CuO Nanoparticles from Allium Cepa Extract: Green Synthesis and Applications | InformativeBD

Chellappa Karthika, Amutha Eswaran, S Rajaduraipandian, S. andhimathi, and Gurusamy Annadurai,   from the different institute of the India. wrote a research article about, CuO Nanoparticles from Allium Cepa Extract: Green Synthesis and Applications. entitled, Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles via Allium Cepa extract and its characterizations on dye degradation and antimicrobial activity. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Industries use dyes in order to colour their products. The discharge of dye bearing wastewater into natural streams, rivers from textile, leather industries make severe environmental problem of the present day. The Heterogeneous photocatalytic process is a high efficiency technique, which is used to oxidize the organic pollutants present in aqueous system. This report aimed to elucidate the Photocatalytic degradation of Malachite green dye in aqueous medium in presence of UV light irradiation using Allium cepa mediated (CuO) Nanoparticle prepared by Bio-method. The as-synthesized copper Nanoparticle was characterized with various techniques UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM and DLS which reveals many possible interactions of Dye-Nanoparticle system. The maximum photo degradation was obtained at 120min of irradiation time due to their higher surface sites and surface defects. Although the photostablity of Nano copper material (CuO) was also assessed for 4 cycles which ascertained the potential photo catalytic activity and it also proves excellent microbial activity against E-coli and Bacillus. Thus, the Allium cepa mediated Nano copper could play a vital role in environmental remediation of polluted water.

 

Read more : Urinary Schistosomiasis Prevalence in Ahomey-Lokpo, Benin | InformativeBD

Introduction

The startling technological development has increased the large-scale industrial production of much of the daily-used products with a broad range of applications (Hamza et al., 2018; Meaty et al., 2020; Amr Fouda et al., 2020). Among these products, dyes are crucial in the textile and fashion industries. However, with intensive applications, dyes transform into dangerous pollutants when they are improperly handled and disposed of causing serious environmental and public health hazards (Yoga Lakshmi et al., 2020; Amr Fouda et al., 2020). The increased usage of nanoparticles especially for medical purposes created a new challenge of synthesizing them by untraditional methods to overcome the undeniable disadvantages of other physical and chemical methods (Murali Sastry et al., 2003; Amr Fouda et al., 2020). Plant mediated nanoparticles synthesis (green method) is preferred as it is clean, cost effective, nontoxic and safe for human therapeutic use (Renata Dobrucka and Jolanta Długaszewska, 2015). Onion (Allium cepa) is a widely cultivated plant all over the world. It is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, sodium, potassium and phosphorus. It has been reported to have numerous important properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities (Johanna, 1999; Eman, 2017; Philip and Unni, 2011). Recently, it is found that onion can be used as a potential candidate for synthesis of CuO nanoparticles. CuO nanoparticles as a narrow band gap semiconductor was investigated extensively due to its promising applications towards sensors, superconductors, solar cells, catalysis, lithium-ion battery and super capacitors, (Zhang et al.,2014). In addition, US Environmental protection agency recognized copper based materials as antimicrobial materials (Dollwet and Sorenson, 2001). The use of CuO nanomaterial in prevention of bacterial infection in medical devices and enhancement of antimicrobial activity towards pathogenic microorganisms in nano form displays is also recorded.

CuO nanomaterials were applied in fabrics, agriculture, paints and also in hospitals due to its desirable properties (Amr Fouda et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2012). Due to its low cost and toxicity, good chemical and thermal stability with high surface area, CuO based nanomaterials have received considerable attention. In particular, semiconductor nanostructured-based photo catalysis displayed high potential for degradation of various organic pollutants including dyes, surfactants, solvents, pesticides, phenolic compounds, etc. into harmless products under light irradiation. Among nanostructured oxides, copper (II) oxide (CuO) is classified as a semiconductor material type-p with a narrow band gap energy of 1.2 eV and possessing excellent optical, electrical, magnetic, catalytic, and biological properties. In this study, we report the synthesis of CuO nanoparticle by green syn- thesis process using Allium cepa extract as reducing agent. The final products characteristics were studied - SEM, XRD, UV, DLS and FTRI analysis. Along with these characteristics Photocatalytic degradation the antibacterial ability against E. coli and S. Bacillus was examined and reported.

Reference

Amr Fouda Salem S, Salema Ahmed R, Wassel Mohammed F, Hamza Shaheen. 2020. Optimization of green biosynthesized visible light active CuO/ZnO nano-photocatalysts for the degradation of organic methylene blue dye. Heliyon 6, e04896. and applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 60, 208-337.

Ananth A, Dharaneedharan S, Heo MS, Mok YS. 2015. Copper oxide nanomaterials Synthesis, characterization and structure-specific antibacterial performance. Chem. Eng. J. 262, 179-188.

Arockiya Aarthi Rajathi F, Partthiblan C, Ganesh Kumar V, Anantharaman P. 2012. Biosynthesis of antibacterial gold nanoparticles using brown alga, Stoechospermum marginatum (kützing). Spectrochim. Acta. Part. A. 99, 166-173.

Danaei M, Dehghankhold S, Ataei F, Hasanzadeh Davarani R, Javanmard A, Dokhani S, Khorasani MR. 2018. Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems, Pharmaceutics 10(2), 57- 62.

Das D, Nath BC, Phukon P, Kalita A, Dolui SK. 2013. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 556-560.

Das S, Maiti S, Saha S, Das NS, Chattopadhyay KK. 2013. Template Free Synthesis of Mesoporous CuO Nano Architects for Field Emission Applications. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol 13, 2722- 2728.

Dollwet HHA, Sorenson JRJ. 2001. Historic uses of copper compounds in medicine, Trace Elem. Med 2, 80-85.

Eman Zakaria Gomaa. 2017. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Allium cepa extract: A green approach Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 15, 49-57.

Hamza MF, Ahmed FY, El-Aassy I, Fouda A, Guibal E. 2018. Groundwater purification in a polymetallic mining area (SW Sinai, Egypt) using functionalized magnetic chitosan particles, Water Air Soil Pollut 229, 360-367.

Jha AK, Prasad K, Kumar V, Prasad K. 2009. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eclipta leaf. Biotechnol progress 25, 1476-1479.

Johanna WL. 1999. Health effects of vegetables and fruit: assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70(3), 475-490.

Kumar R, Roopan SM, Prabhakarn A, Khanna VG, Chakroborty S. 2012. Agricultural waste Annona squamosa peel extract: biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim. Acta. Part. A. 90, 173-176.

