Yield Potential of Meristem-Derived Potato Varieties | InformativeBD

M Rezaul Karim, Hafizur Rahman, Tanziman Ara, MST Rehena Khatun, M Monzur Hossain, and AKM Rafiul Islam, from the different institute of the  Bangladesh. wrote a research article about, Yield Potential of Meristem-Derived Potato Varieties. entitled, Yield potential study of meristem derived plantlets of ten potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.).This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Ten exotic potato varieties (var. All Blue, All Red, Cardinal, Diamant, Daisy, Granulla, Green Mountain, Japanese Red, Pontiac and Summerset) were used the present experiment during November 2010 to January 2011. In vitro grown plantlets were spend 21 days old and achieve 4-5 cm long with good root system, were transferred and established in the trial field for showing yield performance of tuber number per plant and tuber weight per plant from 10 randomly selected potato plants of each variety. The highest tuber number (57.52) per plant was recorded in var. Daisy and the lowest tuber number (8.82) per plant was recorded in red varieties. On the other hand total tuber weight per plant was the highest (344.60g) recorded in var. Diamant and total tuber weight per plant was the lowest (65.05 g) recorded in var. All blue varieties showed the most potential yield in this experiment.

Read more : Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize in Kenya | InformativeBD

Introduction

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food and cash crop in Bangladesh. It is a member of the family Solanaceae and belongs to the genus Solanum. Potato varieties are highly heterogeneous and usually vegetative propagated. Potato can be grown in all types of soil, except saline and alkaline soils. Loamy soil, sandy loamy soil and organic matter enriched soil are the most suitable for cultivation of potato crop. The potato is a crop of temperate climate and it is moderately tolerant to frost. The young plants grow best at a temperature of 24 0C. Late growth is favored at a temperature of 18 0C. Tuber production is the maximum at 20 0C and decrease with rise in temperature. At about 30 0C the tuber production is totally stop. Relative humidity is need above 50 %. Photo period are need 14-16 hours. The varieties can be grouped into two parts in Bangladesh such as indigenous potato varieties and modern varieties. Indigenous potato varieties are popular for good test but low yielding and high price. On the other hand modern varieties are high yielding. Potato is very much susceptible to the viral diseases. The yield reduction may be up to 75 % caused by the infection of some viruses. Meristem culture is one of important methods to produce virus-free stock plants. The virus-free clone produced more vigorous haulm and about 10% higher yields, attributed to more tubers rather than large ones (Bawden and Kassams, 1965). The technique has been widely applied in many countries. In our country, average production of potato was 14-16 MTs/, hectares (2008).But in our research field and many developed countries of the world it's yield 30-40 MTs /hectares. The main causes of yield reduction in Bangladesh are lack of quality seed potato, pathogen infected seed potato used, low yielding variety used and faulty management. It is proved that use of quality seed potato may produced 20-30% high yield. However, at present there is no alternative way of high yielding variety developed in the world. Because agricultural land has decrease and the people increase. Plant Breeders feel of this subject and conducted research for developed and selection of high yielding variety. As that part, study of yield potential of plantlets of ten exotic varieties of potato developed through meristem culture.

Reference

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Source : Yield potential studyof meristem derived plantlets of ten potato varieties (Solanumtuberosum L.)

 

 

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Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize in Kenya | InformativeBD

Joseph Oduor Odongo, Paul O. Angi’enda, Bramwel Wanjala, Catherine Taracha, and David M. Onyango,  from the different institute of the Kenya. wrote a research article about, Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize in Kenya. entitled, Molecular characterisation of Aspergillus flavus on imported maize through gazetted and ungazetted points of Entries in Kenya. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Maize is a vital staple crop in Kenya, serving as a primary source of food and feed. Contamination of maize (Zea mays) by Aspergillus flavus and the subsequent production of aflatoxins pose significant threats to food safety and human health. The risk of A. flavus contamination on imported maize at both gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry has not been extensively studied. The primary objective of this study was to examine the genotypic, phenotypic, and aflatoxigenic traits of A. flavus biovars derived from imported maize at Gazetted and Un-gazetted Points of Entries in Kenya. Furthermore, the study sought to establish the phylogenetic relationships among the identified A. flavus strains. A total of 600 imported maize samples were tested for aflatoxin contamination using the Total aflatoxin ELISA test. Out of 600 samples, 4.17% tested positive and were further subjected to morphological and molecular studies.  The morphological analysis revealed the presence of 13 biovars of A. flavus. Micro-morphologically, variations were observed in spore color, size, structure, conidiophore structure, and vesicle shape. The specific primers Calmodulin (CaM), the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA was successfully amplified in 10 out of the 13 biovars that were presumed to be A. flavus, confirming their positive identification as A. flavus. A single band of approximately 700 bp, which corresponds to the expected size of the ITS region in Aspergillus flavus, was observed in 10 out of the 13 biovars. This indicates the presence of A. flavus DNA in those biovars. The amplification of the ITS region provides a specific molecular marker for the identification of A. flavus. These findings highlight the significance of aflQ (ordA) and aflD (nor-1) genes as reliable markers for evaluating the aflatoxigenic potential of A. flavus biovars. Regarding aflatoxigenicity, DV-AM   method was used, and qualitative analysis was conducted. Out of the 13 biovars of A. flavus biovars tested, 23.08% exhibited aflatoxigenicity, while the remaining 10 biovars did not show any aflatoxigenicity. These findings indicate the presence of both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus among the imported maize samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Taxon 31 (AY495945.1 Aspergillus flavus biovar 92016f aflR-aflJ intergenic region partial sequence) and Taxon 32 (NR 111041.1 Aspergillus flavus ATCC 16883 ITS region from TYPE material). This genotypic and phenotypic characterization provides valuable information for understanding the diversity and potential toxigenicity of A. flavus strains on imported maize. This study contributes to the understanding of the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. flavus on imported maize in Kenya.

