Eco-Friendly Alkaline Protease: Production and Application in Detergents | InformatiiveBD

Maliha Ahmed, from the institute Pakistan. Ramla Rehman, from the institute Pakistan . Aisha Siddique, from the institute Pakistan. Fariha Hasan, from the institute Pakistan . Naeem Ali, from the institute Pakistan . and Abdul Hameed, from the institute Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Eco-Friendly Alkaline Protease: Production and Application in Detergents. Entitled, Production, purification and characterization of detergent-stable, halotolerant alkaline protease for eco-friendly application in detergents’ industry. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

An alkalophilic, halotolerant bacterial strain ASM1 isolated from agricultural soil was found to be capable of producing extracellular protease enzyme. Proteolytic strain was identified as Bacillus cereus and nucleotide sequence has been submitted in NCBI database under accession number KJ600795. Optimum enzyme production in terms of specific activity 9.58 U/mg of total protein was obtained at 35°C; pH, 9.0; 1 % glucose as C-source and 35 g/l beef extract as N-source after 48 hours of incubation in a defined medium inoculated with 2% inoculum size. Bacterial isolate was capable of tolerating up to 12.5% NaCl without requiring salt for physiological activities. Bacterial crude enzyme was purified by 6 folds with 25% yield and specific activity of 57.9 U/mg protein by two step purification i.e. ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography. Thermostability studies revealed retention of 60% proteolytic activity upto 55°C. Moreover enzyme remained stable in the pH range of 6-11. PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) inhibited enzyme activity categorizing the enzyme as a serine protease. Enzyme remained stable in presence of 8 different metals, however activity declined in the presence of 20 mM Fe2+ ions. Enzyme retained substantial stability in the presence of solvents, surfactants, commercially available detergents, and NaCl. Enzyme exhibited efficacious de-staining of fixed blood stains in the washing test at room temperature, without requiring additional energy. This particular type of protease enzyme is of immense importance due to its alkaline-halotolerant profile at mesophilic temperature range which is a great deal for revolutionizing detergents’ industry.

Read more : Meat Yield and Physical Traits of Snails in Abobo Markets, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of proteins by addition of water across the peptide bonds into smaller polypeptides and free amino acids (Beg and Gupta, 2003). Proteases are ubiquitous in nature playing important physiological roles, in all domains of life (Barrett et al., 2001; Burhan et al., 2003). Microbial proteases constitute one of the three commercially significant groups of enzymes, contributing more than 60% of share in the global enzyme market (Chu, 2007; Huang et al., 2003; Jayakumar et al., 2012; Jon, 2008). Proteases constitute a very diverse group of biocatalysts with members having different substrate specificities; nature of catalytic sites; evolutionary relationship in amino acids’ sequence; catalytic mechanisms and varying activity-stability profiles on broad range of temperature and pH (Rai and Mukherjee, 2010; Rao and Narasu, 2007; Rawlings et al., 2012).

Bacterial bio-factories hold much more temptation for exploitation than other enzyme producers due to the ease of handling and production in a limited time and space with less complicated purification steps. Besides that bacteria are susceptible to artificial genetic manipulations and are able to survive under diverse and extreme environmental conditions (Burhan et al., 2003; Khademi et al., 2013; Rao and Narasu, 2007; Rao et al., 1998). Genus Bacillus is considered as the most significant source of bulk amounts of industrially important neutral and alkaline proteases which are highly stable at temperature and pH extremes (Beg and Gupta, 2003; Gupta and Khare, 2007; Venugopal and Saramma, 2006; Yang et al., 2000). 

Proteases active and stable in the alkaline pH range are referred as alkaline proteases. Active site of alkaline protesaes may contain serine residues or metal ions (Khan, 2013). Alkaline proteases with serine residues on catalytic site are referred as Serine Alkaline Proteases (SAPs). Optimum pH for production and activity of serine proteases ranges between pH 7.0-12.0. Some SAPs are endowed with additional characteristic of halotolerance which makes them perfect tool for utilization in various industrial processes (Joo and Chang, 2005; Joshi et al., 2007; Maurer, 2004; Purohit and Singh, 2011; Singh et al., 2010). Stability studies in presence of salts, metal ions, surfactants, oxidants and solvents help in prospecting probable use of enzyme in industry (Gupta and Khare, 2007; Joo et al., 2003; Zambare et al., 2014). Alkaline proteases are majorly used as additives in the commercial detergents (Maurer, 2004). Different industries especially leather and detergent industries require efficacious, environment friendly and economical approaches for degradation of unwanted proteins (Hameed et al., 1996; Huang et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2007). 

