Advances in Sugarcane Transcriptome Research | InformativeBD

Shafee Ur Rehman, from the institute of Kyrgyzstan. wrote a Research Article about Advances in Sugarcane Transcriptome Research. Entitled, Recent developments in sugarcane transcriptome. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Hybrid sugarcane is one of the major industrially important cash crops. Cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions, it is a C4, tall-stalked plant of the Poaceae family which provides 80% world sugar and bioethanol. The genome of hybrid represents polyploidy originating from two Saccharum species Saccharum officinarum L. and Saccharum spontaneum L. The complexity of the polyploid genome remains a challenge for researchers to analyze the whole genome sequence of sugarcane. The recent, more sophisticated DNA sequencing technologies have made studying the genomes of the closest species possible. Once the whole genome of sugarcane is available, it becomes easier to understand the hybrid. transcriptome sequencing by High Throughput Illumina sequencing technology has a great role in studying an organism’s total transcriptome at different developmental stages, in different tissues, and under environmental stimuli. Large-scale expression profiling techniques of hybrid Saccharum involving generating sequence tags or hybridizing RNA samples with nucleotide probes have been used. In this review, we mainly focused on the recent developments in the transcriptome analysis of sugarcane.

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Introduction

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the important commercial crops harvested mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas. The hybrid Saccharum is a tall perennial true grass with sweet stalk rich in sucrose content. It belongs to the family Poaceae (family with seed plants like maize, sorghum, rice, wheat and many other important grasses), genus Saccharum and tribe Andropogoneae. The modern complex Saccharum is derived by the interbreeding of Saccharum species. Sugarcane is the major source of sugar. All the modern sugarcane crop species are interbreed (Vilela et al., 2017). The sugarcane production in the year 2018/19 estimated at 21 million tonnes and around 19.5 million next year. Brazil is the largest producer with yield at about 28.6 million tonnes of sugar in year 2018/19 (Anonymous, 2019).

According to Food and Agriculture Organization in 2018 reported that the crops are cultivated on about 64 million acres (26million hectares) in more than 100 countries. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of world sugar. It was cultivated almost in all tropical and subtropical parts of the globe (sugar beets grown in cold regions). The products of sugarcane other than sugar are molasses, rum, falernum, cachaça (Brazil traditional spirit), ethanol, and bagasse. People use sugarcane reeds to make mats, pens, thatch and screens. In some regions like south, southeast Asia, Fiji and some island communities in Indonesia the young unexpended inflorescence of Saccharum edule (tebu telor or duruka) is eaten raw, toasted or steamed and prepared and eaten in some way (Dahlia et al., 2010).

The sugarcane crop is the incent crop of the Papuan and Austronesian people. This crop was introduced to Madagascar, island Melanesia and Polynesia by Austronesian sailors. In southern china and India the crops was introduced by Austronesian traders round about 1000 to 1200 BC (Daniels and Menzies, 1996).

The Greeks followed the Persian encountered the famous “reeds that produce honey without bees” in India round about in 4th or 6th centuries BC. They spread and adopted the sugarcane agriculture (Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. 2009). Dealers began to start trading of sugar from India, which is known as an expensive and luxurious spice. The sugarcane crop was introduced to South America, Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean in 18th century AD. The need of laborers becomes a major driver of large human migration, both the voluntary in indentured servants (The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom, 2010) and the involuntary migrations, in the form of slave labor (Sidney, 1986).

The sugarcane plant form lateral shoots at the base yield to multiple stems, typically the stems is 3 to 4 m (10 to 13 feet.) (Fig. 1) high and the diameter is 5cm (2 in). The sugarcane stalk grown from stem, the mature stalk of Saccharum hybrid mostly consists of 75% of the entire plants. The sugarcane crop is mainly composed of 63 to 73% of water, 12 to 16% soluble sugar, 11 to 16% fiber and 2 to 3% non-sugars. The sugarcane plant is mostly sensitive to stresses (biotic and abiotic stresses), the response to stress varies among the cultivars, and also it depends on time period of harvesting, fertilizer and climate. The yield may vary between 30 and 180 tons/hectare, depending on management and crop cultivation techniques. It is also used as a fodder for livestock (Perez, 1997).

According to botanical description, six species of genus Saccharum namely S. officinarum, S. spontaneum, S. edule, S. barberi, S. robustum and S. sinense have been reported worldwide (D'Hont et al., 1998) (Table 1). The modern Saccharum hybrid cultivars are derived from introgression among S. spontaneum, Miscanthus sinensis and Erianthus arundinaceus (Daniels and Roach, 1987), although some data supports it originating from S. robustum (Amalraj and Balasundaram, 2006). However, Irvine (1999) has proposed that grouping six Saccharum species should be reduced to only two major species as S. officinarum and S. spontaneum on the basis of inter-fertility grouping of species and insufficient discriminative traits to nominate separate species. Moreover, it has been discussed in few reports that Erianthus is synonym of Saccharum and therefore Erianthus spp. should be incorporated into Saccharum genus (Burner and Webster, 1994). It is thought that the word Saccharum derived from Sanskrit Sharkara (Daniels and Roach, 1987).

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