 

Read more : Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

Maize plays a central role in the food security and livelihoods of Kenyan populations. It serves as a staple food crop for a significant portion of the population, contributing to both dietary needs and income generation. Moreover, maize is an essential component of livestock feed, supporting the growth of the domestic livestock industry. In sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, maize is ranked third in importance among cereal crops, following rice and wheat (Shiferaw et al., 2011). The cultivation and trade of maize have a considerable impact on regional economies and food systems. Maize (Zea mays) is often contaminated by Aspergillus fungal species during pre- and post-harvest practices, storage, and transportation. Studies by Horn (2007) showed that Aspergillus species are commonly found in the soil, which acts as a source of primary inoculum for infecting developing maize kernels during the growing season. Aspergillus flavus is distributed globally with a high frequency of occurrence in warm climates which favor the growth of the fungus (Cotty et al., 1994).

Understanding the population structure and genetic diversity of A. flavus is crucial for diversification of effective management strategies. Different strains of A. flavus may have varying levels of aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, which can influence the severity of contamination in maize (Abbas et al., 2013). Additionally, certain strains may exhibit resistance or susceptibility to control measures, such as biological control agents or fungicides. Therefore, identifying specific strains or groups within the A. flavus population can aid in the selection of appropriate control strategies to minimize aflatoxin contamination. Moreover, the genetic diversity of A. flavus may also have implications for host-pathogen interactions and disease development. Different strains may exhibit variations in their ability to infect maize kernels, colonize host tissues, and compete with other microorganisms in the maize ecosystem (Atehnkeng et al., 2014). Understanding these interactions can help in the development of resistant maize varieties and cultural practices that can limit fungal growth and subsequent aflatoxin production. The population structure and genetic diversity of A. flavus strains isolated from maize play a significant role in aflatoxin contamination and disease development. The existence of multiple strains within the A. flavus population highlights the need for comprehensive investigations to characterize their phenotypic and genotypic traits. Such studies will provide insights into the factors influencing aflatoxin production, the design of effective control strategies, and the development of resistant maize varieties to minimize the health and economic risks associated with aflatoxin contamination. Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus flavus, are of great concern due to their ability to produce aflatoxins, potent carcinogens and toxins that contaminate various agricultural commodities, including maize. The accurate identification and characterization of Aspergillus species is crucial for assessing their potential to produce aflatoxins and understanding their impact on food safety.

Gene sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for the accurate identification and classification of Aspergillus species. In recent years, numerous studies have utilized gene sequencing data to characterize Aspergillus biovars from different sources. By comparing the genetic sequences of specific genes, such as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, researchers can determine the species and genetic diversity within a population. In addition to genetic characterization, a polyphasic approach is commonly employed to identify and characterize Aspergillus biovars. This approach combines morphological and molecular analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biovars. Morphological characteristics, such as colony color, texture, spore color, size and structure, conidiophore structure and vesicle shape are observed and recorded. These characteristics help in differentiating between various Aspergillus species and subgroups. Furthermore, molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of specific genetic markers, allow for a more precise identification of aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus biovars. These methods target genes associated with aflatoxin production, such as the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster genes, to determine the potential of a biovar to produce aflatoxins. The combination of gene sequencing and polyphasic approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure, and aflatoxinproducing potential of Aspergillus species, particularly A. flavus. This information is essential for risk assessment, development of effective control strategies, and ensuring the safety and quality of imported maize and other agricultural commodities.

This study contributed to the understanding of the population dynamics and potential risks associated with A. flavus in imported maize. Given the prominence of maize in Kenya, research efforts focusing on this crop are crucial. The genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize assumes particular significance in the Kenyan context. A thorough understanding of the genetic diversity and potential for mycotoxin production in A. flavus populations is essential for developing effective control strategies and mitigating the health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination. Gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry play a crucial role in facilitating the importation of maize. However, the risk of A. flavus contamination in imported maize has not been thoroughly investigated, warranting a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic characterization of this fungus. Understanding the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. flavus on imported maize is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it allows for the identification of specific genetic traits and phenotypic features associated with higher aflatoxin production, thus enabling the development of targeted control strategies. Secondly, it provides insights into the diversity of A. flavus biovars present in imported maize and their potential for aflatoxin contamination. This knowledge can contribute to risk assessment and management strategies aimed at preventing or minimizing aflatoxin contamination in the domestic maize supply chain.