Lalau CM, de Almeida MR, Schmidt EC, Bouzon ZL, Ouriques LC, dos Santos RW, da Costa CH, Vicentini DS, Matias WG. 2015. Toxicological effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the growth rate, photosynthetic pigment content, and cell morphology of the duckweed Landoltia punctata. Protoplasma 252, 221-229.

Maity S, Sinha D, Sarkar A. 2020. Wastewater and industrial effluent treatment by using nanotechnology, in: I. Bhushan, V.K. Singh, D.K. Tripathi (Eds.), Nanomaterials and Environmental Biotechnology, Springer International Publishing, Cham 299-313.

Mello VS, Faria EA, Alves SM, Scandian C. 2020. Enhancing CuO nanolubricant performance using dispersing agents. Tribol. Int. 50, 106338.

Mohammod Aminuzzaman, Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Ghulam Muhammad, Sayaka Ogawa, Akira Watanabe, Lai-Hock Tey, You-Kang Phang. 2021. Green Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles Derived from Papaya Peel Extract for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Sustainability 13, 796.

Mokhtari A, Goudarz A, Benam M, Langroodi SM, Karimmohammad S, Keyvanfard M. 2016. Fabrication and characterization of Cu(OH)2/CuO nanowires as a novel sensitivity enhancer of the luminol-H2O2 chemiluminescence system: Determination of cysteine in human plasma. RSC Adv. 6, 5320-5329.

Murali Sastry, Absar Ahmad M, Islam Khan, Rajiv Kumar. 2003. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete. Current Science 85(2), 162-170.

Philip D, Unni C. 2011. Extracellular biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Krishna tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf. Phys. E. 43, 1318-1322.

Renata Dobrucka, Jolanta Długaszewska. 2015. Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Using Water Extract of Arnicae anthodium. Indian Journal of Microbiology 55, 168-174.

Saranya Sukumar, Agneeswaran Rudrasenan, Deepa Padmanabhan Number. 2020. Green-Synthesized Rice-Shaped Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Caesalpinia bonducella Seed Extract and Their Applications. ACS Omega 5(2), 1040-1051.

Son J, Vavra J, Forbes VE. 2015. Effects of water quality parameters on agglomeration and dissolution of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using a central composite circumscribed design. Sci. Total Environ 521, 183-190.

Suresh D, Nethravathi PC, Udayabhanu Kumar MAP, Naika HR, Nagabhushana H, Sharma SC. 2015. Chironji mediated facile green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their photoluminescence, photodegradative, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process 40, 759-765.

Velsankar K, Sudhahar S, Maheswaran G, Krishna Kumar M. 2019. Effect of biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via Cucurbita seed extract on Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito larvae with its biological applications, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 200, 111650.

Velsankara K, Aswin Kumara RM, Preethia Muthulakshmi V, Sudhahar S. 2020. Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles via Allium sativum extract and its characterizations on antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilarvicidal activities. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8(5), 104123.

Vitthalraj Chandrakant Gosavi, Abhijit Arun Daspute, Akshay Patil, Anuja Gangurde, Sopan Ganpatrao Wagh, Anant Sherkhane, Varsha Anandrao Deshmukh. 2020. Synthesis of green nanobiofertilizer using silver nanoparticles of Allium cepa extract Short title: Green nanofertilizer from Allium cepa. International Journal of Chemical Studies 8(4), 1690-1694.

Xu X, Zhang M, Feng J, Zhang M. 2008. Shape-controlled synthesis of single-crystalline cupric oxide by microwave heating using an ionic liquid. Mater. Lett 62, 2787-2790.

Yogalakshmi KN, A Das G, Rani V, Jaswal JS. 2020. Randhawa, Nano-bioremediation: a new age technology for the treatment of dyes in textile effluents, Biorem. Ind. Waste Environ. Saf. Springer 313-347.

You-Kang Phang, Mohammod Aminuzzaman, Akhtaruzzaman, Ghulam Muhammad, Sayaka Ogawa, Akira Watanabe, Lai-Hock Tey. 2021. Green Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles Derived from Papaya Peel Extract for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Sustainability 13, 796-801.

Source : Green synthesis of CuOnanoparticles via Allium Cepa extract and its characterizations on dyedegradation and antimicrobial activity

Read More

Urinary Schistosomiasis Prevalence in Ahomey-Lokpo, Benin | InformativeBD

Denon YVES. Eric, Kinsiclounon Gilles, Mama Sambo Kadidjatou, Gougbedji Girons,and Bankole Honoré from the different institute of the Benin. wrote a research article about, Urinary Schistosomiasis Prevalence in Ahomey-Lokpo, Benin.entitled, Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ahomey-Lokpo, Commune of So-Ava, Benin Republic. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a chronic tropical disease that is contracted after Schistosoma haematobium parasite larvae pass through the skin in contact with water. In Benin, S. haematobium schistosomiasis is still one of the most widespread and neglected human parasitic infestations. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ahomey-Lokpo in the commune of Sô-Ava. This prospective and descriptive study was conducted on 104 randomly selected inhabitants aged 2 to 75 years. It consisted of the collection of urine samples and their macroscopic examination (urine color) and microscopic examination (presence of S. haematobium eggs)., Each individual whose urine was collected was subjected to a questionnaire. In order to compare the averages, excel software was used for data analysis. This study revealed that several factors such as gender, age and especially occupation favor or not schistosomiasis. Among the respondents, men are more infested (41%) than women (26%) because of their profession. The results showed that 78.32% of people who have haematic urine, 76.71% of those who have dysuria, 75.11% of those who experience abdominal pain, and 69.88% of those who experience burning on urination are infested. The Sô River and the swamps are real sites of schistosomiasis transmission infestation. The majority of the people who practice their daily activities there are infested.

Read more : Trace Metals in Otamiri River Biofilms: Owerri, Nigeria | InformativeBD

Introduction

Schistosomiasis, also called schistosomiasis, is a chronic parasitosis that has lived in tropical and subtropical regions for millennia. It is a neglected parasitic disease (Engels D, Chistulo L, Montresor A, Savioli L. 2002). Worldwide, the number of people exposed is estimated at 600 million, of whom more than 200 million are infested and nearly 280,000 people die each year from complications of schistosomiasis (WHO. 2011, Chippaux JP. 2000, Chistulo L, Loverde P, Engels D. 2004).

