African Swine Fever Surveillance in Cagayan Abattoirs, Philippines | InformativeBD

Maricel F. Campanano, Dennis M. Oyardo, and Mary Ann M. Santos, from the institute of Philippines. wrote a Research article about, African Swine Fever Surveillance in Cagayan Abattoirs, Philippines. Entitled, Surveillance and detection of the occurrence of African swine fever in abattoirs in the different municipalities of the second district of Cagayan, Philippines. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, which is responsible for serious economic and production losses. It is caused by a large DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family.  The study was conducted to determine positive   cases of African swine fever on pigs from different slaughterhouses in municipalities of second district in Cagayan. A total of 362 blood samples were collected in 6 municipal slaughterhouses. The samples were analyzed in the Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (RADDL). The viral DNA of ASF was extracted from the blood samples using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN) and was identified through the RT-PCR (ASFV p72 gene-based real-time PCR assay). Two municipalities involve in the study resulted positive of African Swine Fever with a total of 60 out of 362 pigs. The municipality with the highest positive case and incidence rate is Sto. Nino with 41 out of 56 pigs are infected (incidence rate is 11.32%) followed by Piat with 19 pigs out of 96 pigs (incidence rate is 5.25%) and the rest no incidence of African Swine-Fever. The result obtained from the study indicates that out of 230 pooled samples (362 pigs), 35 (60 pigs) are showing 15.22% positivity rate and 16.57% incidence. 

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Introduction

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating haemorrhagic fever of pigs with mortality rates approaching 100 per cent. It causes major economic losses, threatens food security and limits pig production in affected countries. ASFV is a large DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm and is the only member of the Asfarviridae family. The virus encodes 150–165 proteins, which have „essential‟ functions in virus replication, as well as „non-essential‟ roles in host interactions, including evasion of host defences; for example, many proteins inhibit the early innate responses, including type I interferon and cell death pathways (Dixon et al., 2019).

African swine fever (ASF) was first identified in East Africa in the early 1900s as a disease causing high mortality in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). It was quickly established that warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) could be a source of infection (Montgomery, 1921) and that this host, along with a species of soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) which live in warthog burrows, could be persistently infected with ASF virus (ASFV) without showing signs of disease (Plowright et al., 1994).

ASF has a severe socio-economic impact, both in areas where it is newly introduced and where it is endemic. The high impact is most apparent in countries with a significant commercial pig industry. In Africa, ASF has potentially devastating effects on the commercial and subsistence pig production sectors, but the greatest losses are usually inflicted on the poorer pig producers who are less likely to implement effective prevention and control strategies (Edelsten and Chinombo, 1995) or basic biosecurity. The farmers also often lack financial resources to restart production in the absence of compensation schemes. In countries such as Cote d'Ivoire and Madagascar, the introduction of ASF resulted in the loss of between 30 and 50 per cent of the pig population (El Hicheri et al., 1998; Roger et al., 2001).

Although ASF was first described almost a century ago, controlling the disease has proven to be a challenge, in particular because no vaccine is available. Following introduction to ASFV-free countries, the only control measures available are strict quarantine and biosecurity, animal movement restrictions and slaughtering affected/exposed animals.

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Article source : Surveillance and detection of the occurrence of African swine fever in abattoirs in the different municipalities of the second district of Cagayan, Philippines