorded in both saltpans. Aspergillus and Penicillium species were recorded as dominant, vast differences in growth of each isolate at different salt concentrations in the ponds were observed. This paper also elucidated the slight fluctuations in physico-chemical parameter among the ponds with respect to seasonal variations were also recorded.

Read more : Enhancing Green Gram:Induced Mutagenesis Study | InformativeBD

Introduction

Saltpans are man-made seasonal ponds constructed mainly for the production of raw salt. These ponds offer an experimental system with an extreme environmental conditions include high and low temperature, pH, pressure, salt concentration, low nutrient concentration, water availability and also conditions having high levels of radiation, harmful heavy metals, toxic compounds (organic solvents) and strong gradient in biodiversity of primary and secondary producers. (Satyanarayana et al., 2005). It is one such example for thalassohaline environment, it contains the salinity range of five to ten times saltier than seawater (150-300 g/l salt concentration). Life at high salt concentrations requires special adaptations of the cell’s physiology. Microbes must sense environmental stresses, transduce these signals and mount protective responses to survive in hostile environments (Nikolaou et al., 2009).

Most microbial diversity studies in salterns have focused on halophilic Archaea bacteria of the order Halobacteriales, which comprise the main microbial component in these environments (Oren, 2002). Other organisms such as algae, protozoa, eubacteria and even fungi are also found in the salterns, even though it was thought that they could not survive under extreme salt conditions (Gunde-Cimerman et al., 2004). Fungi are ubiquitous in most ecosystems where they usually colonize a diverse range of substrates. Fungal cell adaptations to high saline environment are the promising biological process and the level of plasma-membrane fluid fluctuation are indicators of fitness for survival and adaptability in fungi obtained from extreme environments (Turk et al., 2007). Unique in-situ morphology was interpreted as a response to multiple stress factors which can adapt to extreme conditions. The accumulation of osmoprotective compounds such as polyols (glycerol) sugars (trehalose and manitol) and some unusual amino acids may also play an important role under salt stress (Griffith, 1994).

Enumeration of fungi in these habitats revealed their presence in relatively large numbers (up to 4×104 ml–1), but the biodiversity appears to be limited to a small number of fungal genera. At present, 106 orders of fungi were known to tolerate at low water activity (Kirk et al., 2001). Within Ascomycota, the main orders with halophilic and halotolerant representatives are Capnodiales, Sporidiales, Dothideales and Eurotiales. Both orders Capnodiales and Dothideales have a xerotolerant tendency, as they contain a large number of extremotolerant species that can grow as epilithic or cryptoendolithic species at high or low temperatures (Selbmann et al., 2005) and hypersaline coastal areas worldwide.

This new ecological findings are not only important for our understanding of microbial processes in hypersaline environments worldwide, but also for not yet fully acknowledged. Though, the sequence of works regarding halophilic fungi from solar saltern environments has been carried out for the past two decades in many continents but the meager works were contributed by Indian subcontinent. Owing to the lack of studies on mycofloral in salterns along the Indian coast, the present study was carried out to understand the ecology and diversity, seasonal variations, frequency of occurrence and distribution of fungi in relation to physico-chemical parameters in Tuticorin and Marakkanam saltpans along southeast coast of India.

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Source: Diversity of halophilic mycoflora habitat in saltpans of Tuticorin and Marakkanam along southeast coast of India

 

 

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Enhancing Green Gram: Induced Mutagenesis Study | InformativeBD

V. Prabakaran, P. Manivel, S. Parvathi, and S. Palanivel from the different institute of the india, wrote a research article about, Enhancing Green Gram: Induced Mutagenesis Study, entitled, "Induced mutagenesis in Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)".This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES, an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences |INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Induced mutagenesis was carried out in an important protein rich pulse crop (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The seeds of green gram variety Co-6 were treated with different concentrations of sodium azide. The mutagen treated seeds were sown in the field to observe M1 characteristics. The sodium azide treated seeds were subjected to amino acid analysis. Totally 19 amino acids were recorded in control and sodium azide treated samples. In the process of sodium azide treatments a few amino acids were increased and some amino acids were decreased than control. The M1 parameters such as germination and survival percentage, plant height, days taken for flowering, number of pods/plant, length of pods, number of seeds/pod and hundred seeds weight were decreased with increasing concentrations sodium azide and all the growth parameters showed negative trend when compared to control. The M1 seeds were collected separately based on concentrations of sodium azide and stored for raising next generation after the harvest. The M1 seeds were sown in the field to raise M2 generation, and in M2 population, the different types of chlorophyll and viablemutants were noticed, such as chlorina, xantha, viridis, and viable mutants such as tall, dwarf, leaf, pod and early flowering mutants were noticed in various treatments of sodium azide. In addition with chlorophyll and viable mutants several initial leaflet modifications like trifoliate, tetrafoliate and pentafoliate leaflets had been observed in mutagenic treatment with sodium azide. The present study is a basis for evolving mutant varieties in green gram with altered agronomic traits.