The populations at risk are much more schoolchildren, children, women, fishermen, farmers who use irrigation technology and pastoralists (Molyneux DH, Hotez PJ, Fenwick A. 2005). There are sixteen species of schistosomes, 5 of which are known to infect humans (Riveau G, Dupé L. 2000). These are S. haematobium, S. intercalatum, S. mansoni, S. japonicum and S. mekongi. Only the first 3 species are found in Africa. In Benin, epidemiological studies still fragmentary reveal the presence of two species of schistosomes: the species S. haematobium (bladder form) responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis and the species S. mansoni (intestinal form) (Ibikounlé M, Mouahid G, Minsta Nguéma R, Sakiti NG, Massougbodji A, Moné H. 2013, Ibikounlé M, Mouahid G, Sakiti NG, Massougbodji A, Moné H. 2009). Urogenital schistosomiasis, which is a parasitic disease, occurs in areas where drinking water supplies are lacking (Labo R, Bremond P, Boulanger D, Garba A, Chippaux J P. 1998). In 53 African countries, an estimated 70 million people are currently suffering (Chippaux JP. 2000).

The present study, which consists in making an inventory of urinary schistosomiasis, aims to determine the prevalence of urinary bilaziosis in Ahomey-Lokpo which is one of the 7 districts of the commune of Sô-Ava and whose inhabitants, formerly, were only peasants have become peasant-fishermen, and finally exclusively fishermen.

Reference

Ankotche A. 1990. Contribution à l’étude de la bilharziose à partir de 256 biopsies de la muqueuse rectale : étude prospective. Thèse Med. Abidjan 1130, pp 142.

Bachmeyer C. 2011. Œdème palpébral au cours d’une bilharziose Aiguë. Presse Med 40, 556-557.

Cadot E, Fournet F, N’Guessan NA. 1998 Gestion de l’espace et schistosomose urinaire à Dalola (Côte d’Ivoire), 33-36.

Chevalier B, Martet G, Nicolas X, Klotz F. 2002. Schistosomoses–Encyclopédies Médico Chirurgicale. Editions scientifiques et Médicales Elsevier SAS. Maladies Inefctieuses 8-513- A-10, p 20.

Chippaux JP. 2000. Control of schistosomiasis: realities and futurology. Medecine tropicale 60, 54-55.

Chippaux JP. 2000. La lutte contre les schistosomoses en Afrique de l’Ouest. IRD. Paris pp. 49-51.

Chistulo L, Loverde P, Engels D. 2004. Schistosomiasis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 2, 12-13.

Engels D, Chistulo L, Montresor A, Savioli L. 2002. The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research. Acta Tropica 82, 139-146.

Ferandel A. 2001. La bilharziose urinaire dans le monde: aspects épidémiologiques, in Faculté de pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré de Nancy p. 95.

Gentilini M, Cames E, Danis M, Mouchet J, Duflo B, Lagardère B, Richard-Lenoble D, Brucker G. 1993. Médecine tropicale. 5ème édition Médecine-Sciences, Paris : Flammarion 928, 57-69

Ibikounlé M, Mouahid G, Minsta Nguéma R, Sakiti NG, Massougbodji A, Moné H. 2013. Snail intermediate host/ Schistosoma haematobium realationships from there transmission sites in Benin (West Africa). Parasitology Research 112, 227-233.

Ibikounlé M, Mouahid G, Sakiti NG, Massougbodji A, Moné H. 2009. Freshwater snail diversity in Benin (West Africa) with a focus on human schistosomiasis. Acta Tropica 111, 29-34

Ibikounlé M, Satoguina J, Fachinan R, Tokplonou L, Batcho W, Kindé-Gazard D, Mouahid G, Moné H, Massougbodji A, Courtin D. 2013 Epidémiologie de bilharziose et des géohelminthiases chez les jeunes scolaires, sud-Bénin. Journal of applied bioscences 70, 5632-5639.

INSAE-RGPH3. 2002. Troisième recensement général de la population et de l’habitation, Cotonou 250, 314-331

Labo R, Bremond P, Boulanger D, Garba A, Chippaux JP. 1998. Epidémiologie de la schistosomose à Schistosoma haematobium en milieu scolaire dans la ville de Zinder (République du Niger) pp. 13-17.

Marchand B. 1994. Les animaux parasites: biologie et systématique. Dakar: NEAS 294, 23-31

Molyneux DH, Hotez PJ, Fenwick A. 2005. Rapid impact intervention: how a policy ofingrated control for Africa’s neglected tropical diseases could benefit the poor. PLoSMed 2, e336.

Nozais JP, Datry A. 1996. Martin D. Traité de parasitologie médicale. Editions Pradel 729 277

Riveau G, Dupé L. 2000. Les schistosomiases. 2000 Anales de l’Institut Pasteur /actualités. France pp. 3-24.

Riveau G, Dupré L. 1999. Les Schistosomiases. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. Editions Elsevier Actualités 10(1), 5-26.

Seck I, Faye A, Gning B, Tal-Dia A. 2007. La prévalence de la bilharziose urinaire et ses facteurs de risque en milieu scolaire rural à Fatick, au Sénégal. Médecine d’Afrique Noire 54, 125-131.

Sellin B, Simonkovitch E, Ovazza L, Sellin E, Desfontaine M, Rey JL. 1982. Valeur de l’examen macroscopique des urines et des bandelettes réactives pour la détection de l’hématurie et de la protéinurie dans le diagnostic de masse de la schistosomiase urinaire, avant et après traitement. Médecine Tropicale, Vol. 42, n°5, pp. 521-526.

WHO. 2011. Rapport du comité O.M.S. d’experts sur la lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées.

Wieczorek A. 2012. La Bilharziose : Epidémiologie, pathologie et stratégies de dépistage : Les schistosomoses d’importation en France métropolitaine illustrées par des cas cliniques du C.H.U. de Nancy pp 21-31.