Genotypic characterization involves studying the genetic makeup of A. flavus biovars to determine their relatedness, genetic diversity, and potential for toxin production. Several molecular techniques have been used for genotyping A. flavus, including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (Abdallah et al., 2018). These methods have provided valuable insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of A. flavus, highlighting the presence of distinct genotypes in different geographic regions (Klich et al., 2015). Phenotypic characterization involves studying the observable traits and behaviors of A. flavus, such as growth patterns, conidiation, and mycotoxin production. Phenotypic characterization is essential for understanding the pathogenicity and virulence of A. flavus strains on imported maize. Researchers have observed variations in colony morphology, growth rate, and sporulation among different A. flavus biovars (Calvo et al., 2016). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the production of mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins, by certain A. flavus strains (Chang et al., 2019). Phenotypic characterization provides valuable information for risk assessment and identifying high-risk A. flavus biovars in imported maize. The genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize plays a crucial role in assessing the potential health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination. By combining genotypic and phenotypic data, researchers can identify highly toxigenic A. flavus strains and evaluate their prevalence in imported maize.

This information is essential for implementing targeted control measures, such as crop management strategies, post-harvest interventions, and storage practices, to minimize mycotoxin contamination and ensure food safety (Li et al., 2020). Investigating A. flavus on imported maize specifically at gazetted and ungazetted points of entry in Kenya is crucial. Gazetted points of entry are official border checkpoints designated for the importation of agricultural products, while un-gazetted points of entry refer to informal channels through which goods, including maize, are smuggled into the country. Analyzing both types of entry points can provide a comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with A. flavus contamination in imported maize, as well as the efficacy of control measures implemented at official checkpoints. In this study, we aim to conduct a detailed genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize at both gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry in Kenya. We will analyze the genetic diversity, aflatoxin production capability, and other phenotypic traits of A. flavus biovars obtained from imported maize samples. By doing so, we hope to gain insights into the potential sources and pathways of A. flavus contamination in imported maize and develop targeted strategies to ensure the safety and quality of imported maize in Kenya.

Reference

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Atehnkeng J, Donner M, Ojiambo PS, Ikotun T, Sikora RA, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. 2014. Biological control agents for managing aflatoxin contamination in groundnut: A review. Agriculture 4(3), 197-217. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture4030197

Atehnkeng J, Ojiambo PS, Ikotun T, Sikora RA, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. 2014. Evaluation of atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(2), 378-387.

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Johnson LJ. 2015. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Aspergillus flavus Isolates from Maize Fields in Three Geographic Regions of the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63(41), 9016-9023.

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Kilonzo RM, Imungi JK, Muiru WM, Lamuka PO, Kuria EN. 2017. Genetic diversity and aflatoxin contamination of maize from eastern Kenya regions. Journal of Applied Biosciences 114, 11342-11351.

Kilonzo-Nthenge A, Monda E, Okoth S, Makori D. 2019. Aflatoxins and their fate in maize and maize-based products in Kenya: A review. Food Control 96, 219-225.

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Source : Molecular characterisation of Aspergillus flavus on imported maize through gazetted andungazetted points of Entries in Kenya

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Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Christine Ahou Kouame, Daniel Kouamé Kra, Yeyeh Marie Noël Toualy, Hortense Atta Diallo, and Arsène Irié Zoro Bi,  from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Disease-causing phytoplasmas are transmitted by insect. Their distribution and transmission of the diseases with which they are associated are strongly linked to the feeding habits and biology of the insect vectors and the conditions of the host plants. This study was carried out in Côte d’Ivoire, specifically in the Grand-Lahou locality (an area endemic to phytoplasma disease), with a view to identifying the insect carriers and vectors of cassava phytoplasma. Insects were collected from the leaves. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 150 insect specimens and indirect diagnosis was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the universal primer pair P1/P7 followed by AwkaSR/GH813f (specific primers). The molecular tests (PCR) carried out on these insects identified a probable carrier of the specie Bemisia tabaci.

Read more : New Distribution Records: Holcocerus gloriosus and Bagrada amoenula in Al Ain, UAE |InformativeBD

Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an annual plant found in tropical countries. It is grown for its protein- and vitamin-rich leaves (Dostie et al., 1999). Cassava also guarantees food security for small-scale subsistence farmers. It plays an important role in sub- Saharan Africa in efforts to alleviate the food crisis and poverty.

In Côte d'Ivoire, cassava is the second most important food crop after yam, with annual production estimated at 6,961,619 tons in 2021 (FAO, 2022). In addition, tuberous cassava roots are also the raw material for a wide range of transformations, resulting in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products (Dixon et al., 2003).

