Pitchers of Bucas Grande: Classifying and Conserving the Island’s Carnivorous Plants | InformativeBD

Nelson Taro Sanico, Aljon Selisana Andrade, and Rex Bomvet Deleon Saura, from the institute of Cameroon. wrote a Research Article about, Pitchers of Bucas Grande: Classifying and Conserving the Island’s Carnivorous Plants. Entitled, Taxonomic classification and conservation status of pitcher plant species in selected areas of Bucas Grande Island, Socorro, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The endemic carnivorous pitcher plants remarkably increased its diversity in Philippines due to unending research discovery of the species and conservation measures applied to these plants. The current study aimed to identify and classify the observed Pitcher plant species vegetation in the steep sloping areas along the watershed river and swampy areas in Bucas Grande Island as well as to determine the conservation status of the said species. The obtained field data about the external morphological description of the pitcher plants species, descriptively matched to the known carnivorous pitcher plant species-Nepenthes mirabilis and Nepenthes merrilliana that are endemic carnivorous pitcher plant species in the country. The study concluded that there are two species of pitcher plant in Bucas Grande Island, Socorro which are Nepenthes mirabilis and Nepenthes merrilliana. N. merrilliana, however, is currently categorized as a vulnerable species which needs a careful monitoring for an appropriate conservation measures.

Read more : Biodiversity at Risk:Exploring Flora, Fauna, and Threats in Shella Mountains, Balochistan | InformativeBD

Introduction

Pitcher plant is known as a carnivorous flowering plant luxuriously growing in disturbed and natural tropical rainforest (Adam et al., 2011). Philippines is one of the place where there is an abundance of pitcher plant because of the climate in the area (Gronemeyer et al., 2014). Having the highest rates of endemism of this family is considered a center of diversity of the genus Nepenthes along with Sumatra and Borneo and recent explorations in Mindanao and Luzon has raised the Philippine number of Nepenthes species to 52 (Amoroso et al., 2017).

The forest habitat destruction incurred an impact to the pitcher plant species due to plantation businesses like pineapple plantation, palm plantation, mining operations and forest fires (PAWB-DENR 1998; Lagunday et al., 2017). It is sad to note that at present time, many carnivorous plants are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Indeed, over half of the carnivorous plant species assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are listed as threatened (Jennings 2011). Furthermore, conservation research is essential to help inform the science-based management of environments that support threatened and endangered wildlife (Doi and Takahara 2016). Normally, taxonomic classification and conservation are interdependent and other disciplines have direct implications for the management of species and ecosystems, captive breeding and reintroduction, genetic analyses, and habitat restoration (Mace 2004; Gerber 2010). We should rethink the way we prioritize conservation to recognize the critical role that small, isolated patches play in conserving the world’s biodiversity and reconnecting small isolated vegetation patches should be an immediate conservation priority (Wintle et al., 2019)

In relation to this, a study about pitcher plant species in the perceived vegetation in Bucas Grande Island, Socorro was conducted with the aim to identify, and classify the pitcher plant species and determine its conservation status. In doing so, can ensure relevant and applicable to all regions and that the information necessary for the conservation of threatened species is available to conservation practitioners; specifically to the local government unit (LGU) and to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) about the pitcher plant species in the area and for conservation purposes.

Objectives of the Study The study aimed to classify and determine the conservation status of pitcher plant species in three (3) selected sites in Bucas Grande Island, Socorro, Surigao del Norte.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

 1. describe the morphology of pitcher plant species

2. identify and classify pitcher plant species in the area; and

 3. determine the conservation status of Pitcher Plant species in Bucas Grande Island, Socorro.

Reference

Adam JH, Hamid HA, Juhari M, Tarmizi SNA, Idris WMR. 2011. Species Composition and Dispersion Pattern of Pitcher Plants Recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 7, 162-169. Accessed January 29, 2019 from DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169.

Amoroso VB, Lagunday NE, Coritico FP, Colong RD. 2017. Nepenthes alfredoi (Caryophyllales, Nepenthaceae), A New Species of Pitcher Plant from Mindanao, Philippines PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER| Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology. Volume 11 Issue 2 – 2017. Accessed March 29, 2019 from http:// asbp.org. ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PJSB_2017-2-003

Aribal L, Buot IEJr. 2009. The threatened plant species in various regions in Mindanao Island, Philippines Journal of Nature Studies 8(2), 23-33. 2009. Accessed on January 26, 2018 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23633999.

Clarke C, Lee CC. 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 64(1), 33-49.

Clarke C, Cantley R, Nerz J, Rischer H, Witsuba A. 2000. Nepenthes merrilliana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000: e.T39676A10255369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/ IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39676A10255369.en

Clarke CM. 2014. Nepenthes mirabilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T49122515A21844202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305 /IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T49122515A21844202.en. Downloaded on 15 February 2019

Doi H, Takahara T. 2016. Global patterns of conservation research importance in different countries of the world. Peer J 4, e2173. Accessed March 29, 2019 from https://doi.org/ 10.7717/ peerj

Gerber L. 2010. Conservation Biology. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10), 14 Accessed March 29, 2019 from https://www.nature.com/scitable/ knowledge /library/conservation-biology-16089256

Gronemeyer T, Coritico F, Wistuba A, David Marwinski D, Gieray T, Micheler M, Mey FS, Amoroso V. 2014. Four New Species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) from the Central Mountains of Mindanao, Philippines Plants 2014, 3, 284-303; Accessed on January 27, 2019 from DOI: 10.3390/plants3020284

Jebb M, Cheek M. 1997. A skeletalrevision ofNepenthes (Nepenthaceae) BLUMEA 42 (1997) 1-106 Accessed on January 26, 2019 http://www. repository.naturalis.nl/document/565135

Jennings D. 2011. The Conservation and Ecology of Carnivorous Plants Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Accessed on January 26, 2019 https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=4364&context=etd.

