Streptomyces sp. 3400 Antifungal Power Against Citrus Post-Harvest Spoilage | InformativeBD

Andriambeloson Onja, Andrianantenaina Rigobert, Andriamahaly Manjato ddy, Ramaroson Luciano, and Rasolomampianina Rado, from the different institute of the Madagascar. wrote a research article about, Streptomyces sp. 3400 Antifungal Power Against Citrus Post-Harvest Spoilage. entitled, Antifungal potential of Streptomyces sp. 3400 JX826625 ethanolic filtrate against Penicillium digitatum, A post-harvest spoilage agent of Citrus fruits. This research paper published by the  International  journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Fruit postharvest diseases, because of different losses they generate, remain a major problem affecting diverse domains in the world. Among several alternatives used to control phytopathogenic fungi, the main causal agents of fruit postharvest diseases; the efficacies of microorganism culture filtrates have been demonstrated in many works. For this purpose, this study aimed to assess the potential of Streptomyces sp 3400 JX826625 ethanolic filtrate to inhibit Penicillium digitatum growth and to control postharvest decay in citrus fruits (lemons and oranges) during the storage. In vitro assay using agar cylinder technique showed that the actinomycete isolate displayed antagonistic activity against Penicillium digitatum with an inhibition rate of 60.60±2.62%. On the other side, the ethanolic filtrate of the strain prepared from the culture on starch casein agar medium using radial growth method was very active towards the phytopathogen displaying an inhibition rate value of 77.27±4.54%. The disc technique showed an inhibition zone value of 19mm. Chemical screening of the ethanolic filtrate through precipitation and coloration assays revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids and leucoanthocyans. In vivo assay with lemons and oranges presented a preventive effect of the antifungal product. An improvement of the shelf life for the two tested fruits treated with the ethanolic filtrate were recorded during artificial infection experimentation (5 days for both fruits) and storage assay (11 days for lemons and over 21 days for oranges) at ambient temperature, compared to untreated fruits of which the shelf life was 2 days (lemons) and 4 days (oranges).

Read more : Nile Tilapia Count and Location: AI and CLAHE Unleashed | InformativeB

Introduction

As belonging to protective foods category, fruits and vegetables play a crucial role in the maintenance of human health stability. They constitute a protection source of the organism against diverse diseases due to their richness in natural products with defensive role as antioxidants, vitamins and mineral salts.

During the development at the orchard or vegetable garden, through the harvest, the transport to the storage, fruits and vegetables can endure more or less significant alterations which damages can present an important economic impact inducing a total loss of production. These alterations can be mechanical, physiological or parasitic. However, for fruits and vegetables, parasitic alterations are the most numerous, the most deleterious and the most difficult to control due to the pathogens diversity including molds, bacteria, virus and insects. Microbial alterations can be occurred at the orchard and vegetable garden by phytopathogenic microorganisms but also after harvest during their storage by spoilage microorganisms through latent infections that may occur during preharvest (Sparado and Gullino, 2004). Moreover, microbial alteration can result from mechanical damage permitting entry of the microorganisms, particularly strict wound pathogens which development induces fruit decay (Talibi et al., 2014).

Indeed, phytopathogenic fungi are the principal causes of foodstuffs decay. Some of them are polyphagous, infect many species of fruits or vegetables (Botrytis cinerea) (Poveda et al., 2020) while others are relatively particular for a type of fruit or vegetable (Mycosphaerella fijiensis, banana pathogen) (Carlier et al., 2000). The induced diseases occasioned frequent losses of fresh products after harvest, in terms of quality and quantity. According to the FAO (2019), 20% to 40% of agricultural production in the world is damaged each year by parasites. Annual economic loss due to fungal diseases arises to several billion euros, increasing consequently the risks of famine, malnutrition and undernourishment, especially in developing countries.