Protease production can be enhanced by optimization and manipulation of fermentation methods and conditions; cloning and modulation of genes expression and protein engineering (Gupta et al., 2002a; Gupta et al., 2002b). To achieve high protease production rates, understanding of strategies for protease production and broad range application in the industrial processes hold central importance. Aim of this study was to isolate, characterize and optimize proteolytic strain present in soil biome for enhanced enzyme production. Moreover, biochemical characterization and stability studies of the enzyme were aimed to determine possible eco-friendly application of enzyme in detergent industry.

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Source : Production, purification and characterization of detergent-stable, halotolerant alkaline protease for eco-friendly application in detergents’ industry 

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Meat Yield and Physical Traits of Snails in Abobo Markets, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

 

Jean Baptiste Aman, from the institute Cȏte d’Ivoire. Soronikpo Soro, from the institute Cȏte d’Ivoire. Jean Didié Memel , from the institute Cȏte d’Ivoire. Ayé Stanislas Adou, from the institute Cȏte d’Ivoire. Timbilfou Kiendrebeogo, from the institute Cȏte d’Ivoire. and Atcho Otchoumou, from the institute Cȏte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research Article about, Meat Yield and Physical Traits of Snails in Abobo Markets, Côte d’Ivoire. Entitled, Physical characteristics and meat yield of snails sold in the dry season on Abobo (Abidjan, Côte D’ivoire) markets. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomyand Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In order to characterize the snails sold and consumed by the population of Abidjan during the long dry season, a study was carried out to evaluate the physical characteristics and the quantity of meat provided by the snails found for sale on the markets of Abobo during the said season. To do this, sites selling live snails were inventoried and visited once a month. At each visit, 10 snails of different categories (juveniles, sub-adults and adults) found on sale at the markets were purchased and transported to the laboratory. After fasting for three days, the animals were weighed and measured before being euthanised by scalding. Their various body parts were isolated and weighed in order to estimate the average quantities of fresh meat offered by each category of snail sold on the Abobo market. During the experiments, juveniles and sub-adults of the species Achatina achatina and Archachatina ventricosa were found for sale on the Abobo market. Juvenile and subadult Achatina achatina snails had respective mean live weights of 13.71 ± 2.96 g and 61.5 ± 10.40 g. Their average quantities of fresh meat were 13.71 ± 2.96 g and 22.5 ± 4.16 g respectively. Archachatina ventricosa juveniles had an average live weight of 38.8 ± 3.30 g and an average quantity of  fresh meat of 14.4 56 ± 0.81 g. The subadults, on the other hand, had an average live weight of 56 ± 2.04 g, and an average weight of fresh meat of 19 ± 1.02 g.

Read more : Streetlights and Trees: Exploring the Ecological Impact of Nighttime Illumination | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The flesh of giant African snails is a real source of protein, containing all the amino acids needed by humans (Zongo et al., 1990). This meat is highly prized by many West Africans for its flavour and quality (Otchoumou et al., 2010). Snails consist of two essential parts: the shell and the soft tissue. The foot, the head, the mantle bead and the distal part of the genital tract, including the penile sleeve, are the soft tissue parts usually consumed by the Ivorian population (Aman, 2013). The snail shell, which consists almost entirely of calcium carbonate (Stievenart and Hardouin, 1990), is used in the manufacture of animal feed (Diomandé et al., 2008). The viscera (the part not consumed) are used as a source of protein in animal feed (Otchoumou et al., 2005).

