Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract | InformativeBD

Shahin Aziz, Md. Morshed Alam, and Sharika Farhana, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Reseach Article about, Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract. Entitled, Ethanolic Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract: UV, FTIR spectroscopy and phytochemical screening. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

One significant medicinal herb is Clerodendrum inerme. The plant is referred to locally as “bonjol” in Bangladesh. The current study examines the ethanolic seed extract of this plant using UV and FT-IR spectroscopy as well as phytochemical screening. The plant has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant qualities.  A group of phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids glycosides, phytosterols, etc. are all present in the extract according to phytochemical screening. Carbonyl group (ketone), α,β unsaturated amides,  lactams, sulfur compounds, nitro compounds, flavones, fistins, quercetins,  Sodium Salts of Quercetin 5′ Sulfonic Acid, myricetins, chalcones,  flavonoids (anthocyanin type) are  detected by UV and Fourier Transform and  Infra-Red  spectroscopy of the plant’s ethanolic leaf extract. The bioactive compounds mentioned above primarily contribute to the plant’s therapeutic properties.

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Introduction

In Bangladesh, Clerodendrum inerme (C. inerme) is referred to locally as "bonjol." This plant is a member of the Verbenaceae family. The C. inerme tree is a hardy, straggling shrub that grows to a height of 3–4 meters. It is an evergreen mangrove plant with closely spaced, nearly spherical, glossy, deep green leaves. It is a multipurpose plant that may be cultivated as a bonsai or as topiary. The plants typically grow in warm climates like Bangladesh, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines (Brickell et al., 1997). Numerous indigenous medical systems and folk remedies have mentioned C. inerme (Neeta et al., 2007). In addition to homeopathy and electropathy, the plant's therapeutic properties have been documented and are used by herbalists, traditional healers, and members of Bangladeshi medical systems, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. These plants have a significant impact on the nation's population's health (Somasundram et al., 1986). Because C. inerme loves the sun, it should be placed in a sunny area. The plant has significant therapeutic potential in many parts. This plant's leaves and roots are used to treat skin conditions and rheumatism (Kothari et al., 2006). Ayurvedic medicine uses several portions of the C. inerme plant to treat tumors, beri-beri, veneral infections, rheumatism, and skin conditions. The leaf juice is administered orally to treat tetanus, which is characterized by leg rigidity and muscle soreness. Additionally, rheumatism and skin conditions are treated using the leaves and roots (Manoharan et al., 2006). Cattle with rhematic discomfort and arthritis are given a fine paste produced from the extract of pounded leaves with pepper asafeotida (Kaushik et al., 1999). To treat fever, a leaf is mashed in water and its juice is consumed orally (Harish et al., 2011). For disorders that are susceptible, the roots are recommended. The free sugars are extracted from the dried flowers (Krishnan Marg, 2001). In dogs, its extracts have hypotensive effects. In mice, the methanolic extract of C. inerme leaf extracts exhibited antispasmodic properties (Neeta et al., 2007). 

According to reports, its leaves are active in the cardiovascular system and have been demonstrated to have antibacterial properties. They also suppress intestinal motility and increase uterine motility in rats. Neolignans, sterols, diterpenes, iridoids, flavonoids, and triterpenes are the plant's primary constituents (Richa et al., 2005); (Heneczkowski et al., 2001). Tested on female rats and rabbits, organic extracts of C. inerme demonstrated substantial uterine stimulant activity as well as strong antihemolytic activity in human adults (0.02-2.0 mg/mL) with phospholipase inhibition (0.05-1.5 mg/mL) (Somasundram et al., 1986). By altering calcium transport in isolated rat liver inflammation, flavonoid glycosides of C. inerme demonstrated a decrease in inflammation. Experiment's outcomes were similar to those of the positive control, indomethacine (Kalyanasundaram et al., 1985). Because C. inerme contains a bitter component, reports of its antimalarial properties have been made. Additionally, at 80 and 100 ppm concentrations of petroleum ether and ether extracts, C. inerme reduced the growth of Ades aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex pipiens larvae (Masuda et al., 1999); (Mehedi et al., 1997). Numerous indigenous medical systems have utilized it as an antioxidant drug (Sharma et al., 1979). With an ED50 value of 16 µg/mL, dried, aerial portions of C. inerme demonstrated strong antiviral activity against the Hepatitis B virus (George et al., 1949). Antifungal activity against a range of fungal species, including Microsporum gypseum, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichothecium roseum, was demonstrated by essential oil extracted from the plant's leaves (Rajasekaran et al., 2006). Additionally, alcoholic extracts of C. inerme's leaves and flowers shown antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Manoharan et al., 2006). According to certain researchers, C. inerme's ethyl acetate extract has antibacterial properties against human infections. Other biological activities, like an antihaemolytic action, have been documented for it (Shanmugam et al., 2008). It has been demonstrated that the plant's leaf extract possesses insecticidal qualities against mosquitoes. Numerous plant-based solvent extracts have been studied for their ability to repel mosquitoes. Investigating the dry powder of leaf material as a source of insecticidal qualities against mosquito larvae was therefore deemed fruitful. 

The impact of powdered sun-dried C. inerme leaves on A. aegypti larvae in their fourth instar (Richa et al., 2005). Indian traditional healers utilize it to treat a number of illnesses, including cancer. It modulates antioxidant defense pathways and lipid peroxidation to achieve its chemopreventive effect (Harwood et al., 2005). 500 mg/kg body weight of C. inerme's aqueous leaf extract taken orally dramatically reduced the development of tumors and histopathological abnormalities. During DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis, oral administration of C. inerme preserved the levels of red blood cell osmotic fragility, cell surface glycol conjugates, blood and tissue lipids, and membranebound enzyme activity (Rajasekaran et al., 2006; Bohm, 1998; Caius, 1986).

Numerous phytoconstituents have been identified from different plant sections. 3-Epicaryoptin, which was extracted from the leaves, inhibits the growth of houseflies and mosquitoes and has antifeedant properties. The hexane extract of C. inerme's aerial parts included three novel neoclerodane diterpenoids: inermes A, inermes B, and 14,15-dihydro-15b-methoxy-3-epicaryoptin.

It has also been possible to isolate 14, 15-Dihydro15-hydroxy-3-epicaryoptin as an epimeric combination (Cooke, 1958).

In order to learn more about the functional groups found in the different secondary metabolites of this significant medicinal plant, the current study aimed to analyze the ethanolic extract of C. inerme leaf using UV and FT-IR in conjunction with phytochemical screening. This will help others understand why this plant's leaves are used medicinally (Fig. 1).

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