Ecological Impact of Mining on the Cavally River in Western Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Doffou Richard Jean Olive, Kamagate Bakagnan, Kouassi Koumoin Henry Delmas,  Boussou Koffi Charles, Add Zea Bi Ue Claver, and Bony Kotchi Yves, from the different institute of  Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research Article about, Ecological Impact of Mining on the Cavally River in Western Côte d’Ivoire. Entitled, Influence of mining on the ecological quality of the cavally river (Western Cote D’ivoire). This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to assess the ecological quality of a section of the river Cavally through physico-chemical variables. These parameters were measured seasonally in situ between April 2015 and May 2017. At each sampling station, water temperature, conductivity, TDS, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured twice a day. The results obtained show that the spatial variation in physico-chemical parameters showed a significant difference between the mean values obtained upstream, in the mining area and downstream (Kruskall-Wallis ; p ˂ 0.05 ; ANOVA ; p ˂ 0.05). Overall, stream substrate varied from station to station. The mining zone was not positively correlated with any species. It is characterised by high water temperature and depth. The downstream zone, on the other hand, has high values for conductivity and canopy but is positively correlated with a number of species, notably Hepsetus odoe, Petrocephalus pellegrini and Heterobranchus longifilis.

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Introduction

Essential for life, freshwater plays a central role in the development of human civilizations because aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems do not function independently of each other (Omernick and Bailey, 1997). However, human influences on aquatic biotope and its biocenosis are very diverse. According to Ibarra (2004), water and soil use are based on the four main human activities that can impact hydrosystems. Changes in the morphology of rivers, their physico-chemical properties and different uses have consequences on water quantity and quality (Cooper et al., 1998). Aquatic biodiversity is threatened by anthropogenic activities mainly agriculture and mining that have intensified in recent years, especially in the Cavally basin and especially in the Ivorian part of its upper course at the level of the locality of Ity (Kamagaté, 2019). Among aquatic resources, fish are highly vulnerable to chemicals used in gold panning (Sanogo et al., 2012). Indeed, several rivers including the river Cavally (Zouanhounien) are impacted by this activity. 

The distribution of freshwater fish is subject to many influences. These influences are ecological in relation to the effects of anthropogenic activities (disappearance of specific habitats, species extinction, hybridization, etc.) (Kamelan, 2014; Kouassi et al., 2017).

Many research works (Konan et al., 2007; Aboua, 2012) have been conducted on the impact of agricultural and industrial activities and on fish populations in Côte d'Ivoire but very few concerned the impact of mining activities. The objective of this study is (1) to evaluate the impact of mining on the ecological quality of this portion of the Cavally River through the physico-chemical variables and (2) their influences on the organization of the ichthyological settlement.

Reference

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Kamagaté EAI. 2019. Diversité et dynamique des macroinvertébrés benthiques : outil d’évaluation de la qualité des eaux du bassin supérieur du fleuve Cavally sous influence d’activités minières (Ouest, Côte d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire, 214p.

Kamelan TM. 2014. Peuplement ichtyologique de quelques hydrosystèmes de l’espace Taï (Côte d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat, UFR Biosciences, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 277p.

Koffi B. 2017. Dimensionnement du canal de dérivation du fleuve Cavally à l’aide d’un modèle hydraulique 1D. Master Génie de l’environnement et de l’eau, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire, 50p.

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Source : Influence of mining on the ecological quality of the cavally river (Western Cote D’ivoire) 

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Traditional Remedies for Diarrhea: Plant Inventory and Phytochemical Insights from Man, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Ta Bi Irié Honoré, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. Aké-Assi Emma , from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire . and N’guessan Koffi, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research Article about, Traditional Remedies for Diarrhea: Plant Inventory and Phytochemical Insights from Man, Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Plants used against diarrhea in traditional medicine of Man, western Côte d’Ivoire: Inventory and phytochemical screening. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Diarrhea is a public health problem in Côte d’Ivoire. To contribute to the fight against the disease, this study was undertaken in the city of Man from January 2 to May 31, 2024 with traditional practitioners in the city. It allowed us to interview 88 people practicing in this field of traditional medicine. The study inventoried 30 plants belonging to 17 botanical families with a dominance of Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The leaves, leafy stems, roots and whole plants are the parts of the plants used in anti-diarrheal treatments. These plant organs are prepared by decoction, maceration, kneading and trituration. The medicinal recipes are administered as decoction orally and as purge anally. The plant species cited during this study are: Amphicarpaea bracteata (FCe = 0.58) and Ocimum gratissimum (FCe = 0.49). A phytochemical screening was carried out on the aqueous extracts of these two plants to search the scientific basis of their anti-diarrheal properties. These tri-phytochemical tests indicated the presence of sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. These chemical groups could justify the use of these plants in traditional medicine. These two plant species should therefore be the subject of more in-depth pharmacological tests for the implementation of new molecules against diarrhea.