The primary objective of wild snail collection and farming in Côte d'Ivoire is to provide edible meat to help meet the population's protein requirements. The majority of snails consumed and sold on the Ivorian market come from forest collection (Kouassi et al., 2008). On the various markets in Abidjan, snails are very abundant in the rainy season and rare in the dry season (Memel et al., 2009). During the dry season, the snails' activities diminish considerably, burying themselves in the soil or under dry leaves and withdrawing into their shells, which they seal with a self-produced calcareous material (Ategbo et al., 1999). Large snails retreat to the forest or fallow land to encyst, so the snails you see on the market are generally small. These are snails that generally have not had time to lay their eggs in the wild before being caught.

The aim of this study is to estimate the physical characteristics and meat yield of the various snail species sold on the Abobo market during the long dry season.

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Zongo D, Coulibaly M, Diambra OH, Adjiri E. 1990. Note sur l’élevage de l’escargot géant africain Achatina achatina (Linné). Nature et Faune 6(2), 32–44.

Source : Physical characteristics and meat yield of snails sold in the dry season on Abobo(Abidjan, Côte D’ivoire) markets

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Streetlights and Trees: Exploring the Ecological Impact of Nighttime Illumination | InformativeBD

S. Venkataraman, from the institute India. Srinivasan Padmanaban, from the institute India. and B. Rajeswari, from the institute India. wrote a Research Article about, Streetlights and Trees: Exploring the Ecological Impact of Nighttime Illumination. entitled, The puzzling phenomenon of trees flourishing under street lights: Unraveling the effects of artificial roadside night lighting on ecosystems. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study investigates the phenomenon of trees thriving under street lights, presenting observations from an educational institution’s campus. Trees, naturally illuminated by streetlights, exhibit robust growth without deliberate human intervention. Such adaptation challenges conventional understanding of circadian rhythms and highlights the resilience of urban ecosystems. The unexpected symbiosis between street lights and trees underscores the need for re-evaluation in urban planning strategies, emphasizing sustainable cohabitation between human infrastructure and nature. Understanding the intricate relationship between artificial lighting and plant development offers opportunities for enhancing urban greenery and mitigating the adverse effects of urbanization on ecosystems. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and optimize lighting strategies for urban sustainability.

Read more : Boosting Bottle Gourd Growth: Effects of Inorganic Fertilizer and Sargassum Tea Spray | InformativeBD

Introduction

Natural light cycles, including daily, lunar, and seasonal variations, have been significant environmental factors on Earth since life first appeared (Gaston et al., 2015). Artificial light at night (ALAN) has significantly altered the natural light patterns throughout the past century. This stems from several sources such as street lighting, advertising illumination, architectural lighting, security lighting, home lighting, and vehicle lighting (Davies et al., 2013). Artificial light at night (ALAN) is becoming a significant factor in driving worldwide transformation. ALAN is expanding worldwide with a 6% annual increase in sky luminance (Dalle et al., 2023). Streetlamps affect the night-time lighting of trees in urban areas; however there is no research on how street trees behave ecophysiologically in these situations (Liu et al., 2021).

Light is crucial in the physiology and ecology of plants. Plants utilise light for both photosynthesis and as a means of receiving information. Natural light cycles influence circadian rhythms, seasonal changes, and the development of traits like growth shape and resource allocation. Many natural or semi-natural habitats are exposed to artificial light at night at levels that can have physiological impacts on plants (Bennie et al., 2016). The interference of natural light cycles due to the presence of artificial light at night has been proven to significantly impact several species by changing their physiology or behaviour (Long et al., 2004). There is a lack of research on the impact of outdoor artificial night time lighting on plant species (Bennie et al., 2016).

Researchers are studying the detrimental impact of streetlights on plant growth in urban areas dominated by concrete jungles, where an interesting phenomenon is occurring under the artificial light. Some trees grow and bloom under street lights without purposeful human care. This inexplicable event has aroused curiosity, leading to an investigation to reveal the mysteries surrounding the peculiar link between trees and street lighting. Upon closer examination, it is evident that certain trees are not only surviving but flourishing in the vicinity of street lights, presenting an unexpected paradox.