Despite its ease of adaptation to different agroecological zones, cassava cultivation is hampered by several constraints that greatly reduce cassava production worldwide. These include fungal, bacterial and especially viral diseases. In addition to the damage caused by pests (Ambang et al., 2007), diseases other than those observed and common infect cassava throughout the world. These include phytoplasma diseases (Alvarez et al., 2013). Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotic bacteria associated with disease in many cultivated and noncultivated plant species worldwide (Lee et al., 2000), living and reproducing in the phloem tissues of plants, as well as in the salivary glands and other tissues of certain hemipteran insects. These insects are mainly phytoplasma-vector leafhoppers in plants (Caasi-Lit et al., 2018).

However, phytoplasma disease remains the least studied infection in cultivated plants in Côte d'Ivoire. Studies conducted on phytoplasma diseases have shown that phytoplasma is present in cassava (Kra et al., 2017). Thus, knowledge of the mode of infection of phytoplasma disease presents an important challenge as it will help to understand the biology of the pathogen and the identification of the vector carrier of cassava phytoplasma. It will also lead to better management of cassava phytoplasma diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, phytoplasma diseases are mainly transmitted through the use of infected plant material and via vectors. The most important vectors of horizontal transmission are insects. An entomofauna population lives on cassava, in particular sucking biters. Among these insects, the Bemisia tabaci species is a major vector of viral diseases and pests of cassava (James et al., 2000). The identification of insect genera capable of carrying the phytoplasma associated with the disease is a key issue in the management of phytoplasma diseases. However, the carrier insect must be able to transmit the phytoplasma to the host plant before it develops symptoms of the disease. Identifying phytoplasmacarrying and transmitting insects in cassava makes it possible to target the insect vector for effective control of the phytoplasma disease. Like virus diseases, phytoplasma is a pathogen that is spread by insect vectors (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006).

Control of phytoplasma is directed against the insect vector of this agent. To improve management of cassava phytoplasma disease in Côte d'Ivoire, the main objective of this study was to identify the vector associated with the disease.

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Fernández F, Uset A, Baumgratz G, Conci Luis. 2018. Detection and identification of a 16SrIII-J. phytoplasma affecting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Argentina. Australasian Plant Disease 13 (1), 24.

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James B, Yaninek J, Neuenschwander P, Cudjoe A, Modder W, Echendu N, Toko M. 2000. Controlling cassava pests: an integrated pest management guide for extension workers. IITA, Cotonou, Benin, 37p.

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Kra KD, Toualy YMN, Kouamé AC, DialloA H, Arocha RY. 2017. First report of a phytoplasma affecting cassava orchards in Cote d’Ivoire. New Disease Reports 35, 21.

Lee IM, Davis RE, Gundersen-Rindal DE. 2000. Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annual Review of Microbiology 54 (1), 221-255.

Schneider B, Seemüller E, Smart CD, Kirkpatrick BC. 1995. Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms or phytoplasmas. In Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology 1, 369-380.

Tiendrebeogo F. 2010. Characterisation and epidemiological aspects of Begomoviruses infecting market garden plants and cassava in Burkina Faso. PhD thesis. University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 154p.

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 Source : Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d’Ivoire

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New Distribution Records: Holcocerus gloriosus and Bagrada amoenula in Al Ain, UAE | InformativeBD

Anitha Saji, Roland Breithaupt, Zamzam Salem Al Rashdi, Pritpal S. Soorae, and Shaikha Al Dhaheri, from the different institute of the United Arab Emirates and Thailand. wrote a research article about, New Distribution Records: Holcocerus gloriosus and Bagrada amoenula in Al Ain, UAE. entitled, Two new distribution records of carpenter Moth-Holcocerus gloriosus laudabilis (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) and Stink Bug (Bagrada (Nitilia) amoenula) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

We present here the first distribution records of two insect species for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) namely the Carpenter Moth (Holcocerus gloriosus laudabilis) and the Stink Bug (Bagrada (Nitilia) amoenula). These species were collected in a light trap from two different sites in Al Ain, Ain Al Fayda and a wadi on the western side of Jabal Hafit Mountain in Al Ain during regular seasonal wildlife trapping carried out by the Wildlife Assessment and Monitoring (WAM) invertebrate team of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD). We report a new Stink Bug species from UAE for the first time. The record represents the western limit of the distribution of the species in the Palearctic Region. The determining range expansion of insect species is vital to evaluate their impact on new ecosystems and communities.