The damages mostly notable are localized necrosis with mycelia development in the surface or not, intense production of spores and characteristic signs of deficiencies throughout the plant at the orchard or vegetable garden. These damages are conversely manifested by the decay of the fruits and vegetables during the storage. Besides the plants, the human can be victim of vegetal fungal attack by certain phytopathogenic fungi, producers of natural toxins dangerous for human health (patulin and citrinin, cancerous fungal toxins produced by Penicillium) (Dukare et al., 2019).

Several controlling strategies against fungal diseases of fruits and vegetables are currently developed and reunites different domains. However, its choice depends on the objectives for obtaining best yields for the production as well as for the shelf life. As examples, the genetic control, using adapted species and varieties providing natural or induced resistance to the plants, the chemical control employing fungicides, the physical control that involves plowing, residues grinding and burying, the biological control serving bacterial, fungal parasites and botanical fungicides, the agronomic control that operates on plant cover density, irrigation, crop rotation, nitrogen fertilization and agronanotechnology focusing on the synthesis of bioactive nanoparticles from plant extracts (El- Baky and Amara, 2021).

During the storage, this control is mainly based on the regulation of the temperature, the moisture, the disinfection of the storage locals, the use of fungicides and recently the irradiation and the use of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, whatever the control adopted, the goal is to limit or to avoid the damages (symptoms, loss of yield and quality) caused by phytopathogenic fungi.

These last years, some research works conducted on the control of phytopathogenic fungi exploited the potential of natural substances especially those from plants. Extracts and essential oils were demonstrated to be efficient to control phytopathogenic fungi growth (Cobos, 2015). On the other side, biological control using antagonistic microorganisms has provided promising results. Among them, some bacteria as Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Enterobacter strains (Korsten, 1995; Matei et al., 2015; Shi and Sun, 2017), yeasts (Pimenta et al., 2010) and molds (Liu et al., 2007) were used for controlling fruit postharvest pathogens. Endophytic, telluric and rhizospheric actinobacteria were also commonly used to control pathogenic fungi in some plants (Costa, 2013; Choudhary et al., 2015; Álvarez-Pérez et al., 2017). However, the use of their natural metabolites to control phytopathogenic fungi infection has been less developed in the literature and different works. Recognized as microorganisms rich in secondary metabolites with different types and biological activities including antifungal activity, the actinomycetes could develop alternatives in the phytosanitary treatment against phytopathogenic fungi. Their natural metabolites could substitute chemical substances that are concerned for the health and the environment. Thus, this work aimed to demonstrate the effect of actinomycete antifungal metabolites against spoilage fungus development isolated from oranges (Penicillium digitatum) during their storage. This fungus is well-known as the causal agent of green mold, the most common and serious postharvest disease affecting citrus fruits (Talibi et al., 2014). The effect of postharvest preservation of the actinomycete metabolites on two selected species of citrus fruits (oranges and lemons) are, therefore, described according to the in vivo antifungal test.

Reference 

Abraham AO, Laing MD, Bower JP. 2010. Isolation and in vivo screening of yeast and Bacillus antagonists for the control of Penicillium digitatum of citrus fruit. Biological Control 53, 32-38.

Aghighi S, Shahidi Bonjar GH, Rawashdeh R, Batayneh S, Saadoun I. 2004. First report of antifungal spectra of activity of Iranian actinomycetes strains against Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Phytophtora megasperma, Verticillium dahlia and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 4, 463-471.

Aguirre-Joya JA, Pastrana-Castro L, Nieto-Oropeza D, Ventura-Sobrevilla J, Rojas-Molina R, Aguilar CN. 2018. The physicochemical, antifungal and antioxidant properties of a mixed polyphenol based bioactive film. Heliyon 4, 1-14.

Alilou H, Bencharki B, Talbi J, Barka N. 2016. Activite Antifongique Des Flavonoïdes Isolés De La Plante Asteriscus Graveolens Subsp. Odorus (Schousb.) Greuter. European Scientific Journal 12 (12), 258-269.

Álvarez-Pérez JM, González-García S, Cobos R, Olego MA, Ibañez A, Díez-Galán A, Garzón-Jimeno E , Coque JJR. 2017. Use of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Actinobacteria from Grapevine Plants To Reduce Nursery Fungal Graft Infections That Lead to Young Grapevine Decline. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83 (24), 1-16.