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Introduction

Current knowledge places the beginning of humanity at 7 million years ago (Guy, 2009). Since then, man has used plants (Ta et al., 2023). This observation is linked to the use of plants in various areas of life, such as housing, food and health (N'guessan, 2008). The relationships between man and plants have led to the emergence of several sciences: ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnopharmacology. Ethnopharmacology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of all materials of plant, animal or mineral origin and the knowledge or practices related to them, which vernacular cultures implement to modify the states of living organisms for therapeutic, curative, preventive or diagnostic purposes (Fleurentin, 2012). It is also called traditional medicine which is based on empirical knowledges and pratices. Today, the use of plants for health is widespread not only in developing countries but also in developed societies (Doh et al., 2023). Like other countries, the traditional medicine of Côte d’Ivoire, offers remedies for all human pathologies even if they are curable for modern medicine. The conditions treated are diverse: asthma, diabetes, high blood pressure and especially diarrhea, the subject of this study. Diarrhea is a transit disorder characterized by soft or liquid stools, in abnormally high quantities or with an increased frequency of occurrence (Randremanana, 2012). It can be caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic infections. Diarrhea is the third leading cause of death at any age (Assogba, 2012) and the 5th leading cause of premature death in the world (WHO, 2014). In Côte d'Ivoire, diarrhea is a public health problem. However, the management of diarrheal diseases is limited by the inaccessibility of certain populations to hospitals and the high cost of pharmaceutical drugs (Ambé et al., 2015). In Man, the site of this study, diarrheal diseases are the 2nd cause of consultation after malaria. Faced to this worrying health situation, the use of plants becomes an appropriate solution. This study is part of this perspective. It is therefore a contribution to the search for new plants of anti-diarrheal properties. It lists the plants proposed by traditional practitioners of Man against diarrhea and seeks the scientific basis for their use through a phytochemical screening.

Reference

Aké CB, Ta BIH, Koné MW. 2019. Some minerals of nutritional and therapeutical importance from the leaves and stems of Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn. (Piperaceae) GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Science 8, 104–108.

Aké-Assi E, N’guessan K, Kouassi AF. 2015. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Thunbergia atacorensis, a new species. European Scientific Journal 11(27), 92-100.

Aké-Assi L. 2011. Compendium of African medicine and pharmacopoeia: some plants traditionally used in primary health care coverage. NEI-CEDA Edition, Abidjan (Côte-d’Ivoire), 157p.

Ambé ASA, Ouattara D, Tiebre MS, Vroh BTA, Zirihi GN, N’Guessan KE. 2015. Diversity of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diarrhea in the markets of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 26, 4081-4096.

Assogba AL, Ehui E, Maïga MF, N’Guetta NEE, Randremanana RV, Sehonou J, Seukap E. 2012. Initiation against diarrheal and enteric diseases in Africa: a contribution to the fight against cholera. Medicine of Black Africa. 7p.

Béné K, Fofie NBY, Camara D, Kanga Y, Yapi AB, Yapo YC, Zirihi GN. 2016. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the Department of Transua, District of Zanzan (Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 27(2), 4230 – 4250.

Doh KS, Ta BIH, Yapo YCV, N’guessan K. 2023. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity assessment of leaves from Piliostigma thonningii (Fabaceae), a plant used in traditional medicine against diabetes in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 12, 19-23.

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Kouadio KB, Kablan ALC, Ahoua ARC, Konan DJ, Oussou KR, Attioua KB, Dongui BK. 2021. Phytochemical screening, determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids, and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaves of Turraea heterophylla Smith (Meliaceae). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 33(2), 405-413.

Lawaly MM, Idrissa M, Khalid I. 2016. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhea in Niger: ethnobotanical study. Algerian Journal of Natural Products 4(3), 475-482.