Lagunday NE, Acma FM, Cabana VG, Sabas NM, Amoroso VB. 2017. Two New Nepenthes Species from the Unexplored Mountains of Central Mindanao, Philippines. Phil. Journal Science. Accessed January 29, 2019 from http:// philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/53-vol-146-no-2-june-2017 /638-two-new-nepenthes-species-from-the-unexplored -mountains-of-central-mindanao-philippines

Lillo EP, Fernando ES, Lillo MJR. 2018. Plant diversity and structure of forest habitat types on Dinagat Island, Philippines. Journal of Asia Pacific-Biodiversity. Accessed on January 20, 2018 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2018.07.003

Mace GM. 2004. “The Role of Taxonomy in Species Conservation.” Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences vol. 359, no. 1444, pp. 711–719. JSTOR Accessed March 29, 2019 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4142264?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. 1998. The First Philippine National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Accessed on January 27, 2019 from https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ph/ph-nr-01-

Schlauer J. 2010. Carnivorous Plant Systematics. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Vol 39 March 2010 Accessed January 24, 2019 from https://www. researchgate.net/publication/315575998

Wintle BA, Kujala H, Whitehead A, Cameron A, Veloz S, Kukkala A, Moilanen A, Gordon A, Lentini PE, Cadenhead NCR, Bekessy SA. 2019. Global synthesis of conservation studies reveals the importance of small habitat patches for biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences January 2019. Accessed March 29, 2019 from https://www.pnas.org/content/116/3/909

Image References

Pelser PB, Barcelona JF. 2016. Nepenthaceae: Nepenthes merrilliana. Accessed on January 26, 2019 from http://phytoimages.siu.edu/imgs/pelserpb /r/Nepenthaceae_Nepenthes_merrilliana_58936

Rule MGQ. 2018. Phyto Images. Philippines: Mindanao: Surigao del Norte Prov. Brgy. Honrado, Municipality of Socorro, Siargao Islands Accessed January 24, 2018 from http://131.230.176.4/ imgs /pelserpb/r/Nepenthaceae_Nepenthes_mirabilis_1

Robinson A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012. Accessed on January 26, 2019 from http://pitcherplants.proboards.com/thread/11301

Nepenthes mirabilis. Accessed January 24, 2018 from http://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PlantInfo /Nepenthaceae/Nepenthes/mirabilis/88150/108_Nepenthes%20mirabilis_%E8%B1%AC%E7%B1%A0%E8%8D%89_31-12-2009_88150_LR_WM.jpg

Sriplung H. 2012. Nepenthes mirabilis. Accessed January 24, 2018 from http://nepenthesoutthere. blogspot.com/2012/05/nepenthes-mirabilis-in-thepha.html

Butler RA. 2008. Accessed January 24, 2019, https://travel.mongabay.com/malaysia/images/borneo_4990.html

Article source : Taxonomic classification and conservation status of pitcher plant species in selected areas of Bucas Grande Island, Socorro, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines 

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Biodiversity at Risk: Exploring Flora, Fauna, and Threats in Shella Mountains, Balochistan | InformativeBD

BiBi Aliya,  Syed Inamullah, and Gull Makai, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Biodiversity at Risk: Exploring Flora, Fauna, and Threats in Shella Mountains, Balochistan. Entitled, Floral and faunal biodiversity and determination of negative incentives in Shella (Maslakh) Mountains, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The objective of this study research was to investigate exact floral and faunal biodiversity in association with habitat status Shella Maslakh Mountains of Balochistan. This study work was carried out in 6 field trips from June 2020 to April 2021. During this research a total of 26 mammalian species were documented belonging to 6 orders and 13 families in the area. Order rodentia with 13, carnivora 4, artiodactyla 3, insectivora 3, lagomorpha 2, and chiroptera 1 species which few species were common while some were rare. Among the reptiles a total 21 species were recorded belonging to 2 orders including squamata 20 and testudines 1 species with 8 families. In amphibians 6 different species were recorded belonged to order anura with 2 families. In bird fauna 3 orders otidiformes, pterocliformes, galliformes with one representative species for each family and order were recorded. In flora a total of 223 specimes with 21 different species were collected with 9 genera’s including Artemisia 4, Haloxylon 2, chryosopogen 2, Chmbopogon 2, Astraguluse 3, Caarghana 1, Stocksia 1, Stocksii 5 and Peteropryrium 1 species representatives with a total of 8 families in which most common species are pterocaulas, microcarp, hermonis, Qaradaghens, brevicayllis, Griffithi, stocksii and maritima, vulgaris, propiedades, dracunnculus were found rare.Finding of this research work suggests that Maslakh Mountain rang has a great potential to run a healthy wildlife. Therefore, it is needed that intensive conservation of wildlife has to be preserved by government agencies for a viable and resources rich ecosystem.