Read more : Banana Male Flower In Vitro Regeneration | InformativeBD

Introduction

The Carpenter Moth (Holcocerus gloriosus laudabilis) is a re-find for UAE and a first record for Abu Dhabi Emirate, from a site at Ain Al Fayda in Al Ain. For the sub-species laudabilis of Holcocerus gloriosus, the UAE and Oman represent the southwestern extent of distribution. The only record for the UAE dates back to 1998 (Legrain and Wiltshire, 1998), with sampling areas outside of Abu Dhabi Emirate. The nominotypical subspecies gloriosus (Ershov, 1874) occurs in Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, North Afghanistan, North Iran), being replaced further south by spp. mesopotamicus Watkins & Buxton (Iraq, South Iran, South Afghanistan) and ssp. laudabilis (Jordan, Israel, Egypt (Sinai), Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman and UAE) (Hacker, 2016). This fascinating moth species was collected in a light trap. The moth is approximately 20 mm long with white wings having multiple light brownish spots scattered all over on the forewings. Also a few spots scattered on the apical area. Yakovlev, 2015 gives the variation of the forewing length with 12–20 mm for males and 16– 21 mm for females and describes the forewings as white with small brown points at the veins and the hindwings as white. Cossidae moths usually lay large numbers of eggs on trees or shrubs into crevices or under the bark through an extensible ovipositor and the larvae live in the roots, trunks or branches and require from 1 to 4 years to emerge as imago. Wiltshire reported its “Larvae in roots of desert plants” (Hacker, 2016). Adults have been recorded on wing from February to May in Israel (Yakovlev, 2015), which is towards the end of the cold season, just after the months of main precipitation. In UAE, adults have been recorded in the mid of June 2021, whereas all other Cossidae species in UAE are usually on the wing from end of October to beginning of March, peaking in December and January, after the main winter rains. The unusual pattern of heavy rain in Al Ain from mid-April to beginning of June 2021, which might have increased the soil moisture, could have effects on pupal development which could influence the dynamics of the emergence of these moths and populations.

Reference

Aukema B, Rieger C, Rabitsch W. 2013. Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Volume 6. Supplement. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, xxiv + 629 pp.

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EAD. 2020. 2019 Terrestrial, Marine and Intertidal Habitat Classification Schema Document: V3.5. In S-Dite, H. (ed). Terrestrial and Marine Habitat Mapping from Satellite Imagery. Environment Agency Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Fent M, Gözüaçık C, Yiğit A. 2010: Türkiye Bagrada Stål, 1862. (Pentatomidae: Strachiini) cinsi türlerinin gözden geçirilmesi veyeni bir kayıt: Bagrada amoenula (Walker, 1870). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 34(1), 75-87.

Gullan PJ, Cranston PS. 2010. The insects: an outline of entomology (4th edition). J Insect Conserv 14, 745–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9351-x

Hacker. 2016. Systematic and illustrated Catalogue of the Macroheterocera and Cossoidea, Zygaenoidea, Thyridoidea and Hyblaeoidea of the Arabian Peninsula, Esperiana Vol. 20

Jongbloed MVD. 2003. The Comprehensive Guide to the Wildflowers of the United Arab Emirates. Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, Abu Dhabi, 576 pp.

Legrain A, Wiltshire EP. 1998. Provisional Checklist of the Macro-heterocera of UAE, Tribulus  8(2), 5-8.

Linnavuori RE. 2012. Studies on Pyrrhocoroidea, Coreoideaand Pentatomoidea of Khuzestan and the Adjacent Prov-inces of Iran (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Acta EntomologicaMusei Nationalis Pragae 52, 67–88.

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Rider D. 2006. Family Pentatomidae Leach, 1815. In: B. Aukema & Ch. Rieger (Eds.). Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region Pentatomorpho II, The Netherlands Entomological Society 5, 233-414.

Sakenin H, Samin N, Rastegar J, Havaskary M, Imani S, Linnavuori RE. 2010. A faunistic survey on Heteroptera (Insecta) of Western Iran. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 42, 861–872.

Sakenin H, Samin N, Shakouri MJ, Mohebbi HR, Ezzatpanah S, Moemen Beitollahi S. 2011. A faunistic survey of the insect predators in some regions of Iran. Calodema 142, 1–10.

Sakkir S, Shah JN, Cheruth AJ, Kabshawi M. 2015. Phenology of desert plants from an arid gravel plain in eastern United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Land 7(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-014-0036-2

Samin N, Sakenin H, Linnavuori R, Havaskary M, Mohebbi HR. 2011. A faunistic survey of Heteroptera (Insecta) from western Iran. Calodema 146, 1–12.

Staudinger O. 1899. Neue paläarktische Lepidopteren. Deuthche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 12, 157–159.

Yakovlev RV. 2011. Catalogue of the family Cossidae of the Old World (Lepidoptera), Neue Entomol. Nachr. 66, 1–129.

Yakovlev RV. 2012. Trophic relations of carpenter moths (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from the Old World, Evraz. Entomol. Zh. 11(1), 189–194.

Yakovlev RV. 2015. Patterns of geographical distribution of carpenter moths (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) in the old world. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 8, 36-50.

Yakovlev RV. 2018. A New Species and New Records of the Genus Meharia Chretien, 1915 (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from the Middle East and Central Asia.

