White Spot Syndrome Virus: A Major Threat to Shrimp Farming in Asia | InformativeBD

Joyanta Bir,  Pallabi Howlader, Sunuram Ray,  Shamima Sultana,  S. M. Ibrahim Khalil, and Ghausiatur Reza Banu, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Review Article about, White Spot Syndrome Virus: A Major Threat to Shrimp Farming in Asia. Entitled, A critical review on White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV): A potential threat to shrimp farming in Bangladesh and some Asian countries. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology(IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

WSSV is one of the alarming pathogen all over the world especially for the tropical countries. It causes huge economic loss through rapid mortality of crustacean and some of important mollusks species. Immediately after occurrence in 1992, this disease continuously depletes the world aquaculture production. It is more severe in Asian country and high prevalence in winter sometime after heavy rainfall. Morphologically WSSV consists with a double strand DNA with a 6-7 nm thick envelope, a nucleocaspid and proteins. The nested PCR is the most reliable technique to detect WSSV DNA from shrimp products. Farmer should be given additional concern to prevent the outbreak this virulence virus. Therefore the current study aim is to focus on some biological and economical aspects of WSSV pathogen. This will be an useful reviews article for the aquaculture science.

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Introduction

Status of shrimp farming in world Shrimp aquaculture is foremost earning industries in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world especially in Asia and Australia. It has a very significance contribution in national income, food security, employment opportunities to both rural and coastal people and eventually in poverty alleviation. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2014), Shrimp is occupying the largest single commodity in international market and contribute about 15 percent of the total value of traded fishery products in 2012. 

The FAO and GOAL survey estimate that the global production of farm-raised shrimp will reach 3.8 million tonnes in 2012 (Fig. 1) and 4 million tonnes in 2013 (Valderrama et al., 2012). About 50 percent shrimp are captured from the Northwest and Western Central Pacific ocean, Indian Ocean and Western Atlantic Ocean also contribute 20 and 17 percent of the total respectively. In the world of shrimp aquaculture, the most important two species are the Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, sometime Penaeus indicus also attain important for farming. In Asia most shrimp aquaculture occurs in China, followed by Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, and Bangladesh (Fig. 2).

Therefore In Bangladesh, shrimp farming has rapidly expanded since 1980s (Debnath et al., 2014) and now this sector is the second largest export earnings sources contributing about 5% to national GDP (Hossain et al., 2014; Rahman and Hossain, 2013) and approximately 8.5 million Bangladeshi peoples particularly coastal regions peoples directly depend on this sector for their livelihood (DoF, 2013). The main cultured species is black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), and in 2010-2011 Bangladesh produced 56,569 MT of tiger shrimp with an export value of approximately $462 million (DOF, 2012). 

The major viruses of concern for shrimp aquaculture are white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow head virus (YHV), taura syndrome virus (TSV), infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), gill-associated virus (GAV), monodon slow growth virus (MSGS) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) (Walker and Mohan, 2009).

In recent year’s White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a major threat to Shrimp Aquaculture in many country especially Asian countries. As a result shrimp production was drastically decreases and many shrimp farmer and hatchery owner had to face huge economic loses. But they have no clear idea about the syndrome of this WSSV virus. So the objective of this review article is to give clear idea about some biological aspect of WSSV virus and the consequence of WSSV virus with some mitigation procedure and economic aspects.

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen responsible for the white spot diseases (WSD) in cultured penaeid shrimp. WSSV is the only member of the genus Whispovirus, and family, Nimaviridae (Reddy et al., 2013; (Walker and Mohan, 2009). Depending on clinical sign initially WSSV virus was known in different names like Hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis baculovirus (HHNBV), chinese baculovirus (CBV), systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV), penaeid rodshaped DNA virus (PRDV) or rodshaped nuclear virus of Penaeus japonicus (RV-PJ), and white spot disease (WSD) to the researcher (Reddy et al., 2013)

History of outbreak and world Distribution White spot disease (WSD) was first reported in June 1992 in cultured kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus Bate, 1888) in the Fujian Province of China and in nearby Taiwan (Jiang 2009; Walker and Mohan, 2009). The disease then spread to Japan in 1993 where it was reported from farmed M. japonicus (Walker and Mohan, 2009; Nakano et al., 1994).

Over the next few years the disease became widespread throughout Southeast Asia, spreading to Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India, causing hundreds of million dollars economic losses for the shrimp industry every year. In Bangladesh, WSSV was first identified in 1994 from a semi-intensive farm in Cox's Bazar, and then subsequently in 1996 the disease spread to Khulna region and other southwest part country, affecting approximately 90% of extensive shrimp farms and causing a 20% drop in national shrimp production. As a result the shrimp exports in Bangladesh dropped from 25,742 tonnes to 18,630 tonnes in 1997–1998 (Debnath et al., 2014). The first recorded outbreak of WSSV in the Americas was at a farm in Texas in November 1995 (Lightner et al., 1997). In 1999 WSSV first appeared in Panama and within two months the disease spread north to Honduras and Guatemsala.

In late 1999, WSSV spread in Ecuador (Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2014) therefore drastically down their shrimp export (nearly 70%) (Walker and Mohan, 2009). It was anticipated that the reasons behind this rapid spread are mainly due to the potency of the virus, lack of its awareness and prevention, global expansion of the industry and increasing intensive shrimp farming practices (Chakraborty and Ghosh, 2014). WSSV also reached Spain and Australia in 2000-2001. In both cases, successful containment and eradication were reported and for both events (OIE, 2013)

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