Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles from Calotropis gigantea for Sunlight-Driven Dye Degradation I InformativeBD

Md. Anwarul Kabir Bhuiya,  Md. Shahnawaz Parvez,  Jahanara Nasrin,  Md shoeb,  Md Abdur Rahman, Md. Asadul Islam, Md. Saiful Islam, and Samia Tabassum, from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research Article about, Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles from Calotropis gigantea for Sunlight-Driven Dye Degradation. entitled, Biogenic Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles from Leaf and Latex Extract of Calotropis gigantea for Sunlight Mediated Photocatalytic Degradation of MB Dye. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles, specifically magnetite (-NPs), have become widely used and a significant area of research due to their superparamagnetism and distinctive properties. As a result, scientists are diligently looking into new uses for these nanoparticles. The choice and use of synthesis techniques are important variables that can affect the size and characteristics of the nanoparticles (NPs). The use of toxic chemicals that are absorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles has been linked to a number of negative effects of chemical synthesis methods. The Green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as an eco-friendly method in response to environmental concerns, giving researchers the chance to worldwide investigate the potential of various herbs for nanoparticle synthesis. Green synthesis is considered as a novel, rapid, and eco-friendly method for obtaining metallic nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, magnetite nanoparticles (-NPs) were successfully synthesized using Calotropis gigantea (Akanda) leaf and latex extract. The NPs were identified and characterized by visual observation, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), UV–vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The UV–vis spectrum showed board absorption without having any strong absorption peak, which confirmed the formation of -NPs. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic peak at 602 and 438, typical for Fe–O bond. The VSM curve doesn’t show any hysteresis loop which confirms the superparamagnetic behavior of -NPs. The saturation magnetization is 60emu/gm for CG leaf -NPs and 53emu/gm for CG latex -NPs. TGA confirms the high temperature stability of -NPs and the weight loss in TGA curve is due to the decomposition of organic biomolecules acting as a capping agent on the surface of the -NPs. The DTA curve shows an endothermic peak for the evaporation and decomposition of water and capping agents. The exothermic peak in DTA curve is due to the high temperature phase transition of -NPs to FeO. The photcatalytic activity of -NPs for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye was demonstrated by using UV–vis spectroscopy. It is expected that the synthesized -NPs could be a promising material to treat industrial wastewater via a profitable, sustainable, and eco-friendly approach.

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 Introduction

Industries like textiles, leather, plastic, foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and paper-pulp industries are increasing day by day. Bangladesh has the world's largest textile industry, and they release untreated effluents containing toxic chemicals into oceans, rivers, and canals. This poses a threat to marine life, ecosystems, and biodiversity, as well as to the health of people who rely on these water sources for daily living. The organic dyes present into the effluent of these industries are one of the most serious water pollutants. These dyes have a highly complex structure, due to which they are stable and pose detrimental effects on environment. So, the complete removal of organic dyes from industrial effluents before they are released into the environment (water bodies) is necessary. The degradation of dyes is one of the major challenges in wastewater treatment. Various methods like ozonation, adsorption, electrodialysis, flocculation, etc. are used for the removal of dye from wastewater. These methods are usually costly, slow, and less efficient (Pai et al., 2019).

Degradation of dyes with the help of metal or metal oxide NPs has been explored recently to develop a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method. Due to their unusual physical, surface chemical, and catalytic properties, metal/metal oxide NPs have attracted great attention (Jain et al., 2005). Low cost, good stability, easy synthesis, high magnetic permeability, and certain unique physiochemical properties make iron oxide NPs of great interest among the various metal oxide NPs. Fe3O4-NPs (magnetite NPs) have drawn a lot of attention among the various types of iron oxide nanoparticles, including FeO, α- Fe2O3, β- Fe2O3, and γ-Fe2O3, due to its notable qualities, including superparamagnetic property, biocompatibility, and high surface to volume ratio (Vinayagam et al., 2017). Due to their distinctive qualities, they have become indispensable in a variety of industries, including biomedicine, healthcare, agriculture and food, environmental remediation, energy, defense and aerospace, building and construction, automotive and textiles, and electronics (Dash et al., 2019). Iron oxide nanomaterials are effective at removing both organic and inorganic contaminants from water because of their exceptional properties (Qiu et al., 2011). The superparamagnetic behavior of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) is a benefit. The removal of the nanoparticles by the magnetic field after purification makes the purification procedure easier, more affordable, and secure to handle. These particles can be reused, thus making wastewater treatment more cost-effective and sustainable.