Here, I present my observations regarding the growth of trees naturally illuminated by street lights in a street within an educational institution. Streetlights illuminate the Educational institutions campus streets where mobility is unavailable at night. Trees are located sporadically under the illumination of each streetlight pole. The streetlights are powered by underground electrical wires, which have not caused any problems for the workers. Moreover, there is little foot traffic, which enables trees and plants to grow unrestrictedly around these poles. These trees are not deliberately planted by people and have not been cared for with water or fertilisers. Fig. 1A & B show the trees at night under the lampposts. The trees along with the lamp posts in day time (Fig. 2A & B).

Reference

Bennie J, Davies TW, Cruse D, Gaston KJ. 2016. Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants. Journal of Ecology 104(3), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12551

Dalle Carbonare L, Basile A, Rindi L, Bulleri F, Hamedeh H, Iacopino S, Shukla V, Weits DA, Lombardi L, Sbrana A, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Giuntoli B, Licausi F, Maggi E. 2023. Dim artificial light at night alters gene expression rhythms and growth in a key seagrass species (Posidonia oceanica). Scientific Reports 13, 10620. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37261-3

Davies TW, Bennie J, Inger R, Gaston KJ. 2013. Artificial light alters natural regimes of night-time sky brightness. Science Reports 3, 1722. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01722

Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Hölker F. 2015. The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 370, 20140133. https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2014.0133

Liu L, Sun C, Wang L, Li B, Jin C, Lin X. 2021. Melatonin: A master regulator of plant development and stress responses. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 63, 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12993

Longcore T, Rich C. 2004. Ecological light pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2

Yang J, Song J, Jeong BR. 2022. Lighting from top and side enhances photosynthesis and plant performance by improving light usage efficiency. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(5), 2448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052448

Source : The puzzling phenomenonof trees flourishing under street lights: Unraveling the effects of artificial roadside night lighting on ecosystems 

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Boosting Bottle Gourd Growth: Effects of Inorganic Fertilizer and Sargassum Tea Spray | InformativeBD

Genaro D. Omo, from the institute Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Boosting Bottle Gourd Growth: Effects of Inorganic Fertilizer and Sargassum Tea Spray. entitled, Response of bottlegourd (Lagenaria Siceraria Standley) to the application of inorganic fertilizer and spraying with sargassum tea. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Nowadays, most cultivated farms for crop production are already depleted with soil nutrients due to intensive planting with various crops to sustain the demand of food of the fast-increasing population. It was observed that the depletion of soil nutrients had great effect to the productivity of the farm that resulted to low crop yield and inferior quality of produce. The most intensively planted crop that contributed much to the depletion of the soil nutrients are cereals and vegetables. In vegetable production, one of the most intensively cultivated vegetable is the bottlegourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standley). It belongs to the Cucurbitaceae’s family that can be planted year-round. To enhance the growth and yield of the bottlegourd, the application of inorganic fertilizer and spraying with Sargassum tea was done. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of different rates of inorganic fertilizer and spraying with different concentrations of Sargassum tea on the growth and yield of the bottlegourd. The experiment was laid out in three blocks and the treatments were arranged following the 4 x 5 Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. Result revealed complementary effects of the application of inorganic fertilizer and spraying with Sargassum tea that the bottlegourd applied with 100% Recommended Rate Inorganic Fertilizer and Sprayed with 1 Part Sargassum Tea: 15 Parts Water (I3S3) was the earliest to have harvestable fruits at 54.17 days after transplanting, highest fruit yield (27.47 tha-1) and net income (PhP240,562.36).

Read more : PET-CT in Neuroendocrine Tumors of Unknown Primary: Case Insights and Review |InformativeBD

Introduction

Vegetables are considered as one of the major crops grown and source of income of farmers in Northern Philippines. Majority of the people in this countryside are considered vegetarian because much of their diet was a variety of vegetables as compared to other people in different part of the country. Bottlegourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is one among the most grown and consumed vegetable. This vegetable belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family under the genus Lagenaria from the word lagena or bottle. Bottlegourd can be grown throughout the year in tropical areas. It can be planted in most kind of soil, preferably in loam soil with high organic matter contents and in warm and humid climate (Minocha et al., 2015).