Read more :  Life Beneath theTides: Seagrass and Soil Substrates of Siargao’s Coastal Zones | InformativeBD

Introduction

Balochistan is the fourth province of Pakistan. It is the wide-ranging province concerning land area, which is found in the southwestern region of the country but is the minimum populated. Quetta is the capital of this province which counts as the largest city of Balochistan. Balochistan shares borders with Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Punjab to the northeast, Sindh to the southeast and east, Iran to the west, and the Arabian Sea to the south, Afghanistan to the north and northwest (Gare., 2013). Quetta is the provincial capital of the Province of Baluchistan in Pakistan. It is also the largest city in Baluchistan. Which including in the 10th largest city of Pakistan. Located in northern Baluchistan and sharing a border with Afghanistan near and the road across to Kandahar, Quetta is basically a communication center and trade between two countries (Bibi et al., 2015). The Bolan Pass route is near this city which is the major gateways from Central Asia to the south. According to (Ahmad, 1951) that Quetta’s total geographical area is 26531km. Quetta has an area of 26531km (1,024 sq. mi).the longitude of Quetta is 66.996452 and the latitude of Quetta (Malkani., 2017). Baluchistan is 30.183270.location of Pakistan is coming at in the Cities place category with the GPS coordinates of 66°59' 47.2272'' and 30 10’59.7720’’N. But according (Anon,19980) that provincial city of Baluchistan is lying between 67-18 E and 67-44 E at an altitude 1700 meters and 30-3 and 3-27 and 66-44 N. Quetta, Pakistan attributes a continental arid climate with large dissimilarities between winter and summer temperatures. But according to (Razzaq et al., 2014).

The climate of Quetta is totally arid and frigid (15 to - 7C) and winter is too mild as (32 to 35C) in summer. But according to (Köppen-Geiger) Quetta climate is classified as cold and semi-arid climate zone it has low humidity and dry climate, frigid in winter in this city snowfall is receives in December, January, and February. Evolution of animals began 600 million over years ago in the ocean (Anderson., 1975).a high percentage of migratory birds over 30% (Roberts.,1991) Pakistan is arid and semi-arid regions and 80% land area in case here 174 mammal species reported in Pakistan in which endemic and nonendemic subspecies (Robert., 1997) only 22 species of amphibians are recorded in which 9 is non-endemic and a number of marine species 29 fish species nine are snow trout (Hassan., 1997) Two breeds of buffalo, one of yalk, eight of cattle, 25 of goat, 28 of sheep reported in Pakistan (Usmani & Jasra 1993). Maslakh (shella) is located in the west of Quetta, but its eaten faces Quetta city. While Maslakh is a rural area of Quetta but north wise it is nearest to district Pishin and south wise it extends towards panjpai. It is almost 20km away from a Quetta city.in Maslakh we have shella which is protected area for conservation farming and rearing of karakul sheep and goats. This is protected by boundary walls no one is allowed to cut herbs and shrubs, and trees in the shella. More than less 3 to 4km square protected area for livestock as well this area is range protected area state forest area and wildlife sanctuary in which different type fauna and flora present. But sheep and goats endemic species of this area.

Reference

Ahmad M. 1951. KASHMIR IN THE UNITED NATIONS. Pakistan Horizon 4(4), 217-232.

Ali MH. 1980. Protection and management of wildlife in Baluchistan. In International Seminar on Organizing Wildlife Management in Developing Countries, November 10-12, 1980, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Anderson JM. 1975. The enigma of soil animal species diversity. In Progress in soil zoology (pp. 51-58). Springer, Dordrecht.

Anwar M, Jasra AW, Ahmad I. 2008. Biodiversity conservation status in Pakistan-a review. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry 58(1), 39.

Ashraf M, Routray JK. 2015. Spatio-temporal characteristics of precipitation and drought in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Natural Hazards 77(1), 229-254.

Bibi T, Ahmad M, Tareen NM, Jabeen R, Sultana S, Zafar M, Zain-ul-Abidin S. 2015. The endemic medicinal plants of Northern Balochistan, Pakistan and their uses in traditional medicine. Journal of ethnopharmacology 173, 1-10.

Ghalib SA, Jabbar ABDUL, Khan AR, Zehra A. 2007. Current status of the mammals of Balochistan. Pakistan journal of Zoology 39(2), 117.

Hasan SA. 1997. Biography and diversity butterflies of northeast area of Himalayas. In mufti. S. A., CA. Woods and S. A Hassan (Eds.). Biodiversity in Pakistan: PMNH pp181-204.

Kayani SA, Masood AYEESHA, Achakzai AKK, Anbreen S. 2007. Distribution of secondary metabolites in plants of Quetta-Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 39(4), 1173.

Khan MZ, Siddiqui S. 2009. Studies on bioecology and fauna of Hazarganji Chiltan National Park and development of ecotourism in protected areas. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 5(1), 1371-1384.

Malkani MS, Mahmood Z, Shaikh SI, Arif SJ, Alyani MI. 2017. Mineral resources of Balochistan province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 1001, 1-43.

Marwat Q, Khan NA. 1988. Phyto-ecological studies in Maslakh range forest Pishin, Baluchistan [Pakistan]. Pakistan Journal of Forestry (Pakistan).

Rafi M. 1965. Vegetation types of Baluchistan province. Pak. Govt. Printing Press. Punjab. Lahore Pakistan 116.

Robert TJ. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan.In Global Diversity assessment of Pakistan Oxford University press 1744pp.

Roberts TJ. 1991. The Birds of Pakistan: Passeriformes: Pittas to Buntings (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press, USA.

Usmani RH, Jasra AW. 1993. Efficient Utilization of Genetic Diversity of Farm Animals in Pakistan. Progressive Farming 13(5), 68-74.

