Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium | InformativeBD

R. Venkateshwari,  from the institute of India. R. Krishnaveni, from the institute of India. F. J. Jelin, from the institute of India. P. Bhuvaneswari, from the institute of India. T. Shanmuga Vadivu, from the institute of India. and G. Annadurai, from the institute of India.  wrote a Research Article about, Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium. Entitled, Citrus aurantium bark, seeds, and leaves were used to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticle and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been proposed as an eco-friendly and cost-effective substitute for chemical and physical methods. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using the peel extract of Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed, and to determine the possible phytochemical constituents’ presence in the plant extracts that might be responsible for the synthesis. Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extraction was followed by phytochemical studies of secondary metabolites, FTIR analysis confirmation of functional groups analysis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through bio-reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles using Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy (Bark, Leaf and Seed), SEM (Bark and Leaf), XRD (Bark, Leaf and Seed) and FTIR (Bark Leaf and Seed). The FTIR analysis of the extract revealed the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amine, and phenyl with similar functional groups. The synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has displayed the characteristics of a UV-Vis spectroscopy band peak from 400–420 nm. The XRD analysis also confirmed that the nanoparticles synthesized are crystalline in nature. Based on the findings of this study, it is understood that the variety of natural compounds that are present in plant extracts of Citrus aurantium  Bark, Leaf and Seed can act as both reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It is, therefore, concluded that Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extract can be potentially used for the large production of silver nanoparticles for several applications.

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Introduction

Due to their potential and potential applications in a variety of fields, including biomedicine, nanomedicine, agriculture, and biosensors, there has been an increase in interest in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles such as zinc, silver, platinum, and gold in recent years (Tijjani Mustapha et al., 2023; Pirtarighat et al., 2019). Due to their high stability and low chemical reactivity compared to other metals, silver nanoparticles have been studied more than any other nanomaterial. Because of their unique and promising qualities, they are frequently employed as larvicidal, antibacterial, and anticancer agents (Tijjani Mustapha et al., 2023; Mustapha et al., 2022). Nonetheless, two distinct approaches are frequently used to synthesize them: the chemical and physical approaches. Typically, chemical or physical techniques such as micelle synthesis, sol process, chemical precipitation, hydrothermal method, pyrolysis, and chemical vapour deposition are used to create nanomaterials (Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013; Leela and Vivekantandan, 2008). Certain techniques are simple and allow for the regulation of crystallite size through the restoration of the reaction environment. However, there are still issues with the product's overall stability and getting monodisperse nanosize using these techniques (Kowshik et al., 2002; Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013). Furthermore, it has been discovered that a large number of conventional techniques are capitalintensive and inefficient in their use of materials and energy (Klaus-Joerger et al., 2001; Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013).

A green method has recently been proposed to replace the methods that harm the environment, such as chemical and physical ones. The biological method also referred to as the green synthesis technique or method makes use of bacteria, fungi, and plants. Using plant extracts from different plant parts, including the peel, stem, leaf, root, and fruit, several studies have reported the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013; Atharbi et al., 2018; Ayodele et al., 2020; Kokila et al., 2015). A flowering plant in the Rutacea family is called Citrus aurantium. The terms "bitter orange" and "key lime" are frequently used to describe them (Khan Pathan et al., 2012; Nur et al., 2016). It is one of the most widely used citrus species in Malaysia, where it is mostly utilized in traditional medicine and food. Its 3–5 m tall, spiky stem is its main feature. The citrus plant is spherical in shape, with leaves that are 3–5 cm thick and 5–9 cm long (Nur et al., 2016; Daigy, 2009; Mandal et al., 2009). Traditionally, tulsi leaves have been used to treat a variety of infections. It has been stated that the antibacterial activity stems from the components of essential oils, primarily the eugenols. The goal of this study is to create silver nanoparticles using Tulsi leaf aqueous extract. Additionally, in an effort to maximize antimicrobial action, we try combining the natural antibacterial properties of Tulsi extract with silver metal (Raghunan et al., 2011; Dubey et al., 2010; Baret et al., 2009).

Even though there have been a number of studies on silver nanoparticles, more thorough research is still needed on the environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing plant extracts (GardeaTorresdey et al., 2003; Rafique et al., 2017). To our knowledge, no research has been done on the use of Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extract in the plant-mediated production of silver nanoparticle. Thus, identifying and characterizing the function of metabolites in the creation of silver nanoparticles constitutes the novelty of the current work. Considering the aforementioned, the purpose of this work was to use Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extract to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticle and to identify potential phytochemical constituents present in the plant extracts that could be involved in the synthesis of the silver nanoparticle.

Reference

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Dubey SP, Lahtinen M, Sillanpaa M. 2010. Green synthesis and characterizations of silver and gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rosa rugosa. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 364, 34–41.