Read more: Microplastics in BigeyeScad: Malimono Waters Study | InformativeBD

Introduction

Green gram or mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is one of the most important pulse crops in India and cultivated in different parts of the world. Protein rich edible seeds, sprouts rich in vitamins and amino acids are used directly and apart from this the crop is widely used as forage. However, the productivity and quality of the grain is severely reduced due to different stress factors in general. Despite its great economic importance a little information regarding its degree of stress tolerance is available through conventional studies, although yield losses are considerable when subjected to different stress conditions (Kaviraj et al., 2006).

Several biotic and abiotic factors as well as low genetic variability are supposed to be responsible for lowering the production of this important crop. During different stages of growing seasons, the loss exceed more than 50% due to incidence of many pests and diseases (Poehlman et al., 1991). 

Induced mutagenesis is one of the traditional breeding methods in plant breeding. It is related with various fields like, morphology, cytogenetic, biotechnology and molecular biology etc. (Acharya et al., 2006). Induced mutations are highly effective in enhancing natural genetic resources and have been used in developing improved cultivars of cereals, fruits and other crops (Lee et al., 2002). These mutations provide beneficial variations for practical plant breeding purpose. In the past seven decades, more thousands of mutant varieties have been officially released in the world (Maluszynski et al., 2000). 

Sodium azide (SA-NaN3) is an ionic compound and its mutagenicity is interceded through a natural metabolite (undifferentiated from L-azidoalanine) of the azide compound produced by Oacetylserinesulfhydrylase catalyst (Gruszka et al., 2012). It is a chemical mutagen and it’s one of the most useful mutagens in crop plants. The mutagenesis is mediated through the production of an organic metabolic of azide compound. This metabolic enters into the nucleus, interacts to DNA and creates point mutation in the genome. Several factors influenced the effect of mutagens such as properties of mutagens, duration of treatment, pH, pre and post treatment, temperature and oxygen concentrations etc. (Gehan et al., 2011).

The mutant plants formed by the application of sodium azide are able to withstand a range of unfavorable conditions and have enhanced yields, improved stress tolerance, longer shelf life and reduced agronomic input in comparison to a normal plant (Ahloowalia et al., 2002). 

Like this, several authors carried out induced mutagenic studies in [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] using physical and chemical mutagenic agents. (Wani et al., 2017; Deswanjee et al., 2018; Sofia et al., 2020; Das et al., 2020; Amol et al., 2021). 

The production of new cultivar with enhanced amount of nutrients, tolerance to drought and salinity is still needed for this important legume crop. The main objective of the present part of the research work is to find out the effect of sodium azide on M1 and M2 generation of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. It is useful to carry out mutation breeding studies to obtain mutant varieties.

Reference

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Amol C, Vikhe, Janardhan N, Nehul. 2021. Effect of mutagens (EMS, SA and gamma radiation) on quantitative parameters of [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Research in Biosciences, Agriculture and Technology 17, 657-664.

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Sofia S, Reddy DM, Reddy KHP, Latha P, Ravindra Reddy B. 2020. Effect of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulphonate and sodium azide on seedling traits, fertility and varietal sensitivity in Mungbean Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Chemical Studies 8(4), 1109-1114.

Sofia S, Reddy DM, Reddy KHP, Latha P, Ravindra Reddy B. 2020. Effect of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulphonate and sodium azide on seedling traits, fertility and varietal sensitivity in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) International Journal of Chemical Studies 8(4), 1109-1114.

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Wani MR, Dar AR, Tak A, Amin I, Shah NH, Rehman R, Baba MY, Raina A, Laskar R, Kozgar MI, Khan S. 2017. Chemo-induced pod and seed mutants in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.Wilczek). SAARC Journal of Agriculture 15(2), 57-76.

Source: Induced mutagenesis in Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

  

 

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Microplastics in Bigeye Scad: Malimono Waters Study | InformativeBD

Bernard C. Gomez, Farrah Mae S. Ejares, Pablito R. Baculpo, Carmiel I. Indig, Annarose A. Madrona, and Randy C. Tuyor, from the different institute of the philippines, wrote a research article about Microplastics in Bigeye Scad: Malimono Waters Study, entitled, "Ingestion of microplastics by bigeye scad, Selar crumenophthalmus in Municipal Waters of Malimono, Surigao del Norte, Philippines". This research paper published by the International Journal of  Biosciences | IJB, an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences, under the affiliation of the, International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study evaluated the presence of microplastic ingestion by bigeye scad, Selar crumenophthalmus from the Municipal Waters of Malimono, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. The microplastics were found in seven (7) fish individuals (11.67%) from a total of 60 fish samples examined, with an average of 0.12 ± 0.04 (mean ± SD) items per fish. Fibers (42.86%) made up the majority of the ingested plastic, followed by beads and fragments (28.57%). Only one piece of plastic was found in each of the stomachs of the seven fish samples that had consumed microplastic. The amount of microplastic that fish consumed in this study is relatively low compared to other findings from various locations. The statistical analysis proved that there is no significant difference (p>0.05) in the condition of all samples with or without microplastic ingestion in the stomach. The mean relative condition factor (Kn) both with and without microplastic ingestions is (K>1), which indicates that fish have good condition. 