However, the soil conditions of most farms in the Philippines are already considered at an alarming situation due to nutrient depletion caused by continuous planting with various crops. According to Liu et al. (2006) that continuous cultivation was observed as one of the main caused of decreasing soil pH, Ca and Mg in most soils. Likewise, soil degradation due to losses of OM content are also among the prime concerned in most agricultural areas of the world because the amount of nutrients consumed by the plants in every cropping period were not replenished with any organic ameliorant. Moreover, the depletion of soil nutrient was considered as the root cause of the decreasing per capita production of food from crops specially in small farms (Drechsel et al., 2001; Tan et al., 2005), that this declining food production could pose great threat to food supply stability and security. 

Therefore, one of the immediate remedies done by most farmers to improve the soil productivity was the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, the application of inorganic fertilizers in the soil is not always the ultimate remedy to increase production because there are always possibilities that it could not be utilized by the plants due to the effects of soil pH, organic matter content, availability of moisture, cation exchange capacity and many more. Further, it is possible that the fertilizers being applied could be fixed or bind with the existing elements in the soil that convert it into unavailable form which could not be absorbed nor utilized by the plants. Likewise, the deficiency of any micronutrients even in minute quantity has great negative effect to the growth and yield of the plants. However, such problem can be corrected by spraying with the necessary nutrients on the leaves of the plants, but commercial foliar fertilizers are very expensive in the market. This problem draws the attention of the government authorities and other concerned groups to find some ways to reciprocate the effects on food sustainability and security.

Hence, the use of locally available organic inputs or other natural liquid extract with enhancing effects aside from the more popular inorganic foliar fertilizer should be given with importance like the seaweed liquid fertilizer. Seaweed has great potential to promote growth and boost yield of any crop due to the presence of macro and micro-nutrients, phytohormones, vitamins and enzymes. At present, products derived from seaweeds are becoming very useful in crop production as organic fertilizer or foliar fertilizer. They enhanced seed germination, improve growth of seedling, increase the tolerance of plants to various unfavorable abiotic conditions (Zhang and Ervin, 2004; Zhang and Ervin, 2008) and boost plant growth, development and yield (Hong et al., 2007; Zodape et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2009; Kumari et al., 2011). According to Verkleij (1992) that liquid fertilizer derived from seaweeds extract have macro and micro-nutrients, amino acids and phytohormones. So, in agriculture, the utilization of seaweeds as organic fertilizers had increased recently (Dhargalkar and Pereira, 2005). 

Among the endemic seaweeds in the Philippines, Sargassum sp. are abundantly found at the shallow seas of the archipelago. Moreover, unlike to other seaweeds with commercial value, Sargassum seaweeds was not yet exploited nor fully utilized for any purposes; therefore, its availability was not yet affected.

Therefore, the aims of this study are; a) to evaluate the effects of the application of different rates of inorganic fertilizer on the development and yield of bottlegourd, b) to assess the effects of spraying different concentrations of Sargassum tea as foliar fertilizer on the development and yield of bottlegourd, c) to evaluate the interaction effects of the application of the different rates of inorganic fertilizer and spraying with different concentrations of Sargassum tea on the development and yield of the bottlegourd, and d) to determine the profitability of producing bottlegourd using inorganic fertilizer and Sargassum tea as foliar fertilizer.

Reference

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Amujoyegbe BJ, Opabode JT, Olayinka A. 2007. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on yield and chlorophyll content of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). African Journal of Biotechnology 6, 1869-1873. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2278

Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Babenko A, Cannon J, Galvis P, Metzger JD. 2008. Influence of vermicomposts produced by earthworms and microorganisms from cattle manure, food waste and paper waste on the germination, growth and flowering of petunias in the greenhouse. Applied Soil Ecology 39, 91-99.

Baghel SS, Bose US, Singh R, Singh SS. 2018. Influence of organic manure with inorganic and bio-fertilizer on growth, flowering, yield and yield attributes of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 7(4), 30-36. Online ISSN 2277-1808.

Colla G, Rouphael Y. 2020. Microalgae: new source of plant biostimulants. Agronomy 10, 1240.

