Evaluating Citrullus colocynth Extracts as Natural Preservatives for Chevon Meatballs | InformativeBD

Nagwa Thabet Elsharawy , Afnan Ahmed Allhyani, and Mohamed Baeshen, from the different institute of the Saudi Arabia. wrote a research article about, Evaluating Citrullus colocynth Extracts as Natural Preservatives for Chevon Meatballs. entitled, Evaluating the effect of Citrullus colocynth extracts as natural preservatives for some Chevon meatballs. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Chevon is one of the most favorable meats between Arabian populations. Its consider one of the primary source of protein, fat, and water, which providing all essential amino acids, micronutrients, vitamins B6, B12, vitamin D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which makes it best media for growth of microorganism and highly perishable food item. That increasing the demand to find safe materials extending the shelf life of meat. The aim of the study is to examine Citrullus colocynthis extract as natural preservatives. Fifty chevon samples were investigated microbiologically. Then determined the antibacterial effect of Citrullus colocynthis (aquas & ethanolic) extracts by different concentrations; (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 12.5 & 15) % against six foodborne microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Finally, addition of the different concretions of each extract to the chevon was performed. On the other side obtained results observed that all extracts have antibacterial effect by varies degree against all tested microorganisms and the extracts successes to extend the shelf life of chevon to about 17 days. According to obtained results indicated that herbal extracts consider a promising choice for the creation as a novel technique to overcome some food pathogens. So, it can be utilized as an alternative to traditional food preservative products. 

Read more : Effect of Growth Regulators on Rooting of Andrographis neesiana: A Valuable Endemic MedicinalPlant of India | InformativeBD

Introduction

Chevon is referred to the goat meat which considers as one of the most favorite edible red meat kind especially for Arabian societies consumers’. Chevon meat differ in nutritional values than beef meat as it has lower saturated fat, cholesterol and calories contents, in addition to its higher potassium and lower sodium contents all that make this meat kind of choice to people suffering from heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders (Singh et al., 2014).

On the other hand, chevon deterioration may result by the effect of; the meat enzymatic autolysis, lipid oxidation and/or microbial spoilage. Chevon as all meat kinds is one of the excellent media for microbial growth including foodborne microorganisms due to its nutritional value richness (Heifa’a et al., 2018).

Foodborne pathogens such as; (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes & Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in food poses food poisoning problem to the consumers’ health (Umesha and Manukumar, 2018). The zoonotic danger may cause by the foodborne microorganisms itself or caused by their toxins which leading to different severity of the illness signs or even death (Heredia and García, 2018; Allhyani et al., 2021).

Good preservation considered one of the best methods to avoid and/or retarding the meat spoilage (Sánchez-Ortega et al., 2014). although, there are many chemical preservatives used in food industries but almost of these chemicals have very dangerous side effect on the consumers’ health specially to young, old and immunosuppressed consumers, the hazards increase with prolong consumption of the preserved food products which may causing bad effect on liver, kidney in addition to, their teratogenic and carcinogenic. Therefore, almost recent food hygienists and researchers looking for new natural safe preservatives which can prolong the shelf life of the food item and avoid toxicological effect of the traditional preservatives using different plant parts extracts including; leaves, fruits, stems, roots, seeds and bark (Shah et al., 2014; Abo hashem et al., 2022).

Citrullus colocynthis is one of cucurbitaceae family which are widely spread characterized by its rough angular stems, lobed leaves, solitary monoecious flowers, its fruit is green turn to yellow when ripe with size similar to small orange size with numerous ovoid, compressed, light yellowish to dark brown smooth seeds and characterized by its; antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, gut disorders including gastroenteritis, colic, indigestion, and dysentery with multiple other therapeutic potency without adverse effects on human health but until now there is a wide shortage on them as food natural perservatives (Al-Snafi, 2016; Rani et al., 2017; da Silva and Hussain, 2017). In addition to the nearly absent studies on their effect in chevon preservation. This study aimed to investigate antibacterial effect of Citrullus colocynthis different extracts against some food posining pathogens which isolated from chevon samples, Performed sensetivity test by different concentration of each extract and evalute the effect of addition of the plant extracts by different concentrations on minced chevon shelf life.