For the synthesis of Fe3O4 MNPs, a number of techniques have been reported in the literature, including the hydrothermal process Jiao (et al., 2008), sonochemical method Islam et al., (2011), micro-emulsion technique Deng, et al., (2003), electrochemical route Franger et al., (2004), sol-gel technique Unal et al., (2010) and co-precipitation method (Prasad et al., 2016).

However, the aforementioned methods are very expensive, call for expensive equipment, hazardous chemicals, and energy-intensive operating conditions. Additionally, the toxic byproducts produced by chemical methods pollute the environment (Vinayagam et al., 2017). 

Increasing attention is being paid to biological methods due to a number of drawbacks of chemical and physical methods. Here, environmentally friendly, cost-effective green synthesis of Fe3O4 MNPs has been developed as a substitute for traditional chemical and physical methods. Due to its distinctive qualities, such as the use of plant or biological resources, straightforward protocols, stable, improved NPs, and rapidness, green synthesis is currently becoming a well-known and emerging technique (Dash et al., 2019). Additionally, different phytochemicals found in plant extracts function during the formation of NPs as capping and reducing agents. The rise in research publications in recent years supports the growing acceptance of plantmediated green synthesis of NPs (Vinayagam et al., 2017).

A survey of earlier literature suggests that extracts from various part of plants such as Carob extract, Carcia papaya hot water extract (Rahmani et al., 2020). Azadirachtaindica hot water extract (Jagathesan et al., 2018). Albiziaadianthifolia hot water extract (Taibet al., 2018). Platanusorientalis L. hot water extract (Sulaiman et al., 2018). Andean blackberry hot water extract (Nurbas et al., 2017). Shanghai white tea (Camellia sinensis) (Kumar et al., 2016). Amaranthusspinosus water extract (Shojaee et al., 2016). Hordeumvulgare aqueous extract (Muthukumaret al., 2015. Carob hot water extract (Awwad et al., 2012). Sargassummuticum (Seaweed) (Mahdavi et al., 2013). Plantain peel extract (Venkateswarluet al., 2013). Eucalyptus Globulus (Balamurugan et al., 2014). Ocimumsanctum (DaturaInoxiaDas et al., 2014). Centellaasiatica (Lakshmi et al., 2015). Jatropha gosspifolia Karkuzhali et al., 2015). Kappaphycusalvarezi (Seaweed) Yew et al., (2016), etc. have been explored for the synthesis of Fe3O4-NPs.

The green synthesis of Fe3O4-NPs using the leaf and latex extract of Calotropis gigantea has still not been done. Calotropis gigantea is abundantly found in various Asian countries and locally known as “Akanda” in Bangladesh. The plant was used to treat fevers, elephantiasis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea as well as skin, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and neurological disorders. Calotropis giganta's latex has been used as a treatment for cancer, arthritis, and as a snake bite remedy. Numerous plant parts are known to contain substances that serve as capping, reducing, and stabilising agents, such as alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, starch, carbohydrates, essential oils, leguminvicilin, legumelin, vitamin C, oleoresin, gum resin, tannins, terpenes, and phenols (Ramesh et al., 2018). 

Here, we investigated for the first time how an extract from the leaf and latex of Calotropis gigantea was used as a capping and reducing agent for the synthesis of Fe3O4-NPs. Therefore, the primary goals of this study were to (a) synthesizeFe3O4-NPs using the leaf and latex extract from Calotropis gigantea, and (b) characterize Fe3O4-NPs using a variety of spectroscopic methods. UV-visible spectroscopy has been used to investigate the photocatalytic abilities of MNPs created by using Calotropis gigantea leaf and latex extracts to break down the Methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solutions in the presence of H2O2. When exposed to sunlight, the degradation reaction is photocatalytically accelerated.

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Source : Biogenic Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles from Leaf and Latex Extract of Calotropis gigantea for Sunlight Mediated Photocatalytic Degradation of MB Dye