Dhargalkar VK, Pereira N. 2005. Seaweed: promising plant of the millennium. Science of Cultivation 70, 60-66.

Drechsel P, Gyiele L, Kunze D, Cofie O. 2001. Population density, soil nutrient depletion, and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Ecological Economics 38(2), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00167-7

Elkholy MM, Samira E, El-Tohamy SA. 2010. Integrated effect of mineral, compost and biofertilizers on soil fertility and tested crops productivity. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5, 453-465.

Garhwal OP, Fageria MS, Mukherjee S. 2007. Integrated nitrogen management in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) hybrids. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences 36, 129-130.

Goñi O, Quille P, O’Connell S. 2018. Ascophyllum nodosum extract biostimulants and their role in enhancing tolerance to drought stress in tomato plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 126, 63–73.

Han SH, Young J, Hwang J, Kima SB, Parka B. 2016. The effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera Lin.) in a nursery system. Forest Science and Technology 12, 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2015.1135827

Hernandez-Herrera RM, Virgen-Calleros G, Ruiz-Lopez M, Zanudo-Hernandez J, Delano-Frier JP, Sanchez Hernandez C. 2014. Extracts from green and brown seaweeds protect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) against necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani. Journal of Applied Phycology 26(3), 1607-1614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0193-2

Hong DD, Hien HM, Son PN. 2007. Seaweeds from Vietnam used for functional food, medicine and biofertilizer. Journal of Applied Phycology 19, 817–826.

Islam MA, Islam S, Ayasha A, Habibur R, Dilip N. 2017. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and the growth, yield and quality of tomato in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Agriculture 7, 18.

Karthikeyan K, Shanmugam M. 2016. Development of protocol for the application of commercial bio-stimulant manufactured from Kappaphycus alvarezii in selected vegetable crops. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 4(1), 92-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(1).92.102

Khan W, Rayirath UP, Subramanian S, Jithesh MN, Rayorath P, Hodges DM, Critchley AT, Craigie JS, Norrie J, Balakrishan P. 2009. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulator 28, 386–399.

Kumari R, Kaur I, Bhatnagar AK. 2011. Effect of aqueous extract of Sargassum johnstonii Setchel & Gardner on growth, yield and quality of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 623–633.

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Liu X, Herbert SJ, Hashemi AM, Zhang X, Ding G. 2006. Effects of agricultural management on soil organic matter and carbon transformation. Plant Soil Environment 12, 531-543.

Mahmood F, Khan I, Ashraf U, Shahzad T, Hussain S, Shahid M, Abid M, Ullah S. 2017. Effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impact on soil physico-chemical properties. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 17, 22-22. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000002

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Minocha S, Tiwari A, Gandhi S, Sharma A, Gupta AK. 2015. An overview on Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd). Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research 4(3), 4-10. ISSN: 2279–0594.

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Zhang X, Ervin EH. 2008. Impact of seaweed extract-based cytokinins and zeatin riboside on creeping bent grass heat tolerance. Crop Science 48, 364–370.

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Source : Response of bottlegourd(Lagenaria Siceraria Standley) to the application of inorganic fertilizer andspraying with sargassum tea

 

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PET-CT in Neuroendocrine Tumors of Unknown Primary: Case Insights and Review | InformativeBD

Tinatin Rizaeva, Daniyar Shahanov,  Shafee Ur Rehman, Kudaibergen Osmonaliev,  Nurlan Mannapuulu , Meder Melisbekov, and Damir Abibillaev, from the institute Russia. wrote a Research Article about, PET-CT in Neuroendocrine Tumors of Unknown Primary: Case Insights and Review. Entitled, The role of Pet-Ct in neuroendocrine tumors without an identified primary focus: A case report and review. This research paper published by the, International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Neuroendocrine tumors are a rare group of heterogeneous tumors, mostly developed in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.  These tumors show overexpression of somatostatin receptors on the cell membrane, in which type 2 SSTRs are more common.  Functional imaging techniques are using for the NETs diagnosis and treatment. In this case a patient with neuroendocrine tumor (NET) without primary focus was admitted to the hospital due to recurrent episodes of cholecystitis. During diagnostic investigation incidentally anechoic foci in the patient’s liver were detected and pathological examination of this foci showed that it’s a metastasis of neuroendocrine tumor. The patient was previously investigated for the primary focus identification of NET, but no significant outcome was found. Hence, we used SSTR-based PET/CT scan 68Ga-DOTA-peptides, which showed the primary focus of NET in the tail of pancreas. Therefore, we concluded that the PET/CT scan 68Ga-DOTA-TATE showed significant outcome with identification of tumor localization.