Source : Evaluating the effect of Citrullus colocynth extracts as natural preservatives for some Chevonmeatballs   

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Effect of Growth Regulators on Rooting of Andrographis neesiana: A Valuable Endemic Medicinal Plant of India | InformativeBD

Chinnappan Alagesaboopathi, from the institute of the India. wrote a research article about, Effect of Growth Regulators on Rooting of Andrographis neesiana: A Valuable Endemic Medicinal Plant of India. entitled, Effect of growth regulators on rooting of Andrographis neesiana Wight. – a valuable endemic medicinal plant of India. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The present study deals with the vegetative propagation prospects of an endemic medicinal plant Andrographis neesiana Wight, which is familiarly used in herbal medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Due to over exploitation this plant is disappearing from original habitat hence its cultivation on commercial scale is suggested. Stem cuttings of Andrographis neesiana are advantageous to root. Treatment with Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and a-Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) raised rooting and increased shoot development in greenhouse under intermittent misting. IBA and NAA treated cuttings performed improve in all development parameters compared to control. The highest percentage of rooting was observed in IBA 1500 ppm (68.10%). The maximum root length was noted in IBA 2000 ppm (11.20 cm). The roots were profuse and branched in characteristic. Besides this, the survival rate of IBA treated plantlets was 86.45% and NAA treated plantlets was 72.61% in comparison to control where it was 7.32%. The percentage of rooting and root length upgraded by using plant growth hormones, either separate or together. The present investigation concludes that clonal multiplication of these an endemic medicinal plant is feasible through application of plant growth regulators. The significance of these findings on the propagation and conservation of A. neesiana is discussed. 

 Read more : Spatial and Seasonal Variation of Ichthyofauna in Lake Buyo's Littoral Zone Using Video Surveillance | InformativeBD

Introduction

Medicinal plants contain importances that can be used for biotherapeutic applications or which are used as precursors for the synthesis of beneficial (Sofowora 1993). The medicinal characteristics of plants lies in their phytochemicals namely alkaloids, flavonoids in addition to other phenolic compounds that co-opt as to producing particular physiological properties to the body of man and animals (Che Man, 2010). However, analysis of extract of Andrographis neesiana was found to be rich in flavones to the expensive phytoconstituent potentialities of the plant. Andrograhis neesiana is therefore grown as a medicinal species for the curing of many ailments particularly in India. (Alagesaboopathi and Balu 1999; Alagesaboopathi and Sivkumar 2011; Ponvinobala et al., 2012a). Andrographis neesiana Wight belongs to the family Acanthaceae and has been widely used in healthcare traditions. The rooted plants by cottage have various advantages such as faster growth rate (Ooyamma and Toyoshima, 1965), greater stock stand uniformity, improve site matching and true-to-type planting material production (Fielding, 1969). Cuttings can be categorized into 3 groups as comfortable to root, difficult to root and inflexible to root (Nanda, 1970).

Species of Andrographis Wallich ex Nees (Acanthaceae) are used in the Indian systems of medicine namely, Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani, Naturopathy, Homeopathy, Amachi and Modern (Alagesaboopathi and Balu, 1999). The genus Andrographis as a whole is of potentialities significance to India. The genus exhibits antipyretic characteristics (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975). This genus consists 40 species distributed in Tropical Asia (Anonymous, 1948). About 21 species are distributed in India (Gamble, 1982) and all of them available in Tamilnadu. (Henry et al., 1987). Among the 21 species 18 species are reported to be endemic to India (Ahmedullah and Nayar, 1986). Andrographis neesiana Wight (Fig. 1) is an endemic medicinal species (Ahmedullah and Nayar, 1986) found in wild in Shevaroy Hills of Salem district of Tamilnadu (11o45 and 11o55 N and 78o11 to 78o20E) upto 1500 m.

