Floral Flavonoids: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Power of Tamarix africana | InformativeBD

Abdelhamid Khabtane,  Azzeddine Zeraib,  Laiche Aouidane,  Wahiba Kara Ali,  Fatima Zohra Belguidoum, and  Chabane Rahmoune, from the different institute of Algeria, wrote a Research article about, Floral Flavonoids: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Power of Tamarix Africana. Entitled, In vitro evaluation of the anti-microbial activity and the anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoids extracted from the flowers of the Tamarix africana Poir. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The aim of this work is to determine the quantity, the quality, the antimicrobial activity and the antioxidant power of various extracts of the flavonoids obtained from the flowers of Tamarix africana Poir. The quantification of the extracts obtained was revealed in high yield of the flavonoids with respectively: the methanoic extracts (26.31%), the extracts of the aqueous phase (19.29%), the extracts of ethyl acetate (0.87%), the extracts of petroleum ether (0.18%). The qualitative study, using the thin-layer chromatography (TLC), showed the dominance of Flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones and 3-glycosidic Anthocyanidins. The study of microbial activity revealed an important bactericidal power for the extracts of the aqueous phase on Gram + bacteria with a disc of inhibition of 24±1mm on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 and 20±1mm on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, For the antifungal activity all the extracts gave important effects on Podosphaera leucotrichia (apple powdery mildew), with a maximum disc inhibition of 20±1mm for the ethyl acetate extracts, on the other hand alone The ether extracts of the petrol which showed an inhibitory effect on Penicillium sp. The antioxidant study, expressed as a percentage of DPPH, showed a high efficiency of the various extracts; In particular that of the ethyl acetate extract which inhibits oxidation and traps the free radicals at 100%, which demonstrating the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of certain types of cancer.

Read more : Tracking Tomato Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The resistance developed by pathogenic organisms to antibiotics, the spread of many carcinogenic diseases and the excessive use of pesticides polluting ecosystems are reasons that have pushed research towards the exploitation of medicinal plants used Since antiquity using the healing power of their secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. (Benabdallah, 2016).

Among these plants are the Tamarix species from the Tamaricaceae family, of which Algeria has more than 15 species of this genus (Khabtane and Rahmoune, 2012). View the use of these plants in traditional medicine in some cases of cancer, diarrhea, hair loss, etc. (Khabtane and Rahmoune, 2010); many studies are carried out on biological activity (antibacterial effect only), neglecting the fungicidal effect, as well as the antioxidant power of the different parts of the Tamarix species such as (Ksouri 2009, Wang, 2009 Saıdana, 2008, Parmar et al., 1994 and ...)

On this vision, our work aims at: the quantitative and qualitative determination of the various extracts of the flavonoids obtained from the floral part of Tamarix africana Poir. The determination of the bactericidal effect and the fungicidal effect which is applied for the first in this work against a fungal species known for its detrimental effects on the production of apple trees (Podosphaera leucotrichia) and finally to put the accent on the antioxidative power of the extracts obtained.

To assess the antimicrobial activity we chosed five species of pathogenic bacteria that are: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. for the Fungi We chosed two species: Podosphaera leucotrichia (powdery mildew of apple) which constitutes a threat to the to the arboriculture of apple tree which characterizes the region Khenchela and Penicillium sp.

At the end of the in vitro determination of the antioxidant power we applied the method of Blois (Ben Mansour, 2015), (Biswas 2014), where the free radical DPPH unstable has a dark violet coloration, when it is reduced and the coloration becomes pale yellow

Reference 

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Ben Mansour A, Porter EA, Kite GC, Simmonds MS, Abdelhedi R, Bouaziz M. 2015. Phenolic profile characterization of Chemlali olive stones by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 63, 1990-1995.

Benabdallah A, Rahmoune C, Boumendjel M, Aissi O, Messaoud C. 2016. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of six wild Mentha species (Lamiaceae) from Northeast of Algeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6, 760-766.

Biswas N, Saha S, Ali MK. 2014. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4, 792-798.

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Huang G, Jiang J, Dai D. 2008. Antioxidative and antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of Artemisia anomala S. Moore. African Journal of Biotechnol. 7, 1335-1338.