Article source :  Floral and faunal biodiversity and determination of negative incentives in Shella (Maslakh)Mountains, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan 

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Life Beneath the Tides: Seagrass and Soil Substrates of Siargao’s Coastal Zones | InformativeBD

Jhondel P. Baranggan,  Archie D. Cawaling, Aldwin Y. Sarmen, Mauricio S. Adlaon, and Mariah Jay E. Escatron, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Life Beneath the Tides: Seagrass and Soil Substrates of Siargao’s Coastal Zones. Entitled, Sea-grass assessment and soil substrates along the coast of Barangay Union and Malinao, Siargao Island, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This research study comprehensively assessed seagrass characteristics using the transect quadrat method in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte. Three 50 m transect lines and laid parallel, separated by a 25 m distance, and readings were taken using steel quadrats placed every 5 m along the transects. A total of 11 quadrats were laid in each transect, and five seagrass species were recorded: Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, and Halodule pinifolia.As displayed in Tables 2, 3, and 4, the outcomes showed the percentage of seagrass coverage in each quadrat and the corresponding seagrass species. The dominant species varied across the quadrats, highlighting the spatial variability in seagrass distribution. Transect 1 had the highest species richness, while Transect 3 exhibited the most dominance and evenness. The study also analyzed the substrate types in the site, including clay, silt, sand, gravel, and rock. The preference of seagrass species for coarse sand substrate was seen, while rocky substrates had minimal seagrass cover. Transect 3 predominantly featured a coarse sand substrate. The findings indicate that it is suggested to implement conservation and management measures to protect and preserve the seagrass ecosystems. Restoration efforts should be considered in areas with absent or poor seagrass coverage. The dominant seagrass species should receive special attention in conservation efforts. Long-term monitoring programs are crucial to track changes in seagrass coverage and species composition. Lastly, this research provides valuable insights into the seagrass characteristics and their interplay with substrate types in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte. The findings contribute to the area’s understanding and conservation of seagrass ecosystems.

Read more : Hidden Shells of Balochistan: Exploring Land Snail Diversity Across the Province | InformativeBD

Introduction

Laws and policies have been implemented to preserve the Philippines' coastal and marine ecosystems. Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape (SIPLAS) is a significant conservation area that protects its biological integrity and beauty while encouraging sustainable development and wise use of its resources. It is a protected area under Republic Act No. 7586, spanning 278,914.131 acres of landscape and seascape in Surigao del Norte, Mindanao. These municipalities were Burgos, Dapa, Del Carmen, General Luna, Pilar, San Benito, San Isidro, Socorro, and Santa Monica (Calagui et al., 2022). On October 10, 1996, the island was designated a National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) protected area Law, Presidential Proclamation No. 902. The protected area promotes sustainable practices, responsible tourism, and community-based conservation activities to preserve Siargao Island's distinctive biodiversity and natural resources. This serves as a significant conservation area, preserving Siargao's natural heritage and enhancing the livelihoods of nearby communities. The Department of Natural Resources and Environment published DAO 2016-26 in October 2016, which sets guidelines for maintaining and protecting coastal and marine ecosystems in the Philippines.

Since then, the Department has created and implemented policies and programs to address the issues causing the deterioration of natural ecosystems across the country. The efforts undertaken as part of this program aim to restore the coastal and marine ecosystem services to their original state and to improve their natural resilience.

This is accomplished using scientific research, community participation, and practical experience, all guided by precautionary principles. The primary purpose is to ensure the conservation and management of the Philippines' coastal and marine habitats. These legislative frameworks aim to guarantee these priceless natural resources conservation and sustainable management (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2016).

Seagrass meadows play a physical benefit and are critical components of SIPLAS, supporting marine life, carbon sequestration, sediment stability, and water quality enhancement. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that constitute ecologically and commercially significant ecosystems in coastal zones worldwide (Potouroglou, 2017).This contributes significantly to the Philippine coastal ecology, and some sections of the country have effectively mapped seagrass areas to manage the coast (Brazas & Lagat, 2022). Its ecosystems are significant for commercial and subsistence fisheries because they provide feeding grounds and shelter for fish, crabs, and shellfish, sustaining local fishing populations. However, anthropogenic activities, such as climate change, adversely affect seagrass meadows' health and functionality (Dunic et al., 2021).

Environment change and human activity both have an impact on seagrass habitats. Furthermore, rising temperatures, sediment erosion, and acidity are some of climate change's direct and indirect effects on seagrass meadows (Wilson & Lotze, 2019). Due to their role as trophic and nursery crucial for fishes and bigger vertebrates, seagrasses are a vital component of the coastal environment. Animal species like crabs, prawns, shellfish, and fishes devour them directly in the form of leaves and indirectly in the form of detritus and epiphytes (Edgar et al., 2001).

Seagrass beds were decimated by siltation and excessive harvesting of the plants and wildlife that were present there. In their ruthless removal of the plant in the quest for bivalves, the gleaners destroy the plant and its habitat (Tanduyan et al., 2021). Seagrasses endure natural pressures such as storms, excessive grazing, and disease, but this valuable ecosystem also suffers from human threats. Due to their coastal proximity, seagrass beds are especially vulnerable to runoff pollution from urban and agricultural areas, carrying contaminants such as pesticides, household chemicals, oils, automotive wastes, fertilizers, and other chemicals and debris. This excess leads to algae blooms, which deplete oxygen supplies and smother seagrasses, causing massive die-offs. Dredging and prop scarring also tear up meadows, leaving open spaces that take years to regrow. In addition, seagrass plants promote nutrient cycling; they act as a nutrient pump. Plants absorb nutrients from the earth through their leaves and discharge them into the water. In nutrient-deficient locations. (Reynolds et al., 2018).

Human actions have significantly impacted the seagrasses' current state. Therefore, to create plans for sustainability and conservation, it is required to evaluate its status and condition. In addition, Siargao Island's crystal-clear ocean results from this ecosystem, making it a well-liked vacation spot. In Barangay Union, Dapa, and Barangay Malinao, General Luna, seagrass beds play a significant role. It must also keep monitoring and safeguarding this ecosystem. The study aims to assess the soil substrate and determine the seagrass species in a region where several fishermen regularly fish for various species, including fish, shrimp, and grabs.