The pharmaceutical industries is widely dependent upon the wild populations for providing these plant species for extraction of their intrinsic phytochemicals. Moreover, herbal medicine practitioners, local medicine men, village dwellers, vaidyas, tribals (Malayalis), forest dwellers, and other traditional healers often use these collection of the plant materials from forests and lacking experiments either to allow the replenishment or propagation, these critical flora are rapidly vanishing. As a importance, A. neesiana declared as an endemic plant in India (Ahmedullah and Nayar, 1986). Therefore, there is an immediate need to enlarge serviceable cultivation techniques for propagation of these noteworthy medicinal floras which will excessively commercial application. Andrographis neesiana has been used in the treatment of aphrodisiac and antifungal property (Alagesaboopathi and Balu, 1999; Alagesaboopathi and Balu, 2000). Several medicinal properties such as cough, edema, laxative, bitter and overcomes trouble in breathing, worms, liver complaints, acidity, burning sensation, syphilitic ulcers, skin disorders and also veterinary medicines have been attributed to this plant in the traditional systems of Indian medicine (Sivarajan and Balachandran, 2001). It is used in the treatment of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity (Alagesaboopathi and Sivakumar, 2011; Ponvinobala et al., 2012 a, b).

Two new flavonoids, 2, 4, 6, 2, 3, 4- hexamethoxychalcone and 5-hydroxy -7, 2, 5 - trimethoxyflavone together with a known flavone glycoside, echioidinin 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the whole plant extract of Andrographis neesiana (Muntha Kesava Reddy et al., 2003). There is no previous report on use of growth hormones in vegetative propagation of this useful plant. The work was undertaken to result rooting response of A. neesiana under greenhouse using growth regulators and outcomes reported. Auxin is one of the factors for stimulating root productions in cuttings (Hartman et al., 1990). Thakur and Gupta (1998) reported that cutting of Alnus nitida with various concentration of IBA and obtained the maximum root percentage at IBA 800 ppm.

Rooting of stem cutting through action of growth hormones has been undertaken as a protocol for broad scale propagation of this plant following the approach of Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Akwatulira et al., 2011; Saradha and Paulsamy, 2012). Auxins, a category of plant evolution substances are often called as plant growth hormones and performance an important role in coordination of many growth and behavioral technique in the plant life cycle (Tiwari and Kuntal Das, 2010). Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), -Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Indole -3-Butyric Acid (IBA) are conventionally the leading auxins which are usable commercially and can be applied with liquid (liquid formulation) or in talc (powder formulation) for rooting and sprouting of stem cuttings (Hopkins, 1999). The present study therefore aimed at ascertaining the most suitable propagation A. neeisana using stem cuttings. In the present study, the stem cuttings of A. neesiana were treated by plant growth regulators (PGRs), IBA and NAA. The aim of this investigation was to test the potential outcome of plant growth regulators on the stem cuttings and to prefer an optimal concentration of plant growth regulators for stem cuttings of A. neesiana

Reference

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Source: Effect of growth regulators on rooting of Andrographis neesiana Wight. – a valuable endemic medicinal plant of India  

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Spatial and Seasonal Variation of Ichthyofauna in Lake Buyo's Littoral Zone Using Video Surveillance | InformativeBD

Abo Kouakou Jean-Baptiste, Monney Attoubé Ida, Aliko N’Guessan Gustave, N’Dri Olga Rosemonde, and Koné Tidiani, from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Spatial and Seasonal Variation of Ichthyofauna in Lake Buyo's Littoral Zone Using Video Surveillance. Entitled, Spatial and seasonal variation of ichtyofauna in the littoral zone of Lake Buyo (South-west Côte d’Ivoire) using video surveillance. This research paper published by the Journalof Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Video surveillance techniques are increasingly being used for aquatic research purposes because they are non-extractive and cause less disturbance to fish habitats. The aim is to use video surveillance as a sampling method to inventory fish in the littoral zones of Lake Buyo. Six baited cameras were used to sample the fish. Analysis of the video recordings enabled 18 species of fish to be identified, divided into 13 genera, 9 families and 7 orders. The best represented families were the Cyprinidae with 2102 individuals, the Cichlidae (1892 individuals) and the Alestidae (1772 individuals). Enteromius macrops (2057 individuals), Coptodon zillii (1387 individuals), Brycinus macrolepidotus (858 individuals), Brycinus longipinnis (831 individuals) and Oreochromis niloticus (469 individuals) were the most abundant species. Depending on the hydrological season, significant differences in species richness were observed between high water and low water seasons at all the stations. Analysis of the structure of the fish assemblages revealed a environment was more diverse and stable during periods of high water than during periods of low water. The use of video surveillance as a sampling method thus represents a important alternative for the collection of ichthyological data.