Source : Two new distribution records of carpenter Moth-Holcocerus gloriosus laudabilis (Lepidoptera:Cossidae) and Stink Bug (Bagrada (Nitilia) amoenula) (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

 

 

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Banana Male Flower In Vitro Regeneration | InformativeBD

Md Tipu Sultan, Mahboob Hossain Khan, Md Lokman Hakim, ANK Mamun, Md Alam Morshed,   Md Rofiqul Islam, and Md Rokibul Islam,   from the different institute of the  Bangladesh.. wrote a research article about, Banana Male Flower In Vitro Regeneration. entitled, In vitro plant regeneration from male flowers of banana. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The present study was undertaken with a view to establish a protocol on in vitro regeneration of plants by using young male flowers of banana (Musa sp. cv. Sabri) as explant. Appropriate developmental stage of immature male flowers for inoculation, medium composition for induction of calli, regeneration of plants, rooting of in vitro regenerated shoots, acclimatization of in vitro regenerated plantlets and ex vitro establishments of plantlets were worked out. Young male flowers obtained by striping away the bracts in between 24 to 26 were found suitable as explants for induction of callus. The isolated male flowers were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of three auxins viz. 2, 4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), NAA (Napthaleneacetic acid) and IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) for induction of callus. Only two of the two medium composition yielded calli. The better response (20%) was recorded in MS medium containing 2.0 2, 4-D + 0.5 NAA + 0.5 IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) (mg/l). The calli were cultured on MS medium fortified with different concentrations of BA (Benzyladenine), NAA, IAA and Glutamine or Caesin hydrolysate (CH) to regenerate shoots. MS medium having the supplementation of 1.0 BA + 0.5 IAA + 500 CH (mg/l) was appeared best for regeneration of shoots. Single isolated regenerated shoots were implanted on MS medium supplemented with three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l) of IBA or NAA to induce root. IBA at a concentration of 1.0 mg/l produced best rooting. The plantlets were gradually acclimatized and transferred to the soil. The survival percentage was about 90%.

Read more :  Stocking Density Impact on Tilapia Juvenile Growth and Survival | InformativeBD

Introduction

Banana is one of the most important and remunerative cash crops grown round the year in Bangladesh. The energy and nutritional status of banana are much higher than other common tropical and subtropical fruits. The average yield of banana is 14 t/ha, which is lower compared to other banana-producing countries in the world (Islam and Hoque, 2004). Higher yield of banana can play a pivotal role in the economy of Bangladesh. It is possible to increase the yield of banana by using disease free high yielding variety, modern technology of production as well as post harvest management. Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important nutritious fruit crops of the world and grown in many tropical areas where they are used both as a staple food and dietary supplements (Assani et al., 2001).

In our country, Sabri (AAB) is the second important commercial cultivar of banana after Amritsagar (AAA) (Islam and Hoque 2004). However, cultivar Sabri is highly susceptible to panama disease (Fusarium wilt) caused by Fusarium oxysporum ssp. cubense. So, there is a scope to improve this variety by the development of somaclonal variant through indirect oraganogenesis. Most of the edible bananas are sterile polyploids and must be propagated vegetatively. So, genetic improvement of this plant through cross breeding is an insurmountable task. Tissue culture technique using shoot or meristem tips are suitable for large-scale production of uniform and vigorously growing propagules for field establishment. The combination of mutation breeding and in vitro culture has been suggested as an alternative approach for banana improvement (Novak et al., 1990). However, the main limitation of this technique is the high degree of chimerism. Repeated vegetative propagation is needed to dissociate chimeras, but the minimum requiring number of cycles is unknown (Roux, 2004). So, somaclonal variation may be an alternative option for the improvement of banana ( A.H. Kabir et al., 2008; Nasrin,S. et al., 2003; Denise M. Seliskar et al., 2000; Larkin, P.J. et al., 1981;). Keeping the above significant points in mind, the present research aimed at regenerating plants through indirect organogenesis in banana by using young male flower buds as explants. The specific objectives of the present study are (i) to find out suitable stage of development of male flower bud as explant, (ii) to optimize growth regulators in culture medium for induction of calli and for shoot regeneration from calli, (iii) to optimize auxins in the culture medium for induction of root in regenerated shoot, and (iv) to acclimatize, harden and establishment of the plantlets in the soil.

Reference

Kabir AH, Mahfuz I, Razvy MA, M. MB, Alam MF. 2008. Indirect Organogenesis and Somaclonal Variation in Four Rice Cultivars of Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 4(4), 451-458.

Alsadon AA, Al-Mohaideb M, Rahman MH, Islam R. 2004. Evaluation of vegetative growth traits of eight potato cultivars. Bangladesh J. Genet. Biotech. 5(1&2), 61-64.

Assani A, Bakry F., Kerbellec F. 2001. Plant regeneration from protoplasts of dessert banana Grande Naine (Musa spp., Cavendish sub-group AAA) via somatic embryogenesis, Plant Cell Rep. 20, 482.

Bakry F, Assani A, Kerbellec F. 2008. Haploid Induction: androgenesis in Musa balbisiana. Fruits 63, 45-49.

Bhaskar J, Arvindakchan M, Balsalakumari PK, Rajeevan PK. 1993. Micropropagation studies in banana. South Indian Hort. 41, 186-191.