Ishtiaq S, Ahmad M, Hanif U, Akbar S, Mehjabeen, Kamran SH. 2014. Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of different fractions of Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (Vill.) Brenan. Asian Pac J Trop Med 7, 342-347.

Khabtane A, Rahmoune C. 2010. Contribution à de l’étude de l’effet du biotope sur la richesse floristique et variabilité morphologique chez le Tamarix sp. dans les zones aride de la région de khenchela, thèse du Magister, Université de Constantine, Algérie181-190.

Khabtane A, Rahmoune C. 2012. Effet du biotope sur la diversité floristique et le polymorphisme phénotypique des groupements à Tamarix africana Poir. dans les zones arides de la région de Khenchele (Est Algérien), Journal of Agriculture and Environnent for International Development 106, 123-137.

Ksouri R, Falleh H, Megdiche W, Trabelsi N, Mhamdi B, Chaieb K, Bakrouf A, hristian Magné C, Abdelly C. 2009. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the edible medicinal halophyte Tamarix gallica L. and related polyphenolic constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, 2083-2091.

Marfak A. 2003. Radiolyse gamma des flavonoïdes. Etude de Leur reactivite avec les radicaux issus des Alcools: formation de depsides. Thèse de doctorat, Université Limoges, Belgique 225-230.

Markowicz Bastos DH, Saldanha LA, Catharino RR, Sawaya ACHF, Cunha IBS, Carvalho PO, Eberlin MN. 2007. Phenolic Antioxidants Identified by ESI-MS from Yerba Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) and Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) Extracts. Molecules 12, 423-432.

Parmar VS, Bisht KS, Sharma SK, Jain R, Taneja P, Singh S, Simonsen O, Boll PM. 1994. Highly oxygenated bioactive flavones from Tamarix. Phytochemistry 36, 507-511.

Rasooli I, Fakoor MH, Yadegarinia D, Gachkar L, Allameh A, Rezaei MB. 2008. Antimycotoxigenic characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis and Trachyspermum copticum L. essential oils. International J of Food Microbiology 122, 135-139.

Sacchetti G, Maietti S, Muzzoli M, Scaglianti M, Manfredini S, Radice M, Bruni R. 2005. Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food Chem 91, 621-632.

Saıdana D, Mahjoub MA, Boussaada O, Chriaa J, Cheraif I, Daami M, Mighri Z, Helal AN. 2008. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatile compounds of Tamarix boveana (Tamaricaceae). Microbiological Research 163, 445-455.

Wang B, Ren S, Li G, Guan H. 2009. Studies on antitumor steroids and flavonoids from Tamarix chinensis Lour. Chinese Pharmacetical Journal 44, 576-580.

Article source :  In vitro evaluation of the anti-microbial activity and the anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoids extracted from the flowers of the Tamarix africana Poir

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Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract | InformativeBD

Shahin Aziz, Md. Morshed Alam, and Sharika Farhana, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Reseach Article about, Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract. Entitled, Ethanolic Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract: UV, FTIR spectroscopy and phytochemical screening. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

One significant medicinal herb is Clerodendrum inerme. The plant is referred to locally as “bonjol” in Bangladesh. The current study examines the ethanolic seed extract of this plant using UV and FT-IR spectroscopy as well as phytochemical screening. The plant has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant qualities.  A group of phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids glycosides, phytosterols, etc. are all present in the extract according to phytochemical screening. Carbonyl group (ketone), α,β unsaturated amides,  lactams, sulfur compounds, nitro compounds, flavones, fistins, quercetins,  Sodium Salts of Quercetin 5′ Sulfonic Acid, myricetins, chalcones,  flavonoids (anthocyanin type) are  detected by UV and Fourier Transform and  Infra-Red  spectroscopy of the plant’s ethanolic leaf extract. The bioactive compounds mentioned above primarily contribute to the plant’s therapeutic properties.