Read more :  Potato Leaf Disease Detection Through Image Processing Techniques | InformativeBD

Introduction

As transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic environments, littoral zones represent the most heterogeneous, diverse and productive physical environment in lakes (Brind'Amour, 2005; Zohary and Gasith, 2014). The complexity and diversity of nearshore habitats provide more food resources for fish, stimulate spawning behaviour and generate refuges for many nearshore aquatic species (Schmieder, 2004 ; Kyle et al., 2014).

Unfortunately, these ecosystems are subject to numerous anthropogenic pressures that considerably alter their role in the renewal of fish stocks. These pressures are mainly linked to intensive fishing, the use of chemical substances in agriculture the destruction of forests and the reduction in the surface area or quality of habitats (Jones, 2002 ; Onana et al., 2014 ; Monney et al., 2016).

In Côte d'Ivoire, the Buyo dam lake is no exception to these pressures. Anthropogenic activities (fishing and agriculture) have harmful consequences for fish habitats and fish stocks, sometimes leading to the disappearance of fish species (N'Dri et al., 2020). The fishing techniques and gear used by some fishermen are largely unregulated and very often considerably destroy the lake's coastal habitats, remove spawners from nests and catch all sizes of fish. Excessive variations in water level also threaten the lake's fish populations by altering feeding conditions through the reduction in prey populations (Anderson et al., 2021), or by eliminating fish spawning sites (N'Dri, 2020).

However, although numerous studies have been carried out on Lake Buyo (Kouamé, 2010; Goli Bi et al., 2019; Kouassi et al., 2019), few investigations have focused specifically on the littoral zones of this lake, in particular the zone incorporating the Taï National Park, even though the latter is known to be an important spawning ground for fish (N'Dri, 2020). Hence the need to monitor the dynamics of fish in coastal areas in order to identify and even anticipate possible degradation that could affect them. Such monitoring can also help to understand the causes inherent in these changes. The heritage and economic importance of Lake Buyo in Côte d'Ivoire alone justifies the introduction of such monitoring. The observation methods traditionally used to monitor aquatic ecosystems are based on experimental fishing. However, this extractive technique is destructive, which is undesirable in sensitive or protected areas (Pelletier, 2003 ; Kimball and Able, 2012; Sheaves et al., 2016).

In this context, video surveillance is an interesting alternative, although it is still relatively little used for monitoring aquatic ecosystems (Pelletier et al., 2006 ; Favaro et al., 2012). Visual techniques have largely proved their worth and provide a fairly complete picture of fish populations. The general aim of this study is to use video surveillance to determine the composition of the ichthyofauna at different time and space scales in the littoral zone of Lake Buyo with a view to efficient management. Specifically, the aim is to determine the diversity and abundance of fish that frequent the littoral habitats of Lake Buyo.

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Paugy D, Lévêque C, Teugels GG. 2003b. Faune des poissons d’eaux douces et saumâtres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Tome II. Editions IRD (Paris), MNHN (Paris), MRAC (Tervuren), 815.

Pelletier D, Verdoit M, Bellail R. 2003. Are commercial logbook and scientific CPUE data useful for characterizing the spatial and seasonal distribution of exploited populations? The case of the Celtic Sea whiting. Aquatic Living Resources 16(6), 467-485.

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Stoner AW, Laurel BJ, Hurst TP. 2007. Using a baited camera to assess relative abundance of juvenile Pacific cod: Field and laboratory trials. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345, 230-239.

Willis TJ, Babcock RC. 2000. A baited underwater video system for the determination of relative density of carnivorous reef fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 51(8), 755-763.