Denise M. Seliskar, John L. Gallagher. 2000. Exploiting wild population diversity and somaclonal variation in the salt marsh grass Distichlis spicata (Poaceae) for marsh creation and restoration; American Journal of Botany 87(1), 141–146.

Hakim L, Ahmed G, Kabir H, Mamun ANK, Roy PK, Islam MR, Khan R. 2008. Production of doubled haploids in banana. Abstract. Proc. FAO/IAEA Intl. Symp. Induced Mutations in Plants held in Vienna, Austria from 12-15 Aug., 2008. IAEA-CN-167-263P, 121.

Hong W, Debergh P. 1995. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in garden leek. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 43, 21-28.

Islam S, Hoque A. 2004. Status of banana production in Bangladesh. Molina, A.B., Eusebio, J.E., V.N. Roa, I. Van Den Bergh, M.A.G. Maghuyop, K.H. Borromeo (eds.). Advancing banana and plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific, Proc. 2nd BAPNET Steering Committee Meeting, Jakarta, Indonesia 12, 33-41.

Kaeppler SM, Kaeppler H.F, Rhee Y. 2000. Epigenetics aspect of somaclonal variation in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 43, 179-188.

Khanam D, Hoque MA, Khan M.A., Quasem A. 1996. In vitro propagation of banana (Musa sp.). Plant Tissue Culture 6, 89-94.

Kulkarni VM, Suprasanna P, Bapat VA. 2006. Plant regeneration through multiple shoot formation and somatic embryogenesis in a commercially important and endangered Indian banana cv. Rajeli. Curr. Sci. 90(6), 842-850.

Larkin PJ, Scowcroft WR. 1981. Somaclonal variation and crop improvement. In:Genetic Engineering of Plants. An Agricultural Perspective, T. Kosuge, C.R. Meredilh and M. Hollander (eds.) Plenum Press, 289-314.

Nasrin S, Hossain MM, Khatun A, Alam MF, Mondal MRK. 2003. Induction and evaluation of somaclonal variation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Bio. Sci. 3(2), 183-190.

Novak FJ, Afza R, Duren MV, Omar MS. 1990. Mutation Induction by gamma irradiation of in vitro cultured shoot-tips of banana and plantain (Musa sp.), Trop. Agr. (Trinidad) 67, 21-28.

Raut RS, Lakhnade VE. 1989. Propagation of plantain through meristem culture. Ann. Plant. Physiology 3, 256-260.

Roux N. 2004. Mutation induction in Musa – review. In: Banana Improvement –Cellular, Molecular Biology and Induced Mutations (Mohan J. and S. R. Swennen, Eds.), Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield (NH), USA, Plymouth, UK, 23-32.

 Source : In vitro plant regeneration from male flowers of banana

 

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Stocking Density Impact on Tilapia Juvenile Growth and Survival | InformativeBD

Yao Laurent Alla, Kouamé Marcel N’dri, Yao Nicolas Amon, Kouadio Mesac N’guessan, Kouassi Tano, and Kouakou Yao,  from the different institute of the Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Stocking Density Impact on Tilapia Juvenile Growth and Survival. entitled, Effect of stocking density on the growth and survival of Tilapia juveniles (Sarotherodon melanotheron) reared in happas at Layo station (Dabou, Côte d’Ivoire). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of stocking density on the growth and survival of Sarotherodon melanotheron juveniles. To do this, 300 individuals with an initial average weight 4.13 ± 1.96 g and an initial average length 5.79 ± 0.89 cm were monitored for 42 days, in triplicate, at four densities (0.2; 0.4; 0.6 and 0.8 ind. /L) in happas of 50 liters volume. Fish were fed at 10% of their biomass with koudijs feed. A weekly sampling was carried out, during which ten (10) individuals were taken at random, they were weighed and measured individually. The physico-chemical parameters of water were measured daily. At the end of the experiment, the 0.8 ind. /L density gave the best growth results, with values of 16.27 ± 2.36g; 9.17 ± 0.92 cm; 0.29 ± 0.08 g/d ; 2.11 ± 0.08 and 443.67 ± 56.44 g, respectively for final average weight, final average length, ADG, condition factor and total biomass. For the survival rate, the highest value (95.00 ± 1.33%) was recorded in individuals with a density of 0.4 ind./L while those with a density of 0.8 ind./ L gave the lowest survival (80.00 ± 1.33%). Other densities could be tested and in other breeding structures to better appreciate the influence of this factor on the growth and survival of this species.

Read more :  Tomato Nematode Diagnosis in Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Côte d’Ivoire, fish is the most accessible source of animal protein for all social classes, due to its availability in all seasons and its relatively lower price compared to meat (MIRAH, 2022a). Average annual consumption per capita is 25.6 kg (MIRAH, 2019). National fish production, estimated at around 100 000 tonne/year, remains insufficient regarding the needs of the population, estimated at over 600,000 tonne/year (MIRAH, 2022a). National aquaculture production is 4,500 tonnes per year, or 4.5% of national fish production. The annual deficit of almost 500,000 tonne/year is made up by imports in frozen form (Avit et al., 2012; Ducroquet et al., 2017). This represents a significant currency outflow of 310 billion CFA francs in the national budget (MIRAH, 2022a).