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Source : Citrus aurantium bark,seeds, and leaves were used to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticleand their antimicrobial activity was evaluated 

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Temporal and Structural Relations in Hevea brasiliensis: Indicators of Bark and Latex Vessel Maturity | InformativeBD

Samuel Obouayeba, Eric Francis Soumahin, Koffi Mathurin Okoma, Angelo Evariste Badou N’guessan, Lancina Fanlégué Coulibaly , Kouablan Edmond Koffi, and Régis Lacote, from the different institute of the Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a research article about,Temporal and Structural Relations in Hevea brasiliensis: Indicators of Bark and Latex Vessel Maturity. entitled,Temporal and structural relations within bark and trunk in Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae): Physiological maturity index of bark and latex vessels.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

In Africa and particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, the exploitation of Hevea brasiliensis clones having strong vegetative growth based on the criterion of vigour adopted so far has raised physiological and physical problems characterized by a high rate of tapping panel dryness and wind damage. A study was conducted on three clones of Hevea brasiliensis (PB 235, GT 1 and PR 107) belonging respectively to classes of fast, moderate and slow vegetative growth, in order to determine the right moment for an exploitation which would minimize those drawbacks. Trunk measurements, bark collecting and histological sections followed by laticifers counting made on rubber trees aged from one to fifteen years, have enabled to describe the process of establishment of bark and laticifers. The intensity of development and thickening of the bark and the rate of laticifer emission are described respectively by distinct hyperbolic and logistic sigmoid functions. However, their temporal evolution is strongly marked by an irreversible decrease of the whole process of formation, whatever the clone, from six years after planting. Furthermore, the density of laticifers per mm2 switches, whatever the clone studied, from a number greater than 5, the first six years (5-8 < Δlv <2) to 0.35 the next 25 years (2 < Δlv < 0.4). This evolution which is very significant the first six years varies relatively little the rest of time. These results show sixyears after planting a major phenologic phenomenon, like a physiological maturity, which occurs within the tree. This study has allowed identifying good indicators for determining the age and/or the time when plantations should be tapped in Hevea brasiliensis. These relationships have certain and practical interests insofar as they will allow to determine the maturity ofexploitation for plantations which age is unknown by using only a bark gauge to measure bark thickness and a measuring tape to measure the girth.

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Introduction

The animal and/or plant living kingdom is governed by a certain number of relations whom knowledge allows to better exploit the potentialities of that kingdom. Rubber tree is not an exception to that rule, all the more since its yielding mode is particular from the other vegetables from which yielding are fruits, tubers, roots (Templeton, 1969). Moreover, in that species, maturity is not exteriorized; at least, it’s not obvious. Rational and optimal exploitation of Hevea brasiliensis require so, more than in the major part of its homologous of the plant kingdom, knowledge and control of the setting and functioning of the main organs involved in the processing of cis-polyisoprene, the source of natural rubber production (Jacob et al., 1988; Sekha, 1989), the main resource expected from rubber tree cultivation.

Therefore, every part of rubber tree (roots, trunk, branches and leaves) is concerned by these investigations, as laticifers are found in these organs at any age (Meunier, 1912; Bobilioff, 1923; Riches and Gooding, 1952; Dickenson, 1969; Gomez, 1982, 1975; Hébant and Fay, 1980). However, the works of Bobilioff (1923), Gomez (1982), Gomez (1975) and Compagnon (1986) have shown that the trunk of rubber tree (2.50 m above the ground) is the part which has the highest latex extraction yield and which is easier to manage. The presence of latex at any age in the bark of the trunk rises up the problem of the ideal moment to start tapping. This tapping moment put on appearance an important character as Gomez (1975) has shown that laticifers switch from juvenility to old age, via maturity. But as rubber yielding is highly energy and photosynthetate demanding (Le Bras, 1953; Templeton, 1969; Wycherley, 1976), the exploitation of the rubber-producing tissue should be made, without damage on the physiological state of the trees, only at maturity of this tissue and laticifers that it bears. Indeed, the current criterion for first tapping that is, arbitrary and based on vigour (Compagnon, 1986) and which allow, to exploit rubber trees having 50 cm girth at one meter above the ground level has some deficiencies. Fast-growing clones (PB 235, IRCA 18, etc.) show physico-physiological constraints, such as dry tapping panel dryness and wind damage (Premakumari, 1991; CIRAD-CP, 1993, Obouayeba and Boa, 1993; Jacob et al., 1994; Dian 1993; Dian et al., 1995) more important than those of moderate-growing or slow-growing clones (GT 1, PB 217, PR 107, etc.). The recent works of Obouayeba et al., (2000a) shown that fast-growing clones are precociously exploited (tapped). But Templeton (1969), Gohet (1996) have already indicated that precocious exploitation is prejudicial to further productions. Indeed, precocity in tapping provokes a strong reduction in radial vegetative growth during tapping (Obouayeba and Boa, 1993; Obouayeba et al., 2002), and a high rate of tapping panel dryness (Dian, 1993), Dian et al. (1995) leading to less and less sustained yielding from the 5th exploitation campaign (Templeton, 1969; Ouattara, 1998).

The research of criteria more relevant than the current one becomes then necessary; and is justified. Indeed, Obouayeba et al. (2000a,b) have already determined the age, notably the tapping at 6 years after planting as the criterion susceptible to solve this problem (Obouayeba et al., 2002). Furthermore, it is not excluded that some relations, between time and structural organs of the trunk can also contribute to elucidate the problem, allowing thus to determine, for an unknown age, the maturity of the bark and/or those organs.

To solve this problem and make the exploitation of rubber tree more efficient, a study on some structural and temporal relations at the level of the bark and trunk of rubber tree has been carried out. The present paper sums up the results of this study which concerned three clones of Hevea brasiliensis; PB 235; GT 1 and PR 107, grown on the whole rubber cultivation area of Côte d’Ivoire.

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Source: Temporal and structural relations within bark and trunk in Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae): Physiological maturity index of bark and latex vessels

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