Source : Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ahomey-Lokpo, Commune of So-Ava, Benin Republic 

Read More

Trace Metals in Otamiri River Biofilms: Owerri, Nigeria | InformativeBD

Dike Henry Ogbuagu, Chidiogo Grace Okoli, Enos Ihediohamma Emereibeole, Ikechukwu Chimezie Anyanwu, Osinachi Onuoha, Nkiruka Onyekachi Ubah, Chibueze Oscar Ndugbu, Obinna N. Okoroama, Arthur Okafor, Edu Ewa, Rex Ossai, and Favour Ukah, from the different institute of the  Nigeria. wrote a research article about, Trace Metals in Otamiri River Biofilms: Owerri, Nigeria. entitled, Trace metals accumulation in biofilms of the upper and middle reaches of Otamiri river in Owerri, Nigeria. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study utilized biofilms as model in ecotoxicology to estimate pollutant loading of a natural water body. Water samples were collected from six sampling locations sited between the upper and middle courses of the Otamiri River in the southeastern city of Owerri, Nigeria and fixed with conc. HNO3. Biofilms were grown in microcosms housing serially arranged sterile glass slides at the sampling locations, harvested after 1, 2 and 3 weeks, minced in sterile sample bottles with distilled water and fixed with conc. HNO3. Natural biofilms were also collected from submerged surfaces and fixed. Pb, Cu and Cd contents were determined in samples with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The studentized t-test was used to compare trace metals levels in water column and biofilms, while single factor ANOVA was used to determine spatial homogeneity in mean variance. Mean Pb concentrations ranged from 1.5950-3.2900 (2.4303 ± 0.0835) mg/kg, Cu from 4.2934-7.5020 (5.6212 ± 0.1938) mg/kg and Cd from 0.0308-1.0559 (0.2082 ± 0.0005) mg/kg in the slide biofilms. However, they ranged from 0.0017-0.0267 (0.0150 ± 0.0003), 0.0333-0.6067 (0.2047 ± 0.0929) mg/L and totally undetected, respectively in water columns. Trace metals levels in slide and natural biofilms differed very markedly from those in water column (sig. t-values = 0.000, each), even as levels in slide and natural biofilms did not (sig. t-value = 0.747) at P<0.05. Pb and Cu concentrations increased from location 1 to 6 in both water columns and biofilms, even as there was homogeneity in spatial mean variances in slide [F(1.1458)<Fcrit(4.1300)] and natural biofilms concentrations [F(1.2812)<Fcrit(4.1300)] at P<0.05. Although mean Pb and Cu levels were below regulatory limits and Cd undetected in water columns, their average concentration exceedances were between 32 and 70 times higher in the biofilms. Results question the assignment of water potable based on regulatory standards alone.

Read more : Fungal Pathogensin Early Maturing Mango Varieties: Senegal Study | InformativeBD

Introduction

Biofilms are consortium of microorganisms which form on solid surfaces in aqueous or wet environments (Costerton et al. 1994). They could be found in surface and ground waters, in drinking water piping and wastewater treatment plants, and on other technical equipment such as in the medical field (Wanner and Bauchrowitz, 2006). Biofilms execute a niche and so, interact strongly with their environment; are greatly affected by, as well as in return, affect the physical and chemical conditions in their enmeshing habitats.

Biofilms prefer to live in sessile communities (Flemming and Wingender, 2001) and include bacteria, algae, amoebas, ciliates and fungi in a great variety of compositions. Sunlight favours the growth of photoautotrophic components of biofilms such as algae and cyanobacteria and they conduct photosynthesis and thus, build up their biomass from inorganic substances. By this function therefore, these autotrophs are primal species in the trophic chain. However, in the absence of sunlight, biofilms are formed mostly by heterotrophic bacteria, which degrade organic substances, with the less frequent chemoautotrophic bacteria which utilize inorganic substances (Wanner and Bauchrowitz, 2006). In streams, algae-dominant autotrophic biofilms are mostly found on the riverbed and bacterial-dominant heterotrophic biofilms are found in the pore systems under the river bed (Lock, 1993). As biomass producers and decomposers therefore, biofilms are important components in the trophic web.

In biofilms, microorganisms are embedded in a slimy matrix which consists of extracellular polymeric substances that are excreted by the organisms themselves. These polymeric substances contain mainly high-molecular polysaccharides, proteins, other carbohydrates (such as uronic acid), and small amounts of lipids and nucleic acids (Wanner and Bauchrowitz, 2006).

As microorganisms, biofilms have been particularly utilized as interesting models in ecotoxicology to estimate the pollutant loading of natural water bodies and the hazard potential of toxic substances. Their suitability for this purpose lies in the central role they play in ecosystem metabolism and interaction with toxic substances (Doering and Uehlinger, 2006), and on the other hand because, as immobile biological elements, they accumulate pollutants over a long period of time and may thus reveal chronic impacts (Wanner and Bauchrowitz, 2006). Examples of such pollutants are the trace metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Al, etc), which are recalcitrant in the environment.

Though they are important trace nutrients for water organisms, they can also be toxic at elevated enough concentrations. An exploratory determination of levels of some trace elements of the Otamiri River, one of the major river systems in Owerri, the capital of Imo State, southeastern Nigeria revealed concentrations that were below permissible limits by regulatory bodies, or even undetected by analytical instruments used. However, even low metal concentrations can have negative impacts on water organisms as well as local consumers, especially when considered on the merit of their bioaccumulative potentials over a length of time. Unfortunately, current researches in this area have been concentrated on the comparison of concentrations with these regulatory standards as criteria for assigning the river water potable. This current research therefore investigated the accumulation potentials of some heavy metals of environmental and public health importance (Cu, Pb and Cd) in consortium of resident biofilms of Otamiri River against background levels in water columns. The study approaches are as follows:  - Determination of the concentrations of the trace elements in slide and natural biofilms of the river - Comparison of the concentrations of the trace elements in biofilms with water column levels as well as regulatory standards, and - Determination of spatial variation in trace metals concentrations in biofilms.

Reference

American Public Health Association (APHA). 1998.  Standard  Methods  for  the  Examination  of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, APHAA/AWWA/WEF, Washington DC.

Federal Ministry of Environment. 2001. National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality in Nigeria. Rishab Printing Press Production, p114.

Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, De Beer D, Caldwell D, Korber D, Jamese G. 1994. Minireview: biofilms, the customized microniche. J. Bacteriol. 176, 2137-2142.

Wanner O, Bauchrowitz M. 2006. Biofilms are ubiquitous. Eawag: Swiss Federal Inst. Aquat. Sci. Technol. 60e, 4-7.

Flemming HC, Wingender J. 2001. Biofilms-die bevorzugte Lebensform der Bakterien. Biologie in unserer Zeit. 31, 169-180.

Lock MA. 1993. Attached microbial communities in rivers. In: Aquat. Microbiol. (T.E. Ford, ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 113-138.