Reference

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Brazas FP Jr, Lagat RD. 2022. Diversity, distribution, and habitat association of Seagrass in Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines. Journal of Ecosystem Science and Eco-Governance 4(Special Issue), 23-32(6). Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/366135298_Diversity_distribution_and_habitat_association_of_seagr

Calagui LB, Rosal JJ, Seronay RA, Calagui SIM. 2022. Inventory of fish fauna in Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Fisheries Research 251, 106325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2022.106325

Calumpong HP, Menez EG. 1997. Field guide to the common mangroves, seagrasses and algae of the Philippines pp. 183-187. Retrieved from https:// agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?record ID= US2 01300021635

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2016. Department of Environment and Natural Resources- Biodiversity Management Bureau (DAO 2016-26). bmb.gov.ph. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://www.bmb.gov.ph/index.php /resources/downloadables/laws-and-policies/denr-administrative-orders/dao-2007-2016

Dunic JC, Brown CJ, Connolly RM, Turschwell MP, Cote IM. 2021. Long-term declines and recovery of meadows area across the world’s seagrass bioregions. Global Change Biology 27, 4096-4109. https://d.org/10.1111/gcb.15684

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Reynolds PL, Duffy E, Knowlton N. 2018. Seagrass and Seagrass Beds. Smithsonian. Retrieved May 24, 2023, fromhttps://ocean.si.edu/ ocean-life /plants-algae/seagrass-and-seagrass beds#:~: text= Seagrasses%20can%20further%20improve%20water,acting%20as%20a%20nutrient%20pump.

Tanduyan SN, Andriano BT, Gonzaga RB. 2011. Species diversity of seagrasses in Camotes Islands, Central Philippines. In Biodiversity and Conservation Oral Presentation (pp. 203-206). San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines: Cebu Technological University. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf /12217684.pdf

Ulfah M, Fajri SN, Nasir M, Hamsah K, Purnawan S. 2019. Diversity, evenness and dominance index reef fish in Krueng Raya Water, Aceh Besar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 348(1), 012074. https:// doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/348/1/012074

Wilson KL, Lotze HK. 2019. Climate change projections reveal range shifts of eelgrass Zostera marina in the Northwest Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 620, 47-62. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26789823

Whiting D, Card A, Wilson C, Reeder JPhD. 2014. Colorado State University Extension. CMG Garden Notes #214: Estimating soil texture – sandy, loamy, or clayey. Retrieved from SOIL texture (studylib.net)

Article source : Sea-grass assessment and soil substrates along the coast of Barangay Union and Malinao, SiargaoIsland, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines 

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Hidden Shells of Balochistan: Exploring Land Snail Diversity Across the Province | InformativeBD

Shahab-ud-Din Kakar, Zafarullah, and Azmatullah, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Hidden Shells of Balochistan: Exploring Land Snail Diversity Across the Province. entitled, Diversity and distribution of land snails (Gastropoda: Mollusca) in the different sites of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

To study the diversity of land-snail fauna in the province of Balochistan, fourteen different sites were surveyed. Five land snail species were found as the Bradybaena similaris, Macrochlamys sequax, Zootecus insularis, Allopeas gracile and Zebrina detrita. Among these, the Zootecus insularis was showed a wide distribution and found in 8 of the total 14 surveyed sites. Followed by Bradybaena similaris and Macrochlamys sequax in 6 and 4 sites respectively in the province. On the other hand, Allopeas gracile and Zebrina detrita was collected from only site 1 but in different areas of the foresaid site which revealed the fact of their extinction in near future if immediate measures have not taken. The current study brought the present status and diversity of the land snail fauna into the pages of scientific record across the province as there is a dearth of reports about the diversity of land snail fauna in diverse provincial sites. Herein, this research offered first and detailed taxonomic description and distribution data of land snails’ fauna occurring in the province. Additionally, it might provide a way to carry out taxonomic studies about land snail fauna in the other provinces of the country.

Read more :  Inside the Radish:Exploring Physiological and Anatomical Traits of Selected Varieties |InformativeBD

Introduction

Gastropoda is the most important class of the phylum Mollusca with the animals having well-developed head bearing tentacles, eyes and a large muscular foot which is helpful for crawling. Snails, limpets, and slugs are familiar members of this class (Boonngam et al., 2008). Most members of the class Gastropoda bears a protective coiled shell accept the slugs, which have no shell. Land snails entails of the two main groups’ the prosobranchs and pulmonates. Prosobranchs have hardened shells and opercula which cover the apertures or openings of shells. Pulmonates, lack opercula and used lung for gaseous exchange. They live under leaves, woodland litters, logs, stones and trash, gardens, on the soil, in the cracks and even beside the hill-slopes (Srihata et al., 2010). The temperature and moisture play a significant role in their occurrence and distribution. Some land snails serve as intermediate hosts of infectious trematodes and other parasites of animals and human beings. However, most of the land snails have an important role in the ecosystems in which they live: they contribute to litter decomposition and concentration of soil calcium and are an important food source for other animals (Lange, 2003). Their generally short life span (i.e. a few months or years) and their limited powers of dispersal make them excellent bioindicators (Watters et al., 2005). To vast diversity, the land molluscan fauna did not get much consideration until the current (Graveland et al., 1994). Previously little work has been carried out in the areas adjacent to Afghanistan and northern India by some authors (Solem, 1979; Subba, 1979) but very poor work has been done on land snails of Pakistan. The author (Pokryszko et al., 2009) reported the Pupilloidae of Pakistan during the summers of 1990- 1992. Although, there seems to be no information on the land snails of Balochistan province. This paper aims to provide an inventory of the land snail fauna along with a detail taxonomic description and distribution data of these snails in the different sites of the province.

Reference

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Annandale N, Prashad B, Starmühlner F. Edlauer A. 1919. The Mollusca Fauna of the Inland Waters of Baluchistan and Seistan. Records of the Indian Museum 18, 11-61.