Read more : Physico-Chemical Assessment of Gambhiri River in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Bangladesh, Clerodendrum inerme (C. inerme) is referred to locally as "bonjol." This plant is a member of the Verbenaceae family. The C. inerme tree is a hardy, straggling shrub that grows to a height of 3–4 meters. It is an evergreen mangrove plant with closely spaced, nearly spherical, glossy, deep green leaves. It is a multipurpose plant that may be cultivated as a bonsai or as topiary. The plants typically grow in warm climates like Bangladesh, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines (Brickell et al., 1997). Numerous indigenous medical systems and folk remedies have mentioned C. inerme (Neeta et al., 2007). In addition to homeopathy and electropathy, the plant's therapeutic properties have been documented and are used by herbalists, traditional healers, and members of Bangladeshi medical systems, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. These plants have a significant impact on the nation's population's health (Somasundram et al., 1986). Because C. inerme loves the sun, it should be placed in a sunny area. The plant has significant therapeutic potential in many parts. This plant's leaves and roots are used to treat skin conditions and rheumatism (Kothari et al., 2006). Ayurvedic medicine uses several portions of the C. inerme plant to treat tumors, beri-beri, veneral infections, rheumatism, and skin conditions. The leaf juice is administered orally to treat tetanus, which is characterized by leg rigidity and muscle soreness. Additionally, rheumatism and skin conditions are treated using the leaves and roots (Manoharan et al., 2006). Cattle with rhematic discomfort and arthritis are given a fine paste produced from the extract of pounded leaves with pepper asafeotida (Kaushik et al., 1999). To treat fever, a leaf is mashed in water and its juice is consumed orally (Harish et al., 2011). For disorders that are susceptible, the roots are recommended. The free sugars are extracted from the dried flowers (Krishnan Marg, 2001). In dogs, its extracts have hypotensive effects. In mice, the methanolic extract of C. inerme leaf extracts exhibited antispasmodic properties (Neeta et al., 2007). 

According to reports, its leaves are active in the cardiovascular system and have been demonstrated to have antibacterial properties. They also suppress intestinal motility and increase uterine motility in rats. Neolignans, sterols, diterpenes, iridoids, flavonoids, and triterpenes are the plant's primary constituents (Richa et al., 2005); (Heneczkowski et al., 2001). Tested on female rats and rabbits, organic extracts of C. inerme demonstrated substantial uterine stimulant activity as well as strong antihemolytic activity in human adults (0.02-2.0 mg/mL) with phospholipase inhibition (0.05-1.5 mg/mL) (Somasundram et al., 1986). By altering calcium transport in isolated rat liver inflammation, flavonoid glycosides of C. inerme demonstrated a decrease in inflammation. Experiment's outcomes were similar to those of the positive control, indomethacine (Kalyanasundaram et al., 1985). Because C. inerme contains a bitter component, reports of its antimalarial properties have been made. Additionally, at 80 and 100 ppm concentrations of petroleum ether and ether extracts, C. inerme reduced the growth of Ades aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex pipiens larvae (Masuda et al., 1999); (Mehedi et al., 1997). Numerous indigenous medical systems have utilized it as an antioxidant drug (Sharma et al., 1979). With an ED50 value of 16 µg/mL, dried, aerial portions of C. inerme demonstrated strong antiviral activity against the Hepatitis B virus (George et al., 1949). Antifungal activity against a range of fungal species, including Microsporum gypseum, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichothecium roseum, was demonstrated by essential oil extracted from the plant's leaves (Rajasekaran et al., 2006). Additionally, alcoholic extracts of C. inerme's leaves and flowers shown antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Manoharan et al., 2006). According to certain researchers, C. inerme's ethyl acetate extract has antibacterial properties against human infections. Other biological activities, like an antihaemolytic action, have been documented for it (Shanmugam et al., 2008). It has been demonstrated that the plant's leaf extract possesses insecticidal qualities against mosquitoes. Numerous plant-based solvent extracts have been studied for their ability to repel mosquitoes. Investigating the dry powder of leaf material as a source of insecticidal qualities against mosquito larvae was therefore deemed fruitful. 

The impact of powdered sun-dried C. inerme leaves on A. aegypti larvae in their fourth instar (Richa et al., 2005). Indian traditional healers utilize it to treat a number of illnesses, including cancer. It modulates antioxidant defense pathways and lipid peroxidation to achieve its chemopreventive effect (Harwood et al., 2005). 500 mg/kg body weight of C. inerme's aqueous leaf extract taken orally dramatically reduced the development of tumors and histopathological abnormalities. During DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis, oral administration of C. inerme preserved the levels of red blood cell osmotic fragility, cell surface glycol conjugates, blood and tissue lipids, and membranebound enzyme activity (Rajasekaran et al., 2006; Bohm, 1998; Caius, 1986).