Doering M, Uehlinger U. 2006. Biofilms in the Tagliamento. Eawag: Swiss Federal Inst. Aquat. Sci. Technol. 60e, 11-13.

Meylan S, Sigg L, Behra R. 2006. Metal accumulation in algal biofilms. Eawag: Swiss Federal Inst. Aquat. Sci. Technol. 60e, 19-21.

Behra R, Ruperez W, Wagner B, Kistler D, Sigg L, Navarro E, Robinson C. 2006. What effects do metals have on algal biofilms? Eawag: Swiss Federal Inst. Aquat. Sci. Technol. 60e, 16-18.

Onweremadu   EU,   Akamigbo   For,    Igwe,CA. 2008. Soil quality morphological index in relation to organic carbon content of soils in southwestern Nigeria. Trends App. Sci. Res. 3(1), 76-82.

Victor S, AC-Chukwuocha NB, Ogbuagu DH. 2011. Trace metals availability in soils of watershed in relation to land use in Owerri, southeastern Nigeria. J. Sci. Sust. 3, 3-12.

Source : Trace metals accumulation in biofilms of the upper and middle reaches of Otamiri river in Owerri, Nigeria 

Read More

Fungal Pathogens in Early Maturing Mango Varieties: Senegal Study | InformativeBD

Cheikh Dieye, Papa M. Diedhiou, Nalla Mbaye, and Yaya Diallo, from the different institute of the Sénégal. wrote a research article about, Fungal Pathogens in Early Maturing Mango Varieties: Senegal Study. entitled, Inventory of fungal pathogens of early maturing Mango varieties in the Kounkane area, Southeast of Senegal. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In Senegal, mango production, in spite of a positive record performance in recent years, is confronted with numerous diseases. The rainfall richer south and south eastern parts of the country, stand among the main contributors of mango production. Fruits are known to by infested and rotten almost totally when they mature in the rainy season. However, a lot of mango varieties mature before onset of the moist rainy season. The present study was therefore undertaken to make an inventory of the causing agents of pre- and post-harvest diseases of mangoes maturing before the rain starts. Samples were taken from the fields and brought to the laboratory for analysis. The results showed that Colletotrichum spp., Pestalotia sp., Lasiodiplodia sp., Fusarium spp., Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp. and non- sporulating fungi were associated with diseased organs in tree canopy. Fungal diversity was higher for orchards harboring trees over 15 years of age. For the mangoes, the disease incidence reached 13% after harvest. This infestation was due to by 50% to non-sporulating fungi, 31% to Colletotrichum spp., 13% to Fusarium spp. and 6% to Lasiodiplodia sp. These results show the pathogens are present in the fields and that their dynamic depend on the climatic conditions.

Read more :  Streptomyces sp. 3400 Antifungal Power Against Citrus Post-Harvest Spoilage | InformativeBD

Introduction

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is considered one of the most important fruit crops in the tropics. Within the fruit and vegetable sub-group, the mango industry is a promising sector for economic growth. Global mango production is estimated at over 43 million tons (Faostat, 2015). Mango is grown in most West African countries, with an estimated production area of 540,000km², stretching from Senegal throughout to eastern Nigeria according to the Minister of Commerce in 2016 (Ministère du commerce, 2016). Several countries in the subregion, including Senegal, are currently spearheading their export activities (CARE, 2009). In Senegal mango production represents 60% of the country's fruit production, with an estimated annual production of 150,000 tons harvested from a land area of about 41,000 ha (Diedhiou et al., 2014).

The mango sector is the most dynamic in fruit exports in Senegal (Diouf, 2016). Mango exports have increased from 300 tons in 1998 (Rey, 2011) to 24500 tons in 2021 (Dieye and al., 2021). This performance is due to the modernization of traditional orchards and the creation of new plantations for export. The mango producing orchards are located in the regions of Dakar, Thies, Saint-Louis, Fatick, Kolda, Ziguinchor and Sedhiou (Diedhiou and al., 2014). The soil and climatic conditions and land holdings in the country offer great potential for expanding mango production (USAID-PCE, 2006). The improvement of the mango sector and the implementation of improved technologies along the value chain, offer labor and employment opportunities especially to women and rural youth.

However, mango production, despite a positive record in recent years, is still affected by numerous constraints, including phytosanitary problems. The mango tree is susceptible to host a number of diseases agents at all stages of its development from planting to harvest (Alemu and al., 2014). In the field, mango is most often the host of several pathogens especially fungi that significantly down turn production potential (Khanzada et al., 2004). Diverse fungi cause post-harvest rot of mangoes, with the identity and the incidence of species highly depending on the climatic conditions (Diedhiou et al., 2007). The post-harvest mango rotting can affect up to 100% of mangoes produced during the rainy season in southern Senegal in the absence of adequate control (Diedhiou and al., 2014). Anthracnose due to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the almost exclusive causing agents under those conditions while disease incidence is low and results from a diversity of fungi in the Ziguinchor area. Different works have reported various fungi on mango namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia sp., Pestalotia mangiferae., Alternaria sp. and Fusarium spp. among others (Johnson and al., 1992; Sharma, 1993; Ploetz and al., 1996; Al-Adawi and al., 2003; Dieye and al., 2021). It was therefore important for the mango industry in Senegal to make an inventory of causing agents for mango diseases. This study was conducted with the objective of identifying the fungi responsible for mango diseases in the Kounkane area in southern Senegal during the dry season.

Reference

ANSD. 2013. Agence National de la Statistique et de la Démographie/ Service Régional de la statistique et de la Démographie de Kolda 2013. Situation économique et sociale régionale 2013. 99p.

Alemu KA, Ayaew and K, Woldetsadik. 2014. Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants in Controlling Anthracnose Disease and Improving Postharvest Quality of Mango Fruit. Persian Gulf Crop Protection 3(3), 84-92.

Barnett HL, Barry B Hunter. 2006. Illustraded genera of imperfect fungi. Fourth edition. The American Phytopathological Society 218p

CARE Sénégal. 2009. « Analyse filière de la mangue en Casamance naturelle, région de Ziguinchor », Projet PASCO. 51p

Diedhiou PM, Diop SAG, Mbaye N, Diedhiou I, Diallo Y, Djiba S, Faye R, Samb PI. 2014. Mango rotting in southern Senegal a big phytosanitary challenge. International Journal of Biosciences 5(5), 183-188.