In order to raise the level of local production, the country has initiated several aquaculture and fisheries development programs, the latest of which are the PSDEPA (Strategic Plan of Livestock, Fishery and Aquaculture Development) (2014-2020), PSTACI (Strategic Program of Aquaculture Transformation in Côte d’Ivoire) and PONADEPA 2022-2026 (National Policy of Livestock, Fishery and Aquaculture Development). The aim is to reduce the country's dependence on the outside world and enable Ivorians to consume fresh local fish at a competitive price (MIRAH, 2022b).

Public organization including the Oceanological Research Center (ORC) were created and tasked with identifying and studying local species with aquaculture potential, in order to make them available to fish farmers (MIRAH, 2022a). Among the species, the Tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron is a good candidate due to the quality of its flesh.

However, for successful intensive farming of this species, it is important to control stocking density, which remains a factor determining the productivity of fish farming systems. High stocking densities are a potential source of stress that can limit fish growth and well-being when physiological and spatial requirements are not met (Le Ruyet et al., 2008). Fry from high-performance strains still fail to grow properly unless good stocking practices are followed (Osofero et al., 2009). Stocking density is a major concern in fish farming. This is why, to contribute to the control of the breeding of tilapia S. melanotheron, we are undertaking the present study which has the theme "Effect of stocking density on the growth and survival of juveniles in happas".

The general objective of this work is to determine the optimal density which allows for better growth and survival results during the rearing of S. melanotheron juveniles.

Reference

Amoussou TO, Toguyeni A, Imorou TI, Chikou A, Youssao AKI. 2016. Caractéristiques biologiques et zootechniques des tilapias africains Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) et Sarotherodon melanotheron Ruppell, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 10(4), 1869-1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v10i4.35

Avit JBLF, Bony KY, Kouassi NC, Konan KF, Assemian O, Allouko JR. 2012. Conditions écologiques de production de fingerlings d‘Oreochromis niloticus (Linné, 1758) en association avec le riz WITA 12 en étang. Journal of Applied Biosciences 59, 4271-4285.

Ducroquet H, Tillie P, Louhichi K, Gomez YPS. 2017. L’agriculture de la Côte d’Ivoire à la loupe: Etats des lieux des filières de productions végétales et animales et revue des politiques agricoles. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 244 p.

Gbaï M, Yao K, Atsé Y. 2014. Etude comparée de la croissance et de la survie des hybrides Sarotherodon melanotheron X Oreochromis niloticus, de O. niloticus et des tilapias autochtones des lagunes Ivoiriennes (S. melanotheron et Tilapia guineensis). Livestock Research for Rural Development 26(1), 1-8.

Jennings DP, Williams JD. 1993. Factors influencing the distribution of blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, in the Indian River system, Florida. Northeast Gulf Science 12(2), 111-117.

Le Ruyet JP, Labbe L, Le Bayon N, Severe A, Le Rou A, Le Delliou H, Quemener L. 2008. Combined effects of water quality and stocking density on welfare and growth of rainbow trout. Aquatic Living Resources 2, 185-195.

MIRAH. 2022a. Récentes évolutions dans le secteur de l’aquaculture en Côte d’Ivoire. Atelier de validation de la méthodologie du système intégré de collecte et de traitement de données statistiques de production aquacole, Abidjan, 06 avril 2022, 35 p.

MIRAH. 2022b. Politique nationale de développement de l’élevage, de la pèche et de l’aquaculture (PONADEPA 2022-2026), Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire, 178 p.

MIRAH. 2019. Annuaire des statistiques des pêches et de l’aquaculture. Direction de l’Aquaculture et des pêches (DAP), 30 p.

Osofero SA, Otubusin SO, Daramola JA. 2009. Effect of stocking density on O. niloticus growth and survival in bamboo-net cages. African Journal of Biotechnology  8(7), 1322-1325.

Ouattara NI, N’Douba V, Kone T, Snoeks J, Philippart JC. 2005. Performances de croissance d’une souche isolée du tilapia estuarien Sarotherodon melanotheron (Perciformes, Cichlidae) en bassins en béton, en étangs en terre et en cages flottantes. Annale de l’Université Marien Ngouabi 6(1), 113-119.

Ouattara NI, Teugels GG, N’Douba V, Philippart JC. 2003. Aquaculture potential of the black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron (Cichlidae). Comparative study of the effect of stocking density on growth performance of landlocked and natural populations under cage culture conditions in Lake Ayame (Côte d’Ivoire), Aquaculture Research 34(13), 1223-1229.

Ross LG. 2000. Environmental physiology and energetics. In Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation, Beveridge MCM, McAndrew BJ (eds). Springer Netherlands (Fish and Fisheries Series): Netherlands, 89-128.

Source : Effect of stocking density on the growth and survival of Tilapia juveniles (Sarotherodonmelanotheron) reared in happas at Layo station (Dabou, Côte d’Ivoire)

 

 

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