Read more : Orange Peel-Chitosan:Dye Adsorption in Aqueous Solutions | InformativeBD

Introduction

Microplastics are fragments of any type of plastic less than 5 mm (0.20 in) in length (Arthur et al., 2009; Collignon et al., 2014), produced from fragmenting bigger plastics through the biological, photolytic, mechanical, and physical breakdown (Li et al., 2020). Further, the breakdown and fragmentation of plastic garbage in the ocean produce tiny plastic particles, or "microplastics" (Browne et al., 2011). 

Microplastics are frequently identified in the digestive tracts of aquatic species all around the world (Roch et al., 2020). Many marine animals, including plankton, mammals, bivalve, filter feeders, and fish, mistakenly eat microplastics because of their small sizes (Lusher et al., 2018; Baechler et al., 2019; Rist et al., 2020). 

These microplastics directly endanger marine organisms and indirectly impact the ecosystem by adsorbing other marine contaminants (Subhankar and Shivika, 2019). Fish exposed to microplastics may suffer from tissue damage, oxidative stress, changes in immune-related gene expression, and a decline in antioxidant status. Moreover, neurotoxicity slowed growth, and abnormal behavior would occur in fish (Bhuyan, 2022). Humans may also suffer oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immune system disruption, and the spread of microplastics to other organs after being exposed to them (Bhuyan, 2022). Fish intake can increase human exposure to microplastics because of the presence of these particles in fish (Barbosa et al., 2018; Barbosa et al., 2020).

Most Filipinos, particularly in Malimono, Surigao del Norte depend on fish as a main source of food and for their livelihood. Bigeye scad, a schooling pelagic species that occurs in tropical inshore waters, is one of the species abundantly caught by fishermen in the area. There is no study focused on the ingestion of microplastics by bigeye scad. Some studies on the microplastic ingestion of fish are focused only on rabbitfish, Siganus fuscescens (Bucol et al., 2020), commercial fish (Wu et al., 2010), demersal fish (Gomez et al., 2022), freshwater fishes (Rios et al., 2022), small coastal fish (Sainio et al., 2021) and others. Thus, this research was conducted to provide a piece of baseline information on the types of microplastics ingested by bigeye scad. This species feeds on small shrimp, benthic invertebrates, and forams while inshore and on zooplankton and fish larvae when offshore (Smith-Vaniz, 1995; Allen and Erdmann, 2012), making it a useful indicator of microplastic pollution in the study area.

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Source : Ingestion of microplastics by bigeye scad, Selar crumenophthalmus in Municipal Waters of Malimono, Surigao del Norte, Philippines

 

 

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Orange Peel-Chitosan: Dye Adsorption in Aqueous Solutions | InformativeBD

SP. Manobala , S. Amutha, G. Sabeena, E. Amutha1, M. Sharmila and S. Rajaduraipandian from the different institute of the india, wrote a research article about, Orange Peel-Chitosan: Dye Adsorption in Aqueous Solutions, entitled, "Adsorption of dye from aqueous solutions by orange peel with Chitosan nanocomposite: Equilibrium studies".This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub, an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This research focused on the development of adsorbents based on cheap, abundant, and locally available agricultural wastes in Tamil Nadu to adsorb dye from an aqueous solution. The goal of this study was to explore if chitosan-modified orange peel could be utilized as an adsorbent to remove colours from wastewater and if it could be employed as a traditional wastewater treatment approach in the textile sector. Using agricultural peel in decolouration technology has a lot of potential in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Super nanocomposite is made from orange peel waste combined with chitosan nanoparticles. The purpose of this batch adsorption experiment was to determine the effects of adsorbent dosages, pH, and temperature on dye adsorption from wastewater. The experiment showed that the maximum amount of dye adsorbed was 53.3mg/g at pH 6.9 with a Temperature (of 600 C) and the adsorbent dose amount of adsorbent was 1.0g/L. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was used to investigate the equilibrium adsorption behaviour. The usage of orange peel with Nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from solutions was demonstrated in this work. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in orange peels, chitosan, chitosan orange peel, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with orange peel waste were identified using FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques. Different types of Langmuir I, Langmuir II, Langmuir III, Langmuir IV, and the Freundlich model as adsorption isotherm models were investigated.