Diedhiou PM, Mbaye N, Dramé A, Samb PI. 2007. Alteration of post harvest diseases of mango (Mangifera indica) through production practices and climatic factors. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(9), 1087-1094.

Dieye C, Houmairi H, Diedhiou PM, Gaboune F, Mbaye N, Diallo Y, Bencharki B. 2021. “Characterization of fusarium species associated with mango malformation disease in southern senegal.” international journal of advanced research (IJAR) 9(3), 322-331.

Dieye C, Mbaye N, Diédhiou PM. 2020. “Distribution of the mango malformation disease in southern senegal.” International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 9, 362-372.

Diouf MJM. ASEPEX. 2016. Bilan de la campagne 2015 d’exportation mangue au Sénégal. (1), Juillet, Dakar, 5p.

Dodd JC, Estrada AB, Matcham J et Jeger MJ. 1991. The effect of climatic factors on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,causal agent of mango anthracnose, in the Philippines. PlantPathology 40, 568-575.

Dodd JC, Prusky D et Jeffries P. 1997. Fruits diseases. In The mango (ed. R. Litz) CAB INTERNATIONAL, 257-280.

FAO. 2015. http// WWW.FAO.org/faostat.

Gilhen-Baker M, Roviello V, Beresford-Kroeger D, Giovanni N Roviello. 2022. Old growth forests and large old trees as critical organisms connecting ecosystems and human health. A review. Environ Chem Lett 20, 1529–1538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01372-y

Haggag WM, Hazza M, Sehab A, Abd El-Wahab M. 2010. Scanning Electron Microcopy, Studies on Mango Malformation. Nature and Sci 8,122-127.

Johnson GI, Mead AJ, Cooke AW Dean JR. 1992. Mango stem end rot pathogens – Fruit infection by endophytic colonization of the inflorescence and pedicle. Annals Appl. Bot 120, 225-234.

Khanzada MA, Lodhi AM, Shahzad S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium solani on mango. Pak. J. Bot 36(1), 181-189.

Mbaye N. 2006. Inventaire et caractérisation des champignons phytopathogènes responsables de maladies post-récoltes chez deux variétés de mangues (Mangifera indica L.), Kent et Keitt, destinées à l’exportation dans la zone des Niayes du Sénégal. Thèse UCAD 118 p.

Mbaye NGF Manga A, Diedhiou PM, Samb PI. 2016. Tree Gummosis a Thread for Mango Production in Northern Senegal. IJSRST116245 2(4), 17-22.

Ministère du commerce. 2016. du secteur informel de la consommation, de la promotion des produits locaux et des PME : la Mangue! Délicieux trésor de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Note conceptuelle et Agenda général. 15p. Juin

Pardo-De la Hoz CJ, Calderon C, Rincon AM, Cardenas M, Danies G, Lopez-Kleine L, Restrepo S, Jimenez P. 2016. Species from the Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum boninense and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complexes associated with tree tomato and mango crops in Colombia. Plant Pathology 65, 227-237.

Rey JY. 2011. La production fruitière sénégalaise. CIRAD/UPR HortSys, Thiès, 3p.

Watanabe Tsuneo. 2002. Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. Second Edition. Pictorial atlas of Soil and Seed fungi. 457p

Source : Inventory of fungal pathogens of early maturing Mango varieties in the Kounkane area, Southeast of Senegal  

Read More

Streptomyces sp. 3400 Antifungal Power Against Citrus Post-Harvest Spoilage | InformativeBD

Andriambeloson Onja, Andrianantenaina Rigobert, Andriamahaly Manjato ddy, Ramaroson Luciano, and Rasolomampianina Rado, from the different institute of the Madagascar. wrote a research article about, Streptomyces sp. 3400 Antifungal Power Against Citrus Post-Harvest Spoilage. entitled, Antifungal potential of Streptomyces sp. 3400 JX826625 ethanolic filtrate against Penicillium digitatum, A post-harvest spoilage agent of Citrus fruits. This research paper published by the  International  journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Fruit postharvest diseases, because of different losses they generate, remain a major problem affecting diverse domains in the world. Among several alternatives used to control phytopathogenic fungi, the main causal agents of fruit postharvest diseases; the efficacies of microorganism culture filtrates have been demonstrated in many works. For this purpose, this study aimed to assess the potential of Streptomyces sp 3400 JX826625 ethanolic filtrate to inhibit Penicillium digitatum growth and to control postharvest decay in citrus fruits (lemons and oranges) during the storage. In vitro assay using agar cylinder technique showed that the actinomycete isolate displayed antagonistic activity against Penicillium digitatum with an inhibition rate of 60.60±2.62%. On the other side, the ethanolic filtrate of the strain prepared from the culture on starch casein agar medium using radial growth method was very active towards the phytopathogen displaying an inhibition rate value of 77.27±4.54%. The disc technique showed an inhibition zone value of 19mm. Chemical screening of the ethanolic filtrate through precipitation and coloration assays revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids and leucoanthocyans. In vivo assay with lemons and oranges presented a preventive effect of the antifungal product. An improvement of the shelf life for the two tested fruits treated with the ethanolic filtrate were recorded during artificial infection experimentation (5 days for both fruits) and storage assay (11 days for lemons and over 21 days for oranges) at ambient temperature, compared to untreated fruits of which the shelf life was 2 days (lemons) and 4 days (oranges).

Read more : Nile Tilapia Count and Location: AI and CLAHE Unleashed | InformativeB

Introduction

As belonging to protective foods category, fruits and vegetables play a crucial role in the maintenance of human health stability. They constitute a protection source of the organism against diverse diseases due to their richness in natural products with defensive role as antioxidants, vitamins and mineral salts.

During the development at the orchard or vegetable garden, through the harvest, the transport to the storage, fruits and vegetables can endure more or less significant alterations which damages can present an important economic impact inducing a total loss of production. These alterations can be mechanical, physiological or parasitic. However, for fruits and vegetables, parasitic alterations are the most numerous, the most deleterious and the most difficult to control due to the pathogens diversity including molds, bacteria, virus and insects. Microbial alterations can be occurred at the orchard and vegetable garden by phytopathogenic microorganisms but also after harvest during their storage by spoilage microorganisms through latent infections that may occur during preharvest (Sparado and Gullino, 2004). Moreover, microbial alteration can result from mechanical damage permitting entry of the microorganisms, particularly strict wound pathogens which development induces fruit decay (Talibi et al., 2014).