Boonngam P, Dumrongrojwattana P, Matchacheep S. 2008. The diversity of land snail fauna in Chonburi Province, Eastern Thailand. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 42, 256-263.

Brandt RA, Ram B. 1974. The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. ARCH. MOLLUSKENDE; DTSCH.; DA. 105, p 427 BIBL. 10 P. 1/2. http://pascalfrancis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=PASCAL7650143241.

De Francesco CG, Hassan GS. 2009. The significance of molluscs as paleoecological indicators of freshwater systems in central-western Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 274(1-2), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.01.003

EL‐SHOWK S, van Zweden JS, d’Ettorre P, Sundström L. 2010. Are you my mother? Kin recognition in the ant Formica fusca. Journal of evolutionary biology 23(2), 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14209101.2009.01912.x

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Graveland J, Van Der Wal R, Van Balen JH, Van Noordwijk AJ. 1994. Poor reproduction in forest passerines from decline of snail abundance on acidified soils. Nature 368(6470), 446-448. https://doi.org/10.1038/368446a0

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Naser MD. 2010. New record of the land snail Allopeas gracilis (Hutton, 1834) (Gastropoda: Subulinidae) from Basrah area, Iraq. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 147(613), 1-4.

Pokryszko BM, Auffenberg K, Hlaváč JČ, Naggs F. 2009, December. Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: pulmonata): truncatellininae, vertigininae, gastrocoptinae, pupillinae (In part). In Annales Zoologici 59, 423-458. Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences.  https://doi.org/10.3161/000345409X484847

Prabhakar AK, Roy SP. 2008. Taxonomic diversity of shell fishes of Kosi region of North-Bihar (India). The Ecoscan 2(2), 149-156.

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Solem A. 1979. Some mollusks from Afghanistan. FELDIANA, ZOOL.; USA; DA. 1, 95 p BIBL. 5 P. PASCALZOOLINEINRA8050259221.

Srihata S, Tumpeesuwan C, Tumpeesuwan S. 2010. Species diversity, abundance and habitats of land snails in a square kilometer on Phu No, Kalasin Province. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University 29(4), 359-371. http://thailand.digitaljournals.org/i…

Stange LA. 2006. Snails and slugs of regulatory significance to Florida. Division of Plant Industry. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 1-12.

Subba Rao NV, Mitra SC. 1979. On land and freshwater molluscs of Pune district, Maharashtra. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 75, 1-37.

Watters GT, Menker T, O’Dee SH. 2005. A comparison of terrestrial snail faunas between strip-mined land and relatively undisturbed land in Ohio, USA–an evaluation of recovery potential and changing faunal assemblages. Biological Conservation 126(2), 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.005

Article source : Diversity anddistribution of land snails (Gastropoda: Mollusca) in the different sites of Balochistan Province, Pakistan 

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Inside the Radish: Exploring Physiological and Anatomical Traits of Selected Varieties | InformativeBD

K. Waqas,  M. Shabir,  MU. Nabi,  RZ. Zulfiqar,  A. Mansoor, M. Abubakar,  M. Hussain, A. Nawaz,  A. Saira,  S. Bano,  Q. Farooq, and M. Shakir,  from the different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Inside the Radish: Exploring Physiological and Anatomical Traits of Selected Varieties. Entitled, A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected radish plant. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

A pot experiment was conducted in the old Botanical Garden at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to analyze and check the impact of nickel sulphate effect by on radish plant. One variety of radish (Raphanus sativus) Mooli Day-40 was grown under nickel sulphate solution. Varying concentration of nickel sulphate (10, 20, 30mM) was applied. All the morphological parameters were studied e.g. chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids. Ni effect significantly reduced the growth attributes. Results were described after data recording and statistical analysis by using latest computer software packages. A marked drop in all morpho-physiological attributes in relation to biochemical attributes chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were reduced while a subsequent elevation was observed in carotenoid.

Read more : Tracing Oregano Diversity: Genetic Variability Revealed by RAPD Markers | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Unani, Greeko-Arab, and Indian folk medicine, radish is used as a household remedy for the treatment of many diseases such as jaundice, gallstone, liver diseases, rectal prolapse, indigestion, and other gastric pains (Ahmad et al., 2007). In general, radish contains carbohydrates, sugars, dietary fibers, protein, and even some fat and fluoride. In addition, it mcontains various watersoluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,B9, and C and minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese zinc, potassium, and phosphorous.

Radish is useful in liver and gall Bladder troubles. In homoeopathy, they are used for neuralgic headache, sleeplessness and Chronic diarrhea. Roots, leaves, flower and Pod are quite effective against gram positive Bacteria. The roots are said to be useful in Urinary complaints, piles and in gastrodynia. A Salt extracted from roots, dried and burnt to White ash is said to be used as diuretic and Laxative. Heavy metal contamination of the environment is currently a global problem threatening vegetation, wildlife and human (Alexander et al., 2007).

Nickel is an essential micronutrient for plant growth so it is readily absorbed through plant roots But there are negative consequences when it is present in toxic concentrations. Excess Ni often Competes with other necessary micronutrients for uptake into plant tissues from soil. As a result, Nutrient deficiencies may arise within seeds (Naeem et al., 2019). These nutrients are important cofactors and enzyme Activators involved in the metabolic processes/events needed to ensure successful germination And seedling growth. Nutrient deficiencies result in imbalances and suppression of those Metabolic processes, thus inhibiting plant growth (Antoniadis et al., 2008).