Andriambeloson HO, Rafalisoa BL, Andrianantenaina R, Rasamindrakotroka AJ, Rasolomampianiana R. 2019. Effect of Streptomyces sp 3400 JX826625 Metabolites on Multidrug Resistant Candida albicans Development and Chemical Characterization of Antifungal Metabolites. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 7(6), 164-173.

Andriambeloson HO, Rasolomampianina R, Ralambondrahety R, Andrianantenaina R, Raherimandimby M, Randriamiharisoa F. 2016. Biological Potentials of Ginger Associated Streptomyces Compared with Ginger Essential Oil. American Journal of Life Sciences 4(6), 152-163.

Andriambeloson O, Rasolomampianina R, Raherimandimby M. 2014. Selection and characterization of bioactive actinomycetes associated with the medicinal plant Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary 2(9), 30-45.

Bhosale HJ, Kadam TA, Fulwad SG, Karale MA, Kanse OS. 2015. Optimization of antifungal compound production by a moderately halophilic Streptomyces werraensis HB-11. International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research 6(3), 1190-99.

Carlier J, Zapater MF, Lapeyre F, Jones DR, Mourichon X. 2000. Septoria leaf spot of banana: a newly discovered disease caused by Mycosphaerella eumusae (anamorph Septoria eumusae). Phytopathology 90(8), 774-890.

Chen K, Tian Z, Luo Y, Cheng Y, Long C. 2018. Antagonistic Activity and the Mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DH-4 Against Citrus Green Mold. Phytopathology 108, 1253-1262.

Choudhary B, Nagpure A, Gupta RK. 2015. Biological control of toxigenic citrus and papaya-rotting fungi by Streptomyces violascens MT7 and its extracellular metabolites. Journal of Basic Microbiology 55 (12), 1343-1356.

Cobos R, Mateos RM, Álvarez-Pérez JM, Olego MA, Sevillano S, González-García S, Garzón-Jimeno E, Coque JJR. 2015. Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81(18), 6474-6483.

Costa FG, Zucchi TD, Soares de Melo I. 2013. Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi by Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.). Brazilian archives of biology and technology 56(6), 948-955.

Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH. 1993. Compendium of soil fungi. Vol. I & II, reprint IHW – Verlag. Eching, Germany, 859 + 405 p.

Dukare AS, Paul S, Nambi VE , Gupta RK, Singh R, Sharma K, Vishwakarma RK . 2019. Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: A review. Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition 59, 1498–1513.

El-Baky NA, Amara AAAF. 2021. Recent Approaches towards Control of Fungal Diseases in Plants: An Updated Review. Journal of fungi 7(11), 900.

FAO. 2019. De nouvelles normes visent à freiner la propagation mondiale des parasites et des maladies nuisibles aux plantes. Communiqué de presse, AllAfrica.

Fong HHS, Tin WAM, Farnsworth NR. 1977. Phytochemical screening. Review. Chicago: University of Illinois 73-126.

Jose PA, Sivakala KK, Jebakumar SRD. 2013. Formulation and Statistical optimization of culture medium for improved production of antimicrobial compound by Streptomyces sp JAJ06. International Journal of Microbiology 1-9.

Kanwal Q, Hussain I, Siddiqui HL,  Javaid A. 2010. Antifungal activity of flavonoids isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves. Natural Product Research 24(20), 1907-1914.

Kordali S, Cakir A, Zengin H, Duru ME. 2003. Antifungical activities of the leaves of three Pistacia species grown in Turkey. Fitoterapia 74(1-2), 64-167.

Korsten L, De Jager E, De Villiers EE, Lourens A, Kotzé JM, Wehner FC. 1995. Evaluation of bacterial epiphytes isolated from avocado leaf and fruit surfaces for biocontrol of avocado postharvest diseases. Plant Disease 79, 1149-1156.