N’guessan K, Tra-Bi FH, Koné MW. 2009. Ethnopharmacological studies of antimalarial plants used in traditional medicine among the Abbey and Krobou of Agboville (Côte d’Ivoire). Ethnopharmacology 44, 42-50.

N’Guessan K. 2008. Medicinal plants and traditional medical practices among the Abbey and Krobou peoples of the Agboville Department (Côte d’Ivoire). State Doctorate Thesis in Natural Sciences, Specialty Ethnobotany, University of Cocody-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), UFR Biosciences, Botany Laboratory, 235 p.

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Sidio SR, N’Guessan K. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to combat gastroenterological disorders among populations in the Gagnoa Department, in the Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Applied Biosciences 15, 320 – 343.

Soro TY, Néné-bi AS, Zahoui OS, Yapi A, Traoré F. 2015. Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Ximenia americana (Linnaeus) (Olacaceae). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 24, 3802-3813.

Ta BIH, Doh KS, Yéo S, Aké-Assi E, N’guessan K. 2023. Study of the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) and Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae), two plants frequently cited in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast. Ivorian Review of Sciences and Technologies 42, 349-362.

Ta BIH, N’Guessan K. 2021. Ethnopharmacological study of hypotensive plants found in the markets of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 32, 522-530.

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Source : Plants used against diarrhea in traditional medicine of Man, western Côte d’Ivoire: Inventory and phytochemical screening

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Assessing Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Parquetina nigrescens Extracts | InformativeBD

Ta Bi Irié Honoré, Dro Bernadin, Ake Claude Bernard, Ake-Assi Ablan Emma, N’guessan Koffi, University of Man, Côte d’Ivoire, UFR Agronomic Forestry, and Environmental Engineering (IAFE), from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Assessing Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Parquetina nigrescens Extracts. entitled, Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Apocynaceae). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The decoction of the leaves of Parquetina nigrescens (Apocynaceae) is used by Ivorian traditional healers for the treatment of inflammation. Regarding this traditional practice, the present study aimed at evaluating through outa scientific approach the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extracts from Parquetinanigrescens leaves. The extracts were tested according to the model of acute rat paw oedema induced by 1% carrageenan. Several doses of phytomedicines were administered orally to the animal sand ranging as follows: 1600, 2400, 4800 mg/kg. The results obtained with the aqueous extracts of Parquetinanigrescens leaves were firstly compared with those of physiological control (NaCl 0.9%) and thereafter with those of the reference (diclofenac sodium 25 mg/kg). The comparisons were performed at 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 15 hours after  injecting carrageenan  into rats. The parameters considered for this purpose arethe percentage increase of paw circumference (%AUG) and the percentage inhibition of treatment (%INH). Thus, therewas a significant difference (p<0.001) between the %AUG of phytomedicine treatment at different doses and those of saline (NaCl). However, for a dose of 4800 mg/kg, when administered byoralroute, the AUG of the phytomedicine are statistically the same as those of diclofenac (25 mg/kg). Comparisons of %INH leadto similar results with %AUG. This study, therefore, confirms the anti-inflammatory properties of Parquetina nigrescens leaves and emphasizes the empirical use of that plant species in the treatment of inflammation.

Read more : Otolith Morphology of Cichlidae Species in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

Current knowledge places the beginning of humanity at around seven million years ago (Ta et al., 2023). Since that time, man has used plants (Fleurentin, 2007). This is explained by the use of plant in various areas of life (housing, health, food). The health field has given rise to a science called ethnomedicine. Ethnomedicine is defined as the set of beliefs and practices relating to illness in each given society (Laurence, 2021). It is also known as traditional medicine, which is highly developed in African countries. According to traditional medicine, no disease is incurable. It offers treatments for all kinds of diseases: cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and especially inflammatory diseases. Related to inflammation, it is above all a defense mechanism, aiming to neutralize the attacking agent and eliminate damaged tissues (Souhel, 2010). In modern medicine, this health condition is treated with chemical compounds known as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (Ta-Bi et al., 2018). Unfortunately, these drugs provoque other health damages in humans, particularly cardiovascular diseases (Heymonet, 2013; Ta, 2017). Therefore, the use of phytomedicines is increasingly encouraged. Previous ethnomedicinal report in Côte d’Ivoire mentioned the use of Parquetina nigrescens leaves extract in the treatment of anti-inflammatory condition (N'guessan, 2008). Although no scientific investigation was performed in Côte d’Ivoire, the antiinflammatory effect of that plant species was carried out elsewhere like in Nigeria (Owoyele et al., 2009). But the methodology used in this study is different and will be of interest to compare both studies or confirm scientifically the potential of Parquetina nigrescens leaves in inflammation removing. The objective of this study is therefore to seek scientific bases of the use of leaf decoction against inflammatory diseases by traditional medicine form from Côte d’Ivoire.