Numerous phytoconstituents have been identified from different plant sections. 3-Epicaryoptin, which was extracted from the leaves, inhibits the growth of houseflies and mosquitoes and has antifeedant properties. The hexane extract of C. inerme's aerial parts included three novel neoclerodane diterpenoids: inermes A, inermes B, and 14,15-dihydro-15b-methoxy-3-epicaryoptin.

It has also been possible to isolate 14, 15-Dihydro15-hydroxy-3-epicaryoptin as an epimeric combination (Cooke, 1958).

In order to learn more about the functional groups found in the different secondary metabolites of this significant medicinal plant, the current study aimed to analyze the ethanolic extract of C. inerme leaf using UV and FT-IR in conjunction with phytochemical screening. This will help others understand why this plant's leaves are used medicinally (Fig. 1).

Reference

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Brickell C, Zuk JD. 1997. The American Horticultural Society A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. DK Publishing, Inc., NY.

Caius JF. 1986. The medicinal and poisonous plants of India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, 457–458.

Cooke T. 1958. Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta 1, 1–120. https://doi.org/10.5962

Durry CH. 2010. Ayurvedic useful plants of India. 2nd ed. Asiatic Publishing House, Delhi, 184.

Dutta M. 2000. Infrared spectroscopy. IVY Publishing House, Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.

George M, Pandalai KM. 1949. Investigations on plant antibiotics, Part IV. Further search for antibiotic substances in Indian medicinal plants. Indian Journal of Medical Research 37, 169–181.

Gupta SP, Siddhant S, Gopal G. 2010. Clerodendron inerme: An update of its indigenous uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 8(1), 203–212.

Harish SR, Murugan K. 2011. Biochemical & genetic variation in the mangrove associate Clerodendron inerme (L.) Gaertn. under different habitats of Kerala. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 2(4), 553–561.

Harwood LM, Moody CJ. 1989. Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and practice. Wiley-Blackwell, 122–125. ISBN: 0-632-02017-2.

Heneczkowski M, Kopacz M, Nowak D, Kuzniar A. 2001. Infrared spectrum analysis of some flavonoids. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica – Drug Research 58(6), 415–420.

Kaushik P, Dhiman AK. 1999. Medicinal plant and raw drugs of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Publication, Dehra Dun, 126–127.

Kothari A, Harish P, Shrivastava N. 2006. Ex situ conservation method for Clerodendrum inerme: A medicinal plant of India. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(5), 415–418. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB05.319

Krishnan Marg KS. 2001. The wealth of India. National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi 2, 67–68.

Manoharan S, Kavitha K, Senthil N, Renju GL. 2006. Evaluation of anticarcinogenic effects of Clerodendron inerme. Singapore Medical Journal 47(12), 1038–1043.

Masuda T, Yonemori S, Oyama Y, Takeda Y, Tanaka T, Andoh T, Shinohara A, Nakata M. 1999. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of environmental plants: Activity of the leaf extracts from seashore plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 1749–1754. DOI: 10.1021/JF980864S

Mehdi H, Tan GT, Pezzuto JM, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR, El Feraly FS. 1997. Cell culture assay system for the evaluation of natural product-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus activity. Phytomedicine 3, 369–377. DOI: 10.1016/S0944-7113(97)80011-6

Neeta S, Tejas P. 2007. Clerodendrum and healthcare: An overview. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(1), 142–150. http://internationaljournalofresearch.org

Rajasekaran A, Ponnusamy K. 2006. Antifungal activity of Clerodendrum inerme (L). Turkish Journal of Biology 30, 139–142. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235706085

Richa P, Ram KV, Gupta MM. 2005. Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 66, 643–648. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.11.007

Saraswathi MN, Karthikeyan M, Kannan M, Rajasekar S. 2012. Terminalia belerica Roxb – A phytopharmacological review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences 3(1), 96–99. http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/68054

Shahin A, Koushik S, Nasim S, Shamim A, Abdullah AM. 2014. Phytochemical and elemental screening on leaves and flowers of Catharanthus roseus: An important medicinal plant in Bangladesh. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 12(4), 1328–1336.