Indeed, phytopathogenic fungi are the principal causes of foodstuffs decay. Some of them are polyphagous, infect many species of fruits or vegetables (Botrytis cinerea) (Poveda et al., 2020) while others are relatively particular for a type of fruit or vegetable (Mycosphaerella fijiensis, banana pathogen) (Carlier et al., 2000). The induced diseases occasioned frequent losses of fresh products after harvest, in terms of quality and quantity. According to the FAO (2019), 20% to 40% of agricultural production in the world is damaged each year by parasites. Annual economic loss due to fungal diseases arises to several billion euros, increasing consequently the risks of famine, malnutrition and undernourishment, especially in developing countries.

The damages mostly notable are localized necrosis with mycelia development in the surface or not, intense production of spores and characteristic signs of deficiencies throughout the plant at the orchard or vegetable garden. These damages are conversely manifested by the decay of the fruits and vegetables during the storage. Besides the plants, the human can be victim of vegetal fungal attack by certain phytopathogenic fungi, producers of natural toxins dangerous for human health (patulin and citrinin, cancerous fungal toxins produced by Penicillium) (Dukare et al., 2019).

Several controlling strategies against fungal diseases of fruits and vegetables are currently developed and reunites different domains. However, its choice depends on the objectives for obtaining best yields for the production as well as for the shelf life. As examples, the genetic control, using adapted species and varieties providing natural or induced resistance to the plants, the chemical control employing fungicides, the physical control that involves plowing, residues grinding and burying, the biological control serving bacterial, fungal parasites and botanical fungicides, the agronomic control that operates on plant cover density, irrigation, crop rotation, nitrogen fertilization and agronanotechnology focusing on the synthesis of bioactive nanoparticles from plant extracts (El- Baky and Amara, 2021).

During the storage, this control is mainly based on the regulation of the temperature, the moisture, the disinfection of the storage locals, the use of fungicides and recently the irradiation and the use of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, whatever the control adopted, the goal is to limit or to avoid the damages (symptoms, loss of yield and quality) caused by phytopathogenic fungi.

These last years, some research works conducted on the control of phytopathogenic fungi exploited the potential of natural substances especially those from plants. Extracts and essential oils were demonstrated to be efficient to control phytopathogenic fungi growth (Cobos, 2015). On the other side, biological control using antagonistic microorganisms has provided promising results. Among them, some bacteria as Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Enterobacter strains (Korsten, 1995; Matei et al., 2015; Shi and Sun, 2017), yeasts (Pimenta et al., 2010) and molds (Liu et al., 2007) were used for controlling fruit postharvest pathogens. Endophytic, telluric and rhizospheric actinobacteria were also commonly used to control pathogenic fungi in some plants (Costa, 2013; Choudhary et al., 2015; Álvarez-Pérez et al., 2017). However, the use of their natural metabolites to control phytopathogenic fungi infection has been less developed in the literature and different works. Recognized as microorganisms rich in secondary metabolites with different types and biological activities including antifungal activity, the actinomycetes could develop alternatives in the phytosanitary treatment against phytopathogenic fungi. Their natural metabolites could substitute chemical substances that are concerned for the health and the environment. Thus, this work aimed to demonstrate the effect of actinomycete antifungal metabolites against spoilage fungus development isolated from oranges (Penicillium digitatum) during their storage. This fungus is well-known as the causal agent of green mold, the most common and serious postharvest disease affecting citrus fruits (Talibi et al., 2014). The effect of postharvest preservation of the actinomycete metabolites on two selected species of citrus fruits (oranges and lemons) are, therefore, described according to the in vivo antifungal test.

Reference 

Abraham AO, Laing MD, Bower JP. 2010. Isolation and in vivo screening of yeast and Bacillus antagonists for the control of Penicillium digitatum of citrus fruit. Biological Control 53, 32-38.

Aghighi S, Shahidi Bonjar GH, Rawashdeh R, Batayneh S, Saadoun I. 2004. First report of antifungal spectra of activity of Iranian actinomycetes strains against Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Phytophtora megasperma, Verticillium dahlia and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 4, 463-471.

Aguirre-Joya JA, Pastrana-Castro L, Nieto-Oropeza D, Ventura-Sobrevilla J, Rojas-Molina R, Aguilar CN. 2018. The physicochemical, antifungal and antioxidant properties of a mixed polyphenol based bioactive film. Heliyon 4, 1-14.

Alilou H, Bencharki B, Talbi J, Barka N. 2016. Activite Antifongique Des Flavonoïdes Isolés De La Plante Asteriscus Graveolens Subsp. Odorus (Schousb.) Greuter. European Scientific Journal 12 (12), 258-269.

Álvarez-Pérez JM, González-García S, Cobos R, Olego MA, Ibañez A, Díez-Galán A, Garzón-Jimeno E , Coque JJR. 2017. Use of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Actinobacteria from Grapevine Plants To Reduce Nursery Fungal Graft Infections That Lead to Young Grapevine Decline. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83 (24), 1-16.

Andriambeloson HO, Rafalisoa BL, Andrianantenaina R, Rasamindrakotroka AJ, Rasolomampianiana R. 2019. Effect of Streptomyces sp 3400 JX826625 Metabolites on Multidrug Resistant Candida albicans Development and Chemical Characterization of Antifungal Metabolites. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 7(6), 164-173.

Andriambeloson HO, Rasolomampianina R, Ralambondrahety R, Andrianantenaina R, Raherimandimby M, Randriamiharisoa F. 2016. Biological Potentials of Ginger Associated Streptomyces Compared with Ginger Essential Oil. American Journal of Life Sciences 4(6), 152-163.

Andriambeloson O, Rasolomampianina R, Raherimandimby M. 2014. Selection and characterization of bioactive actinomycetes associated with the medicinal plant Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary 2(9), 30-45.

Bhosale HJ, Kadam TA, Fulwad SG, Karale MA, Kanse OS. 2015. Optimization of antifungal compound production by a moderately halophilic Streptomyces werraensis HB-11. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research 6(3), 1190-99.

Carlier J, Zapater MF, Lapeyre F, Jones DR, Mourichon X. 2000. Septoria leaf spot of banana: a newly discovered disease caused by Mycosphaerella eumusae (anamorph Septoria eumusae). Phytopathology 90(8), 774-890.

Chen K, Tian Z, Luo Y, Cheng Y, Long C. 2018. Antagonistic Activity and the Mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DH-4 Against Citrus Green Mold. Phytopathology 108, 1253-1262.