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Source : Spatial and seasonal variation of ichtyofauna in the littoral zone of Lake Buyo (South-west Côte d’Ivoire) using video surveillance   

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Potato Leaf Disease Detection Through Image Processing Techniques I InformativeBD

Rokon Uz Zaman, KU Ahmmad , Debasis Sarkar , MAA Mumin , and N Salahin, from the different institute of the Bangladesh. wrote a research article about, Potato Leaf Disease Detection Through Image Processing Techniques. Entitled, Potato leaf disease detection using image processing. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Agriculture is one of the most important pillars of Bangladesh’s economy. However, due to some factors such as plant diseases, pests, climate change, the yield of the farming industry decreases, and the productivity decreases as well. The detection of plant diseases is crucial to avert the losses in the productivity and in the yield. It is not obvious to monitor the plant diseases manually as the act of disease detection is very critical. It needs a huge effort, along with knowledge of plant diseases and extensive processing times. Therefore, image processing technology is used to detect the plant disease, this is done by capturing the input image that undergoes the process and is compared with the dataset. This dataset is composed of diverse diseases of potato leaves in the image format.  This study aims to build a web application to predict the diseases of potato plants that will help farmers to identify the diseases so that they can use appropriate fungicide to get more yields. The purpose of this study is to assist and provide efficient support to the potato farmers. In this study, we propose a system that will use the techniques of image process to both analyze and detect the plant diseases using machine learning Conventional Neural Networks (CNN) with Tensorflow framework 2. The results of the implementation show that the designed system could give a successful result by detecting and classifying the potato leaf diseases and healthy plant.

Read more : Sensometric Evaluation of Minimally Processed Snapping Shrimp (Alpheus sp.) Cold Cuts in Aquaculture |InformativeBD

 Introduction

Agricultural industry is the backbone of our economy that contributes about 11.63% of GDP (BBS 2021). Potato is an important and leading crop in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is the seventh potato producing country in the world and ranks second after rice in terms of production and are the third most important food crop after rice and wheat in terms of human consumption in Bangladesh (FAOSTAT, 2020). According to the DAE statistics, about 9.61 million MT of potatoes have been produced in 2020 against the annual demand of about 6.82 million MT, bringing a surplus of 3.40 million MT despite some amounts is being exported (DAM, 2020). 

But in Bangladesh late blight is the most common and highly destructive, fungal disease in potato and annual potato yield losses due to late blight have been estimated at 25-57% (GEOPOTATO project report, 2016-2019). Plants are sensitive to diseases especially the plant leaves as symptoms of the disease appear first on the leaves. Due to the bad impacts of plant diseases on the both the economy and environment, the farmers should consider monitoring the crops in such a way that they may mitigate losses. It exists a way that is used by experts to monitor the crops which is the naked eye observation. This is a traditional method that has many constraints related to time consuming as the operation of monitoring is done manually, and it requires the presence of experts. However, lately, crop monitoring is being developed to be digital and semi-automatic, meaning that only from the symptoms that are shown on the leaf, the disease could be detected in an easier, quicker, cheaper way. Therefore, this digitalized method will be beneficial for the farmers as well since it will facilitate for them the detection of the diseases because most of the farmers do not have a sufficient background and knowledge about monitoring the crops and dealing with the variety of diseases that could affect them. There are many researcher reported, leaf dieses classification and detect is successfully possible by using image processing techniques of deep learning as well as machine learning. Different methods for machine learning and deep learning include the Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random. 

Forests (RF), K-nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), along with models such as AlexNet, GoogleNet, and Caffe are used to classify and detect to leaf dieses (Knaak et al., 2021). The report presented a machine-learning model including canny edge detection technique for edge feature extraction, grid color movement for extracting color features and local binary pattern (LBP) for texture analysis. Where the features were extracted combined to create a combined feature vector which was used for training the artificial neural network (ANN). The convolutional model is also capable of differentiating the plant leaves and recognizing rice plants and their diseases (Shrivastava et al., 2022). Potato leaf diseases were detected by using random forest classifiers where image pre-processing was done in two steps like image normalization and color space conversion where segmentation was done using thresholding HSV images in RGB color space and global feature descriptor (GFD), gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM), color histogram were used for extracting features. Finally, classification was done using random forest (RF) classifiers (Iqbal et al., 2020). The proposed system that we are suggesting in this paper could be used by the farmers to increase the yield with no need to consult experts. The core purpose of this proposed system is not aiming only at detecting the plant diseases using the image processing technology, but it aims also at directing the user farmer to use a mobile application in which he will upload the image and receive the type of disease infection along with a suggestion of needed pesticides. The digitalization of the agriculture field has known the intervention of the latest technologies namely the image processing. As a result, our system that is designed to be automated system is implemented using image processing technique using machine learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Tensorflow Framework 2.