Shanmugam M, Kannan K, Subramanian B, Kashinathan R. 2008. Clerodendron inerme protects cellular integrity during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5(2), 213–222. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v5i2.31276

Sharma SK, Singh VP. 1979. The antifungal activity of some essential oils. Indian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Industry 14, 3–6. DOI: 10.1021/jf0344082

Somasundram S, Sadique J. 1986. Anti-hemolytic effect of flavonoidal glycosides of C. inerme: An in vitro study. Fitoterapia 57, 103–110.

Source : Ethanolic Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract: UV, FTIR spectroscopy and phytochemical screening 

 

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Impact of Ionic and Heavy Metal Stress on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Ajuga bracteosa Calli | InformativeBD

Roby Gul, from the institute of Pakistan. Gul-Lalay, from the institute of Pakistan. Safdar Hussain Shah, from the institute of Pakistan. Saad Hussain Shah, from the institute of Pakistan. And Fazal Umer, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Impact of Ionic and Heavy Metal Stress on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Ajuga bracteosa Calli. Entitled, Effects of ionic and heavy metal stress on secondary metabolites accumulation in calli of Ajuga Bracteosa L.. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences(IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Ajuga bracteosa L, a medicinal plant that contains numerous phytochemicals, is becoming endangered worldwide due to the lack of knowledge and overexploitation. Research efforts are necessary for its conservation, preservation, and secondary metabolite production. In this study, an attempt was made to develop calli from this plant and evaluate the effects of abiotic stresses, i.e., NaCl and Cd(NO3)2, on the relative growth rate, total phenolic contents (TPC), proline contents, sugar contents, total flavonoid contents (TFC), alpha-amino acids, and antioxidant activity of A. bracteosa at the cellular (calli) level. NaCl and Cd (NO3)2 reduced the biomass production in terms of relative growth rate (RGR) but enhanced metabolite accumulation. The highest total phenolic contents (40µg/g), proline contents (0.9µg/g), total sugar contents (90mM/g), and total flavonoid contents (5mg/g) were recorded at 150mM NaCl, while the maximum total antioxidant activity (900µM/g) was measured at 50mM NaCl. On the other hand, the lowest amino acid contents (5µM), phenolic contents (27µg), and proline contents (0.5µg) were found at 50mM NaCl. Similarly, the highest level of Cd(NO3)2 stress (8mM) resulted in insignificantly increased production of phenolics (22µg/g), proline (0.9µg/g), total sugars (92mM), alpha-amino acids (7µM), and total antioxidant activity (850µM). This study not only provides an ex-situ conservation strategy for a highly exploited medicinal herb but can also be used as a commercial production methodology for valuable secondary metabolites.

Read more : Morphological, Phyto-Physicochemical, and Nutritional Traits of Seaweeds in Cagayan |InformativeBD

Introduction

All plants either cultivated or wild ones having active ingredients, which are used for therapeutic purpose, are called medicinal plants. The classification of plants into medicinal plants, poisonous plants, arable plants, ornamental, weeds etc. is always based on a human element and reflect a certain attitude, a purpose or a goal or economic interests (Imre, 2012). In broad sense, any plant is considered as medicinal herb, including fruits, vegetables, and arable plants. Humans depend on plants for various purposes like, food, medicines and shelter (Morgan et al., 1981). Now days due to overexploitation, overgrazing and lack of knowledge lot of plants species becomes endangered (Sher et al., 2008). Round about 10% flora and 709 plants in Pakistan are endangered (Shinwari et al., 2010), among these 580 are flowering plants (Khan et al., 2011). From medicinal plants approximately 25% of modern medicines are directly or indirectly derived. Distributions of these plants are worldwide but they are mostly abundant in tropical regions. These plants are abundant in Himalaya and upper Gangetic plans (Singh et al., 2006; Israili et al., 2009).