Choudhary B, Nagpure A, Gupta RK. 2015. Biological control of toxigenic citrus and papaya-rotting fungi by Streptomyces violascens MT7 and its extracellular metabolites. Journal of Basic Microbiology 55 (12), 1343-1356.

Cobos R, Mateos RM, Álvarez-Pérez JM, Olego MA, Sevillano S, González-García S, Garzón-Jimeno E, Coque JJR. 2015. Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81(18), 6474-6483.

Costa FG, Zucchi TD, Soares de Melo I. 2013. Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi by Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.). Brazilian archives of biology and technology 56(6), 948-955.

Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH. 1993. Compendium of soil fungi. Vol. I & II, reprint IHW – Verlag. Eching, Germany, 859 + 405 p.

Dukare AS, Paul S, Nambi VE , Gupta RK, Singh R, Sharma K, Vishwakarma RK . 2019. Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: A review. Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition 59, 1498–1513.

El-Baky NA, Amara AAAF. 2021. Recent Approaches towards Control of Fungal Diseases in Plants: An Updated Review. Journal of fungi 7(11), 900.

FAO. 2019. De nouvelles normes visent à freiner la propagation mondiale des parasites et des maladies nuisibles aux plantes. Communiqué de presse, AllAfrica.

Fong HHS, Tin WAM, Farnsworth NR. 1977. Phytochemical screening. Review. Chicago: University of Illinois 73-126.

Jose PA, Sivakala KK, Jebakumar SRD. 2013. Formulation and Statistical optimization of culture medium for improved production of antimicrobial compound by Streptomyces sp JAJ06. International Journal of Microbiology 1-9.

Kanwal Q, Hussain I, Siddiqui HL,  Javaid A. 2010. Antifungal activity of flavonoids isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves. Natural Product Research 24(20), 1907-1914.

Kordali S, Cakir A, Zengin H, Duru ME. 2003. Antifungical activities of the leaves of three Pistacia species grown in Turkey. Fitoterapia 74(1-2), 64-167.

Korsten L, De Jager E, De Villiers EE, Lourens A, Kotzé JM, Wehner FC. 1995. Evaluation of bacterial epiphytes isolated from avocado leaf and fruit surfaces for biocontrol of avocado postharvest diseases. Plant Disease 79, 1149-1156.

Li Y, Xia M, He P, Yang Q, Wu Y, He P, Ahmed A, Li X, Wang Y, Munir S, He Y. 2022. Developing Penicillium digitatum Management Strategies on Post-Harvest Citrus Fruits with Metabolic Components and Colonization of Bacillus subtilis L1-21. Journal of fungi 8(80), 1-17.

Liu X, Wang J , Gou P, Mao C, Zhu ZR, Li H. 2007. In vitro inhibition of postharvest pathogens of fruit and control of gray mold of strawberry and green mold of citrus by aureobasidin A. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119, 223–229.

Louw JP, Korsten L. 2019. Impact of Postharvest Storage on the Infection and Colonization of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium expansum on Nectarine. Plant Disease 103(7), 1584-1594.

Masoko P, Eloff JN. 2005. The diversity of antifungal compounds of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae) determined by bioautography. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (12), 1425–1431.

Matei A, Cornea CP, Matei S, Matei GM, Rodino S. 2015. Comparative antifungal effect of lactic acid bacteria strains on Penicillium digitatum. Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology 72 (2), 226–230.

Najmeh S, Hosein SBG, Sareh S, Bonjar LS. 2014. Biological control of citrus green mould, Penicillium digitatum, by antifungal activities of Streptomyces isolates from agricultural soils. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8 (14), 1501-1509.

Nguyen MT. 2007. Identification des espèces de moisissures, potentiellement productrices de mycotoxines dans le riz commercialisé dans cinq provinces de la région centrale du Vietnam – Étude des conditions pouvant réduire la production des mycotoxines. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Toulouse, France 147p.

Perez MF, Contreras L, Garnica NM, Fernández-Zenoff MV, Farías ME, Sepulveda M, Ramallo J, Dib JR. 2016. Native killer yeasts as biocontrol agents of postharvest fungal diseases in lemons. PLOS ONE 1-21.

Pimenta RS, Silva JFM, Coelho CM, Morais PB, Rosa CA, Corrêa A Jr. 2010. Integrated control of Penicillium digitatum by the predacious yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis and sodium bicarbonate on oranges. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 41, 404-410.

Pitt JI. 1988. A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species (2nd ed.). Commonw Scientif Ind Research Organisation, North Ride Australia 197p.

Porsche FM, Molitor D, Beyer M, Charton S, André C, Kollar A. 2018. Antifungal Activity of Saponins from the Fruit Pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi against Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea. Plant disease 102, 991-1000.

Poveda J, Barquero M, González-Andrés F. 2020. Insight into the Microbiological Control Strategies against Botrytis cinerea Using Systemic Plant Resistance Activation. Agronomy 10(11), 1-19.

Shi JF, Sun CQ. 2017. Isolation, identification, and biocontrol of Antagonistic bacterium against Botrytis cinerea after tomato harvest. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 48(4), 706–714.

Singh AK, Pandey MB, Singh UP. 2007. Antifungal Activity of an Alkaloid Allosecurinine against Some Fungi. Mycobiology 35(2), 62-64.

Sparado D, Gullino ML. 2004. State of the art and future prospects of the biological control of postharvest fruit disease. International Journal of Food Microbiology 91(2), 185-194.

Talibi I, Boubaker H, Boudyach EH, Ait Ben Aoumar A. 2014. Alternative methods for the control of postharvest citrus diseases. Journal of Applied Microbiology 117, 1-17.

Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Frisvad JC, Hong SB, Klaassen CHW, Perrone G, Seifert KA, Varga J, Yaguchi T, Samson RA. 2014. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology 78, 343-371.

Youssef K, Roberto SR. 2020. Premature Apple Fruit Drop: Associated Fungal Species and Attempted Management Solutions. Horticulturae 6 (31), 1-10.

Zhang JW, Gao JM, Xu T, Zhang XC, Ma YT, Jarussophon S, Konishi Y. 2009. Antifungal Activity of Alkaloids from the Seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Biochemistry and biodiversity 6(6), 838-845

Source : Antifungal potential of Streptomyces sp. 3400 JX826625 ethanolic filtrate against Penicillium digitatum, A post-harvest spoilage agent of Citrus fruits  

Read More