Reference

BBS. 2021. Report of the Share of economic sectors in the GDP in Bangladesh.

DAM. 2020. Report of the Department of Agricultural Marketing, Khamarbari, Dhaka,    Bangladesh.

FAOSTAT. 2020. New food balance sheet for Bangladesh. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS.

GEOPOTATO. 2016-2019. Report of the GEOPOTATO. https://www.wur.nl/en/project/geopotato-control-fungal-disease-in-potato-in-bangladesh.htm

Iqbal MA,  Talukder KH.  2020. Detection of Potato Disease Using Image Segmentation and Machine Learning. International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), 43–47. DOI: 10.1109/WiSPNET48689.2020.9198563

Knaak C, Von Eßen J, Kröger M, Schulze F, Abels P,  Gillner A. 2021. A Spatio-Temporal Ensemble Deep Learning Architecture for Real-Time Defect Detection during Laser Welding on Low Power Embedded Computing Boards. Sensors 21(12), 4205, DOI: 10.3390/s21124205.

Shrivastava G, Patidar H. 2022. Rice Plant Disease Identification Decision Support Model Using Machine Learning. Ictact Journal on Soft Computing 12(3), 2619-2627. DOI: 10.21917/ijsc.2022.0375

Source : Potato leaf disease detection using image processing 

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Sensometric Evaluation of Minimally Processed Snapping Shrimp (Alpheus sp.) Cold Cuts in Aquaculture | InformativeBD

Maria Elaine D. Villiones, John Anthony C. Acero, and  Maria Danesa S. Rabia, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Sensometric Evaluation of Minimally Processed Snapping Shrimp (Alpheus sp.) Cold Cuts in Aquaculture. Entitled, Aquaculture and sensometric characteristics of minimally processed snapping shrimps (Alpheus sp.) processed cold cuts (Luncheon meat). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Sensory research in aquaculture has been developed in different ways depending on the commercial interests of the species implicated. The application of aquaculture research has shown tremendous impact for the continued growth of the industry needs and to complement the findings and possibilities offered by sensometric. The main purpose of the study is to produce snapping shrimp processed into cold cuts (luncheon meat) and utilized to evaluate the sensory acceptability of snapping shrimp processed cold cuts in terms of appearance, aroma, mouthfeel, texture, taste, and overall acceptability. A mixed-methods research design was used in the study. A quasi-experimental design was used to test the preliminary characteristics and 9-point hedonic scale for consumer preferences. Results have shown that the proposed selling price of T0 is P 16.8 compared to T4, which is P 19.78. The shelf-life and other physical characteristics, including aroma and appearance for both at room temperature and in the refrigerator, showed no changes from day 1 to day 7. The luncheon meat also possessed remarkable physical characteristics while being stored at a high freezing point. There is a significant difference in terms of appearance, aroma, mouthfeel, texture, taste, and overall acceptability in five (5) treatments. This further implied that all treatments have different levels of acceptability in terms of the four (4) sensory attributes. From the 5 treatments used, T2 (25% pork and 75% snapping shrimp) was the most accepted and considered preferable by the respondents compared to other treatments. The processed cold cuts (luncheon meat) have a potential for adoption either from the identified community or from aquaculture entrepreneurs.

Read more : Standing Biomass and Litter-Fall Dynamics in Reforested Mangroves of Douala-Edea National Park,Cameroon | InformativeBD

Introduction

In the past decades, aquaculture has been one of the most promising production industries. It is the controlled process of cultivating aquatic organisms that is being used, particularly for human consumption. It’s a similar concept to agriculture, but with fish instead of plants or livestock. Aquaculture is also referred to as fish farming. The seafood that you find at your local grocery store is likely labeled as farmed fish. Aquaculture can happen all over the world, either in coastal ocean waters, freshwater ponds and rivers, or even on land in tanks. Several studies, like the study of Yongqiang Zhao et al. (2020), have suggested that changes in the production process, especially those related to nutritional and feeding interventions may have an impact on the final quality of farmed animal food products, including those from aquaculture.