Reference

Aké-Assi E, N’guessan K, Kouassi AF. 2015. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Thunbergia atacorensis, a new species. European Scientific Journal 11(27), 92-100. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236413487.pdf

Epa C, Elion IRDG, Etou OAW, Attibayéba, Ongoka PR, Abena AA. 2015. Anti-inflammatory and healing effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the trunk bark of Buchholzia coriacea Engl. (Capparidaceae). Journal of Applied Biosciences 94, 8858–8868. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jab/article/view/127709

Fleurentin J, Hayon JC, Pelt JM. 2007. Plants that heal us-traditions and therapeutics. Editions Ouest-France, 7-14 p.

Heymonet C. 2013. Anti-inflammatory plants used in herbal medicine. Doctorate thesis in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lorraine, 199 p. https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01733269

Hoekou YP, Tchacondo T, Gbogbo AK, Agban A, Pissang P, Atakpama W, Karou SD, Batawila K, Akpagana K. 2016. Antimicrobial activities of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock, a plant used in medicine Togolese tradition in the treatment of microbial infections. Africa Science 12 (5), 182-188. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

Kouamé YY, Okpekon AT, Yapi HF, Gbassi KG. 2016. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Xylopia villosa (Anonaceae). Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research 6(3), 106-112. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

Laurence P. 2021. Ethnomedicine. Anthropen, The French-speaking dictionary of anthropology anchored in the contemporary, 4 p. https://revues.ulaval.ca/ojs/index.php/anthropen/article/view/51288

N’diaye M, Sy G, Dièye AM, Touré MT, Faye B. 2006. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Annona reticulata (annonaceae) leaves on acute induced rat paw edema by carrageenan. Pharm. Med. Trans. Afr. 2006, Vol. XIV: 179-186. https://docplayer.fr/37640171-Evaluation-de-l-activite-anti-inflammatoire-de-feuilles.html

N’Guessan K. 2008. Medicinal plants and traditional medical practices among the Abbey and Krobou peoples of the Agboville Department (Côte d’Ivoire). State Doctorate Thesis in Natural Sciences, Ethnobotany Specialty, University of Cocody-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), UFR Biosciences, Botany Laboratory, 235 p.

Nuhrich A. 2015. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Report from the UFR of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Bordeaux-France, 59 p. http://untori2.crihan.fr/unspf/2015_Bordeaux_Nuhrich_AINS/res/AINS_A_Nuhrich_2015.pdf

Owoyele BV, Nafiu AB., Oyewole IA., Oyewole LA, Soladoye AO. 2009. Studies on the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Parquetina nigrescens leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology: 122, 86-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.11027

Souhel M. 2010. Analysis of the prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories in the reference health center of commune III of the Bamako district. Doctorate thesis in pharmacy. University of Bamako.

Soro TY, Néné-bi AS, Zahoui OS, Yapi A, Traoré F. 2015. Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Ximenia americana (Linnae) (Olacaceae). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences24(3), 3802-3813. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279531975

Ta BIH, Aké CB, Konkon NG, N’Guessan K. 2018. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae). The Pharma Innovation Journal 7(4), 800-802. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue4/PartM/7-4-41-596.pdf

Ta BIH.2017. Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacodynamic studies of some species of the genus Corchorus L., recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Single Doctoral thesis, UFR Biosciences, Félix Houphouet Boigtny University of Abidjan, 142 p.

Ta BIH, Doh KS, Yéo S, Aké-Assi E, N’Guessan K. 2023.Study of the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of alchornea cordifolia (euphorbiaceae) and tithonia diversifolia (asteraceae), two plants frequently cited in traditional medicine of Ivory Coast. Rev. Ivory. Sci. Technol. 42, 349-362. https://revist.net/REVIST_42/21-ST-935.pdf

Source : Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Parquetina nigrescens(Afzel.) Bullock (Apocynaceae) 

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