The effect of various concentrations of nickel (100, 200, 500 and 1000µM) and recovery treatments of boron (50 and 100µM) and copper (15 and 75µM) each with 200µM and 500µM of nickel on germination, growth, biomass, chlorophyll, carotenoids, pheophytin, amylase, protein, sugar as well as activity of catalase and peroxidase were studied in radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Early menu) seedlings. Nickel treatments caused a considerable reduction in germination percentage, growth and biomass. The different pigments were also decreased with nickel treatments. The combination of nickel with boron resulted into increased protein contents. This combination also reduced the catalase and peroxidase activity (Ashraf et al., 2011).

Researched on water lettuce plants which were exposed to variousconcentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0ppm) of nickel as Nickel sulphate in nutrient medium. The effect of graded nickel (Ni+2) concentrations on visible symptoms of Toxicity, pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total) and antioxidative attributes were evaluated. Plants exposed to High nickel (1.0 and 10.0ppm) showed visible toxicity symptoms, such as wilting, chlorosis in young leaves, Browning of root tips and broken off roots, observed at 6 days after treatment. Nickel was accumulated more In root (863.3µg g-1 dry weight) than leaves (116.2µg g1 dry weight) at 6 days of treatment. Nickel exposure Decreased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents (Assunçao et al., 2003).

The aims of this study included the study of anatomy and biochemical characterization of radish plant under stress conditions. Ni has negative effect on photosynthesis and respiration. High uptake of Ni induces a decline in water content of dicot and monocot plant species (Baenas et al., 2016).

The decrease in water can act as an indicator for Ni toxicity in plants. Ni is associated with proteins inhibition germination and chlorophyll synthesis (Alexander et al., 2007). Nickel received very little attention due to its dual character and complicated electronic chemistry which acts as barrier to reveal the toxicity mechanism in plants. The objective of this review paper is to summarize the overview of the sources, essentiality, uptake Ni toxicity in plants. Nickel pollution is a serious environmental concern which led to research on phytoremediation (Choudhari et al., 1997).

Reference

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Alexander PD, Alloway BJ, Dourado AM. 2006. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables. Environ. Pollut 144, 736-745.

Antoniadis V, Robinson JS, Alloway BJ. 2008. Effects of short-term pH fluctuations on cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc availability to ryegrass in a sewage sludge-amended field. Chemosphere 71, 759-764.

Ashraf MY, Sadiq R, Hussain M, Ashraf M. 2011. Toxic effect of nickel (Ni) on growth and metabolism in germinating seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Biol. Trace Elem. Res 143, 1695-1703.

Assunçao AG, Bookum WM, Nelissen HJ, R Vooijs R, Scha T, Ernst WH. 2003. Differential metal‐specific tolerance and accumulation patterns among Thlaspi caerulescens populations originating from different soil types. New Phytol 159, 411-419.

Baenas N, Piegholdt S, Schloesser A, Moreno D, García-Viguera C, Rimbach G, Wagner A. 2016. Metabolic activity of radish sprouts derived isothiocyanates in drosophila melanogaster. Int. J. Mol. Sci 17, 251-252.

Choudhari AMM. 1997. Differential Effect of Pb2+ and Hg2+ on Inhibition of germination of seeds of two Rice cultivars. Ind. J. plant physiol 2, 41-44.

Clemens S, Palmgren MG, Ramer U. 2002. A long way ahead: understanding and engineering plant metal accumulation, Trends Plant Sci 7, 309.

Espen LL, Pirovano L, Sergio MC. 1997.Effect of nickel during the early Phase of radish (Raphanus sativus) seed germination. Environ. Exp. Bot 38, 187-197.

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Naeem M, Hussain A, Azmi UR, Maqsood S, Imtiaz U, Ali H, Rehman SU, Kaleemullah, Munir MU, Ghani U. 2019. Comparative Anatomical Studies of Epidermis with Different Stomatal Patterns in Some Selected Plants Using Compound Light Microscopy; International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9(10), 375-380.

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Article source : A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected radish plant 

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Tracing Oregano Diversity: Genetic Variability Revealed by RAPD Markers | InformativeBD

Hafiza Faiza, Nadir Ali Rind,  Muhammad Rafiq, and  Muhammad Umar Dahot, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Tracing Oregano Diversity: Genetic Variability Revealed by RAPD Markers. Entitled, Study of genetic variability of local Oregano (Origanum vulgare) through RAPD markers. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

In the present study Origanum vulgare seeds were exposed to chemical mutagens at different concentration of Ethyl methane sulphonate and Sodium azide. Mutants and control (without mutagen treatment) of Origanum vulgare seeds were than culture in-vitro on MS media (supplemented with hormones) for regeneration and callus induction. DNA was isolated from all treated and control Origanum vulgare and polymorphism of isolated DNA was studied using six RAPD markers. In this study six RAPD primers were used as markers to study the genetic differences in mutagenized Oregano plants and callus cultures. The DNA samples of plants and callus cultures showed common bands. As common amplified bands in RAPD separated in agarose gels also showed variable intensity of their bands. This type of polymorphism may be due to different copy numbers of corresponding DNA loci. RAPD showed variations in mutagenized Oregano plants and callus cultures. The callus cultures can be used for several studies like for mass propagation, production of secondary compounds and gene transfer studies. RAPD has frequently used as molecular marker for genetic variability studies in plants due to its simplicity, rapidity and lack of prior genetic information about the plant.

Read more : Nutrient-Rich Grubs:Evaluating the Food Value of Palm Weevil Larvae in Delta State | InformativeBD

Introduction

Tissue culture is the method through which genetic exploitation studies can be done fruitfully (Parrott et al. 1994). Molecular marker practices, for example random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, have been used to evaluate somaclonal changes (Al-Zahim et al., 1999; Hashmi et al., (1997), Rind et al., (2016) Rout and Das, (2002) and Zucchi et al., (2002) in addition to assess the effects of growth regulators (Mangolin et al., (2002) and chemical mutagens (Teparkum and Veilleux, 1998) in various discrete loci inside a genome (Samal et al., (2003). As primers customized by even a single nucleotide create diverse banding profiles, the RAPD technique can produce polymorphisms among very closely-related genotypes (Deng et al., (1995). The RAPD assay is well-organized for selection of nucleotide sequence polymorphism between individuals as each primer (on average) will straight to the amplification of numerous discrete loci inside a genomeSamal et al., (2003).