Ajuga bracteosa L, a medicinal plant is locally called Butey, in English “Bungle”, in Sansikrit “Nilkanthi” and in Kashmir “Jan-I adam”. In Northern areas of Pakistan due to its sour taste, it is called kauri booti (Jan et al., 2014). A. bracteosa contains numerous phytochemicals such as flavonol glycosides, iridiod, glycosides, neo-clerodane diterpenoids, phytoecdysones and ergosterol-5, 8-endoperoxide (Castro, 2011; Kayani et al., 2016). From A.bracteosa wall, phenolic compound Ajuganane which is a new compound along with three other compound 7- hydroxy-3,6,3’,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, 3,4’- dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone and urasolic were isolated (Hussain et al., 2012). Mostly A. bracteosa are used for treatment of hepatitis in Taiwan (Hsieh et al., 2011). It is used for the treatment of gout, palsy, amenorrhea and rheumatism (Kaithwas et al., 2012). For treating malaria, it is also used in many countries (Chandal and Bagai, 2011). A. bracteosa is also used for treatment of different diseases like, neuro inflammatory diseases, pneumonia, gout and hepatitis in Asian countries (Nisar et al., 2014).

In India the plant leaves, flowers and barks are used for treatment of diabetes, cancer and malaria etc. (Pal et al., 2014). Leaves extracts are used for headache, throats and ear infection, acne, pimples and also used as blood purifier etc. (Bisht et al., 2013). Plant extract is also used against gastric ulcer, protozoa infection, liver fibrosis, hypoglycemia, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-arthritic, anti-plasmodial, immunoregulatory and insecticidal. The root juice of plant is used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhea; leaves are used as a substituent for quinine for treatment of fever (Pal and Pawar, 2011).

Similarly, different medicinal activity of A. bracteosa like, antibacterial, astringent and anthelmintic is considered in folk medicine. In KPK, an ethno botanic survey of 92 medicinal plants was done, in which A. bracteosa, due to its high medicinal value (antijaundice, antiasthma, ant cough and cooling agent) listed at the top (Ibrar et al., 2015). Studies investigated the anticoagulant, anti-depressant, antioxidant an inflammatory activities of A. bracteosa. A. bracteosa adventitious root also contains Gallic acid, Rutin, Catechin, Myricetin and apigenin (Ali et al., 2018). Due to over exploitation of medicinal plants from last decades’ important plants are at the risk of extinction. A.bracteosa has rated as an endangered flowering medicinal plant species belongs to family L miaceae. It contains 170 genera of medicinal herb, and is mostly found in temperate regions (Hafeez et al., 2017).

Plant tissue culture an important component of biotechnology, generally used for micro propagation, production of virus free plants, rapid multiplication of clones, suspension culture, embryo culture and organ culture etc. One of the most important uses of this technology is to induce and multiply callus culture for extraction of secondary metabolites (active ingredients) (Hussain et al., 2011). Abiotic stresses like, salt, temperature, light, drought and heavy metals etc. affect secondary metabolites production like phenol, proline, flavonoid and amino acids etc. (Akula and Ravishankar, 2011). However, in some plant species heavy metals alter the nature of secondary metabolites (Nasim and Dhir, 2010).

The current study was designed with the following objectives:

1. To induced and multiply callus culture of A. bracteosa.

 2. To determine the antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites i-e phenols, flavonoids, proline, amino acids, total sugar contents in response to ionic and heavy metal stress (NaCl and Cd(NO3)2).

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Ali H, Khan MA, Kayani WK, Khan T, Khan RS. 2018. Thidiazuron regulated growth, secondary metabolism and essential oil profiles in shoot cultures of Ajuga bracteosa. Industrial crops andproducts 121, 418-427.

Balestrasse KB, Benavides MP, Gallego SM, and Tomaro ML 2003. Effect of cadmium stress on nitrogen metabolism in nodules and roots of soybean plants. Functional Plant Biology 30(1), 57-64.

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Bisht VK, Negi JS, Bhohn AK, Sundriyal RC (2013).Traditional use of medicinal plants in district Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research7(15), 918-929.

Castro A, Coll J, Arfan M. 2011. neo-Clerodane diterpenoids from Ajuga bracteosa. Journal of natural products 74(5), 1036-1041.

Chandel S, Bagai N. 2011. Screening of antiplasmodial efficacy of Ajuga bracteosa Wall ex. Benth. Parasitology research 108(4), 801-805.

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Source : Effects of ionic and heavy metal stress on secondary metabolites accumulation in calli of Ajuga Bracteosa L. 

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