Li Y, Xia M, He P, Yang Q, Wu Y, He P, Ahmed A, Li X, Wang Y, Munir S, He Y. 2022. Developing Penicillium digitatum Management Strategies on Post-Harvest Citrus Fruits with Metabolic Components and Colonization of Bacillus subtilis L1-21. Journal of fungi 8(80), 1-17.

Liu X, Wang J , Gou P, Mao C, Zhu ZR, Li H. 2007. In vitro inhibition of postharvest pathogens of fruit and control of gray mold of strawberry and green mold of citrus by aureobasidin A. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119, 223–229.

Louw JP, Korsten L. 2019. Impact of Postharvest Storage on the Infection and Colonization of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium expansum on Nectarine. Plant Disease 103(7), 1584-1594.

Masoko P, Eloff JN. 2005. The diversity of antifungal compounds of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae) determined by bioautography. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (12), 1425–1431.

Matei A, Cornea CP, Matei S, Matei GM, Rodino S. 2015. Comparative antifungal effect of lactic acid bacteria strains on Penicillium digitatum. Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology 72 (2), 226–230.

Najmeh S, Hosein SBG, Sareh S, Bonjar LS. 2014. Biological control of citrus green mould, Penicillium digitatum, by antifungal activities of Streptomyces isolates from agricultural soils. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8 (14), 1501-1509.

Nguyen MT. 2007. Identification des espèces de moisissures, potentiellement productrices de mycotoxines dans le riz commercialisé dans cinq provinces de la région centrale du Vietnam – Étude des conditions pouvant réduire la production des mycotoxines. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Toulouse, France 147p.

Perez MF, Contreras L, Garnica NM, Fernández-Zenoff MV, Farías ME, Sepulveda M, Ramallo J, Dib JR. 2016. Native killer yeasts as biocontrol agents of postharvest fungal diseases in lemons. PLOS ONE 1-21.

Pimenta RS, Silva JFM, Coelho CM, Morais PB, Rosa CA, Corrêa A Jr. 2010. Integrated control of Penicillium digitatum by the predacious yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis and sodium bicarbonate on oranges. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 41, 404-410.

Pitt JI. 1988. A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species (2nd ed.). Commonw Scientif Ind Research Organisation, North Ride Australia 197p.

Porsche FM, Molitor D, Beyer M, Charton S, André C, Kollar A. 2018. Antifungal Activity of Saponins from the Fruit Pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi against Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea. Plant disease 102, 991-1000.

Poveda J, Barquero M, González-Andrés F. 2020. Insight into the Microbiological Control Strategies against Botrytis cinerea Using Systemic Plant Resistance Activation. Agronomy 10(11), 1-19.

Shi JF, Sun CQ. 2017. Isolation, identification, and biocontrol of Antagonistic bacterium against Botrytis cinerea after tomato harvest. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 48(4), 706–714.

Singh AK, Pandey MB, Singh UP. 2007. Antifungal Activity of an Alkaloid Allosecurinine against Some Fungi. Mycobiology 35(2), 62-64.

Sparado D, Gullino ML. 2004. State of the art and future prospects of the biological control of postharvest fruit disease. International Journal of Food Microbiology 91(2), 185-194.

Talibi I, Boubaker H, Boudyach EH, Ait Ben Aoumar A. 2014. Alternative methods for the control of postharvest citrus diseases. Journal of Applied Microbiology 117, 1-17.

Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Frisvad JC, Hong SB, Klaassen CHW, Perrone G, Seifert KA, Varga J, Yaguchi T, Samson RA. 2014. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology 78, 343-371.

Youssef K, Roberto SR. 2020. Premature Apple Fruit Drop: Associated Fungal Species and Attempted Management Solutions. Horticulturae 6 (31), 1-10.

Zhang JW, Gao JM, Xu T, Zhang XC, Ma YT, Jarussophon S, Konishi Y. 2009. Antifungal Activity of Alkaloids from the Seeds of Chimonanthus praecox. Biochemistry and biodiversity 6(6), 838-845

Source : Antifungal potential of Streptomyces sp. 3400 JX826625 ethanolic filtrate against Penicillium digitatum, A post-harvest spoilage agent of Citrus fruits