Origanum onites and Origanum vulgare taxa can be known by the most flawlessly using RAPD markers. RAPD has also been used to differentiate extraordinary plant material under the name Mediterranean oregano for class control (Marieschi et al.(2009). Currently, many special objectives have been effectively recognized by the concerned of molecular markers, on different oregano species for example RAPD in Origanum majorana (Klocke et al., (2002). and in Origanum subspecies (Katsiotis et al., (2009), and simple sequence repeat (SSR) in Origanum vulgare (Novak et al., (2008). Though, it is not yet finely available about the connection among genetic diversity and chemical compounds of essential oils of Origanum onites. RAPD is still one of the most successfully and frequently used molecular techniques because of its simplicity, low cost and high speed. Thus, genetic diversity among diverse genotypes of many crops can be easily and rapidly evaluate by victoriously using RAPD markers (Rafalski and Tingey, (1993), Ragot and Hoisington, (1993), Williams et al., (1990). Universally, RAPD can present valuable data for the assessment of population, genetic structure as well as genetic diversity within and among populations, population sections and degree of inbreeding and individual relation (Ragot and Hoisington, (1993). In case of herbaceous plants, RAPD markers have been hardly applying for genetic diversity studies, e.g. in Origanum majorana L. (Klocke et al., (2002), Cunila galioides Benth (Fracaro et al., (2005), Curcuma zedoaria (Christm) Rosc (Islam et al., (2007), Syamkumar and Sasikumar, (2007), Matricaria chamomilla L. (Solouki et al., (2008), Satureja hortensis L. Solouki et al., (2008) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill Zahid et al., (2009). RAPD-PCR is a quick attempt in which no complex technology and no previous sequence information is necessary, it also allows high-quality appearance levels when the DNA to be probed in its low quantities. Marieschi et al., (2009) have used RAPD-PCR method to evaluate its competence as correspondingly, quick and steady assay to probe the attendance of existing contamination and speed pharmacognostic examination of large batches of samples.

In recent study, six different arbitrary primers were used as RAPD markers to assess the genetic diversity among mutagen treated plants and callus cultures. Origanum vulgare germplasm collected from the local market of Hyderabad, Pakistan.

The seeds were treated with various concentrations of EMS and Na2N grown in the field and under in vitro conditions, mutant plantlets and four to six month old calli were used to study the genetic variability created through chemical mutagens in plants and callus cultures through the use of Random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Reference

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Hashmi G, Huettel R, Meyer R, Krusberg L, Hammerschlag F. 1997. RAPD analysis of somaclonal variants derived from embryo callus cultures of peach. Plant cell reports 16, 624-627.

Islam M, Meister A, Schubert V, Kloppstech K, Esch E. 2007. Genetic diversity and cytogenetic analyses in Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe from Bangladesh. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54, 149-156.

Katsiotis A, Nikoloudakis N, Linos A, Drossou A, Constantinidis T. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp. based on rDNA sequences and intra-genetic variation of Greek O. vulgare subsp. hirtum revealed by RAPD. Scientia horticulturae 121, 103-108.

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Klocke E, Langbehn J, Grewe C, Pank F. 2002. DNA Fingerprinting by RAPD on Origanum majorana L. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants9, 171-176.

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Mangolin CA, Ottoboni LM, Maria de Fátima P. 2002. RAPD markers to evaluate callus tissue of Cereus peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae) maintained in different growth regulator combinations. Biochemical Genetics 40, 351-358.

Marieschi M, Torelli A, Poli F, Sacchetti G, Bruni R. 2009. RAPD-based method for the quality control of Mediterranean oregano and its contribution to pharmacognostic techniques. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 57, 1835-1840.

Martin K. 2002. Rapid propagation of Holostemma adakodien Schult., a rare medicinal plant, through axillary bud multiplication and indirect organogenesis. Plant Cell Reports 21, 112-117.

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Novak J, Lukas B, Bolzer K, Grausgruber‐Gröger S, Degenhardt J. 2008. Identification and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers from a glandular Origanum vulgare expressed sequence tag. Molecular Ecology Resources 8, 599-601.

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Rind NA, Aksoy O, Dahot, MU, Dikilitas S, Rafiq M, Tutunoglu B. 2016. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity amaong Melia azedarach L (Meliaceae) with RAPD markers. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 25, 2374-2382.

Rout G, Das G. 2002. An assessment of genetic integrity of micropropagated plants of Plumbago zeylanica by RAPD markers. Biologia plantarum 45, 27-32.

Salvi ND, George L, Eapen S. 2001. Plant regeneration from leaf base callus of turmeric and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of regenerated plants. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 66, 113-119.

Samal S, Rout G, Nayak S, Nanda R, Lenka P, Das P. 2003. Primer screening and optimization for RAPD analysis of cashew. Biologia plantarum 46, 301-304.

Solouki M, Mehdikhani H, Zeinali H, Emamjomeh A. 2008. Study of genetic diversity in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) based on morphological traits and molecular markers. Scientia Horticulturae 117, 281-287.

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Teparkum S, Veilleux RE. 1998. Indifference of potato anther culture to colchicine and genetic similarity among anther-derived monoploid regenerants determined by RAPD analysis. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 53, 49-58.

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Article source : Study of genetic variability of local Oregano (Origanum vulgare) through RAPD markers 

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