Read more: Detecting NDM-1 Gene inMBL-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa | InformativeBD

Introduction

Annual production of textile dyes is estimated to beover 8×105 tonnes of which 10% are discharged aseffluents (Zollinger, 1987). The release of these dyesin the water stream is aesthetically undesirable andhas a serious environmental impact. Due to theirintense colour, they reduce sunlight transmission intowater hence affecting aquatic plants, which ultimatelydisturbs the aquatic ecosystem; in addition, they aretoxic to humans also. The printing and textileindustry mainly contribute to the discharge of dyeeffluent and the governments of different countrieshave enacted strict rules controlling the discharge ofwaste. To minimize pollution, manufacturers andgovernment officials are seeking for solutions totackle the problem efficiently. People are looking for asystem that can remove most of the colour andgenerate reusable water from the effluent. Syntheticdyes are resistant to biological treatment and canproduce harmful by-products during hydrolysis,oxidation, or other chemical reactions taking place inthe wastewater (Li et al., 2007). Traditionaltechniques such as carbon adsorption andcoagulation by chemical agents are non-destructiveand simply transfer the contaminant from water toanother phase. A low-cost complete mineralizationprocess for the azo dyes would find extensive use forthe treatment of large volumes of wastewatergenerated from the textile industry. There are severalmethods for dye removal which include chemicalcoagulation, flocculation, chemical oxidation,photochemical degradation, membrane filtration, andaerobic and anaerobic biological degradation but allof these methods suffer from one or other limitations,and none of them were successful in completelyremoving the colour from wastewater. Dyes can beeffectively removed by the adsorption process; inwhich dissolved dye compounds attach themselves tothe surface of adsorbents (Slokar et al., 1997; Neil etal., 1999; Dizge et al., 2008).

The adsorption process/technique is widely used inthe removal of contaminants from wastewater.Liquid–solid adsorption operations are concernedwith the ability of certain solids to preferentiallyconcentrate specific substances from solution ontotheir surfaces (Chen et al., 2007). This promotedsearch for an alternative cost-effective adsorbent.Recently different low-cost adsorbents includingsome industrial and agricultural wastes (GordanMcKay et al., 1985; Namasivayam et al., 2001;Netpradit et al.,2003; Gordan McKay et al., 1980;Namasivayam et al., 1992; Namasivayam et al., 1996;McKay et al., 1986) such as fly ash, fuller’s earth,waste red mud, bentonite clay, metal hydroxidesludge, peat, pith, cotton waste, rice husk, teakwoodbark, etc. have been used but their effectiveness islimited and inferior to that of activated carbon.Adsorption has been extensively used in industrialprocesses for either separation or purification. Mostconventional adsorption plants use activated carbon,which is an expensive material. Besides, there isgrowing interest in searching for cheaper sources aslow-cost adsorbent materials for the adsorption ofdyes such as coir pith, sugar cane dust, sawdust, andactivated carbon fibers ( Janos et al., 2003;Viraraghavan et al., 1999; Acemioglu et al., 2004;Mohan et al., 2002; Al-Qodah, 2000 ) industrial solidwastes: fly ash, shale oil ash, and so on.

Currently, traditional solutions for orange peel wastemanagement (landfilling, composting, pectinextraction, animal feeding) are not economicallyattractive, since they present many drawbacks.Traditional handling techniques are either noteconomically attractive or discouraged by Europeanpolicy. As an alternative to these technologies, othersaimed at recovering energy and resources arecurrently receiving increasing attention. Theconsequential life cycle assessment adopted in thiswork compares the environmental performance of tenorange peel waste management scenarios ( Yoo et al.,2011) orange peel waste use adsorption studies for theremoval of dyes from Industrial Effluents. Chitosan isa polysaccharide that is a chitin chemical derivative.Chitin has been isolated from mollusks, crabs,prawns, shrimp, crayfish, and lobsters, among otherinvertebrates. Chitins are polymers made up of a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose disaccharide connectedby a (1-4) bond. Deacetylation of chitin with sufficient acetyl glucosamine units revealed chitosan. Chitosanhas thus found its way into a variety of applications,including adsorption, tissue regeneration, drugdelivery, biosensors, and wound dressings.

The adsorption ability of methylene blue dye utilizingorange peel with chitosan nanocomposite as anadsorbent from aqueous solutions was investigated inthis study. Under equilibrium settings, the effects ofdoses, pH, and temperature on the orange peel withchitosan nanocomposite were examined.
The adsorption equilibrium data are used to evaluatethe rate-limiting step of methylene blue adsorptionsonto orange peel with chitosan nanocomposite. Theexperimental data were computed using both theLangmuir (Different Types) and Freundlichadsorption isotherms.

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 Source: Adsorption of dye from aqueous solutions by orange peel with Chitosan nanocomposite: Equilibrium studies

 

 

 

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