One of the examples of an integrated approach to closing the gap between consumers’ responses and aquaculture products is the sensorial quality aspects that could be altered by the inclusion of new alternative protein and lipid sources in aquafeed. Applied research efforts in aquaculture should recognize the significance of consumers’ behavior and preferences with the aim of making this industry economically sustainable. Until now, sensory research in aquaculture has been developed in different ways depending on the commercial interests of the species implicated. The sensory analyses generally used in aquaculture were identified in four main application research areas: nutrition and feeding, production aspects, quality products, and marketing topics (Calanche et al., 2019). The existence of snapping shrimp (Alpheus sp.) is very timely, as it's one of the most promising marine products that have greater potential for aquaculture production. Knowing its biology and habitat classification, with the addition of several trials of experiment conducted, this species has a high opportunity for mass production. Snapping shrimp is one of the fishery resources that are abundant in the town of Calape, Bohol. They live particularly in coastal areas with a wide intertidal zone, mangroves, and rich mud banks. This species is locally known as “takla” because of its very unique sounds and is considered a seafood delicacy in the municipality. Shrimp that is among the worlds fastest and that produces the loudest sounds underwater. They use the sound to communicate with one another and to defend their territory (Baobao et al., 2015).

The abundance of snapping shrimp in the locality was one of the factors that the researchers considered in developing processed cold cuts, which are generally termed luncheon meat. Luncheon meat is a type of cooked meat that is often sold in tins. It is a mixture of meat and other ingredients. It is convenient and shelf-stable. One of the biggest benefits of luncheon meat is that it is convenient and easy to prepare when running short on time or with limited ingredients available. It is also shelf-stable, which makes it simpler to stock up on compared to perishable protein foods like chicken or beef. In addition to these, luncheon meat has healthy benefits; it provides small amounts of vitamin C, magnesium, folate, and calcium. Luncheon meat is high in calories, fat, and sodium but also contains some protein, zinc, potassium, iron, and copper (Harcourt, 2010).

Eating cold cuts like luncheon meat is convenient; no cutting or cooking is required. Simply buy the meat, slap it on the sand or in a wrap, and head out the door. They are also high in protein and beneficial vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. On the flip side, they are high in saturated fat, both of which you’ll want to be especially wary of if you have heart disease or high blood pressure (Younkin, 2017). Luncheon meat is a canned lunch meat product. It has a salty and slightly spicy ham flavor with a moist and spongy texture similar to sausage patties. You can eat uncooked luncheon meat because it is already steamed; it can be eaten straight from the can and requires minimal preparation prior to eating. It is also highly versatile and can be added to a wide variety of recipes. One of the first things you need to know about canned meats or luncheon meat is that they are almost always already cooked (Miranda, 2020). Generations of Filipinos love eating processed cold cuts of luncheon meat regularly, typically sliced or diced, then stir-fried and served on a bed of steamed rice, sometimes with a fried egg. It is now devoured in 44 countries worldwide, but it first came to life in 1937 in the small town of Austin, Minnesota. Fried, baked, boiled, or braised, the porkbased luncheon meat was first a hit in the US during the great depression and then in Asia after World War II. It is noticeable that people are very busy and are always in a hurry nowadays. The number of groceries and manufacturers of canned goods like luncheon meat is increasing because people have less time to cook and prepare their own food. Canned goods are the best choice for an emergency food supply. Canned goods luncheon meat can provide protein of high nutritional value for what is considered a highly nutritious food.

Some of the sensometric components include appearance, which is the most important attribute of any food’s appearance, and color, especially when it is directly associated with other food-quality attributes. The color quality of the illumination, in terms of intensity, color temperature, and fidelity, and the nature of the structure of the product all affect the appearance. Another preference is in aroma, where it is very sensitive to the processing and storage conditions. Flavor loss as well as off-flavor development is a problem of the food industry and could be limited by the encapsulation of the volatile ingredients prior to their use (Madene et al., 2006). The texture is defined as those properties of a food that are sensed by touch in the mouth and with the hands. We use many words to describe food texture. Foods can be soft or hard, mushy or crunchy, or smooth or lumpy. It is most important to the enjoyment and acceptability of foods, as well as the taste of some of the finest things in life. The most amazing finding is that taste sensitivity varies from person to person. It comes from a chain reaction that starts with sensitive proteins on the tongue, races through taste buds, enters the nerves, and ends with the brain. Almost everyone lives in a unique taste world, which directly relates to the interaction food has with the consumer at a given moment in time. The factors that affect food acceptability are different for the foods they love and hate. Overall acceptability includes customer characteristics, sensory characteristics of food, and the feel-good factor (Maina, 2018).

Processing snapping shrimp meat is a significant sector of the global economy, contributing to food security and nutrition as well as livelihoods. Processed food enables the supply of safe, affordable, and nutritious foods. The processed food sector accounts for a significant share of income generation and employment, is essential to maintaining a steady global supply of safe, affordable, and nutritious foods, and is thus key to supporting food security and nutrition. Processed food reduces the number of harmful bacteria in food that can cause diseases. It boosts the shelf life of food products and provides employment to a large population. Processed foods have been preserved by steaming, salting, or adding chemical preservatives. It refers to any food that is changed from its natural state. This may include adding preservatives, flavors, nutrients, and other food additives. It has a place in healthy diets. The key to healthy eating is to educate yourself on what to look for and talk with your health care professional or nutrition expert to discuss a food plan that works best for you (Harguth, 2022).

In this study, it only focused on the application of this species to aquaculture and the sensometric characteristics of a new product of processed cold cuts of luncheon meat; however, it showed some significant application not only to the contribution of the body of knowledge but also to the applicability for research utilization and commercialization of the product. The results of the patent search showed tremendous impact on the potential of commercialization for the following reasons: first, PH22019000243Y1 discloses the process of producing fresh water shrimp meat dumplings; second, RU2337589C1 specifies the method of manufacturing special-purpose canned food soup with shrimps and third, the RU 02332083 method of production of preserved food shrimps with vegetables and potherbs is invented. The prior art mentioned above discloses the methods and composition of producing freshwater shrimp and dumplings. Although they are using the same commodity, which is shrimp, there are features and meat quality compositions that are different from freshwater and snapping shrimp. The product is dumplings, but the present invention relates to snapping shrimp luncheon meat in a tin aluminum can. Another prior art is the production of canned shrimp soup. In this invention, there is no disclosure as to what type of shrimp is used or the amount of soup that is added. The present invention is different because the processed snapping shrimp has no liquid in the canned product. The last prior art discloses the ingredients used in the preparation of the preserved food shrimps with vegetables and potherbs. The present invention is different from the last prior art since no liquid is involved in the canned processed food. No mention was also made of the kind of shrimp used.

Generally, this study aims to determine the potential of snapping shrimp for aquaculture and the sensometric value of processed cold cuts (luncheon meat) of snapping shrimps. Specifically, this study focuses on the following indices: 1) qualitative description of the snapping shrimp in making processed cold cuts (luncheon meat); 2) preliminary assessment; 3) sensometric components of the snapping shrimp processed cold cuts (luncheon meat) in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability in the five treatments identified: T0- (100% pork luncheon meat), T1 (50% pork + 50% snapping shrimp), T2 (25% pork + 75% snapping shrimp), T3 (75% pork + 25% snapping shrimp), T4 (100% snapping shrimp); and 3) significant differences in the acceptability.

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Baobao JG, Rabia MDS, Rulida EC. 2015. Preliminary Assessment of the abundance of fishery of snapping shrimp: Retrieved from https://www.hdl.handle.net/1082/2804. Accessed on September 25, 2022.

Calanche JB, Beltran JA, Arias AJH. 2019. A Review Aquaculture and sensometrics: the need to evaluate sensory attributes and consumer preferences. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12351

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Source :  Aquaculture and sensometric characteristics of minimally processed snapping shrimps (Alpheussp.) processed cold cuts (Luncheon meat)  

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