Read more : Anticytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Moringa oleifera Flower Extract | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Between 9% and 19% of patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) present with metastatic disease with an unknown primary tumor site (Wedin et al., 2024). Localization of the primary tumor is highly relevant in the management of this patient population because complete resection of the primary tumor and metastases is the treatment goal for patients with well-differentiated NET metastases (Huang et al., 2024). Even if the metastases are not completely resectable, debulking surgery can improve symptom control in patients with endocrine symptoms and may improve survival (Ghabra et al., 2024; Søreide et al., 2024). 

The standard imaging for staging of NETs includes CT and MRI as well as somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (Marcus et al., 2024). CT and MRI are limited for evaluation of primary small bowel NETs; somatostatin receptor imaging with 111In-octreotide (Octreoscan; Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals) also shows limited detectability, with only 37% of small bowel primary NETs detected preoperatively with 111In-octreotide (Marcus et al., 2024). More recently, somatostatin receptor imaging with positron emitters has been developed using 68Ga (a generator product with a half-life of 68 min) and DOTA as chelator. The most widely studied 68GaDOTA-octreotide analogs for PET imaging are 68Ga-DOTA-TATE, 68Ga-DOTA-TOC, and 68GaDOTA-NOC (Han et al., 2024). All of these radiopharmaceuticals have higher affinity than 111In-octreotide for the somatostatin receptor subtype 2, the primary target in NETs, and are more sensitive than 111In-octreotide in the detection of NET lesions (Di Franco et al., 2024; Raynor and Kempf, 2024). The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 68Ga-DOTA-TOC and 68Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT imaging in the localization of the site of the unknown primary tumor in patients with metastatic.

Reference

Ambrosini V, Caplin M, Castaño JP, Christ E, Denecke T, Deroose CM, Dromain C, Falconi M, Grozinsky‐Glasberg S, Hicks RJ, Hofland J. 2024. Use and perceived utility of [18F] FDG PET/CT in neuroendocrine neoplasms: A consensus report from the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Advisory Board Meeting 2022. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 36(1), e13359.

Arrivi G, Specchia M, Pilozzi E, Rinzivillo M, Caruso D, Santangeli C, Prosperi D, Ascolese AM, Panzuto F, Mazzuca F. 2024. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Primary Orbital Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Systematic Literature Review and Clinical Case Presentation. Biomedicines 12(2), 379.

Di Franco M, Zanoni L, Fortunati E, Fanti S, Ambrosini V. 2024. Radionuclide Theranostics in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: An Update. Current Oncology Reports 2024, 1-13.

Ditonno F, Franco A, Manfredi C, Veccia A, Valerio M, Bukavina L, Zukowski LB, Vourganti S, Stenzl A, Andriole GL, Antonelli A. 2024. Novel non-MRI imaging techniques for primary diagnosis of prostate cancer: micro-ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, elastography, multiparametric ultrasound, and PSMA PET/CT. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Disease 27(1), 29-36.

Ghabra S, Ramamoorthy B, Andrews SG, Sadowski SM. 2024. Surgical Management and Long-Term Evaluation of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Surgical Clinics 104(4), 891-908.

Han S, Ryu J, Song SW, Kim JS, Ryu JS, Oh M. 2024. 68Ga-DOATATOC Brain PET/CT Imaging in a case of Dural Metastasis from Synovial Sarcoma. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2024, 1-7.

Has Simsek D, Guzel Y, Denizmen D, Sanli Y, Buyukkaya F, Kovan B, Komek H, Isik EG, Ozkan ZG, Kuyumcu S. 2024. The inferior performance of [68Ga] Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT as a diagnostic and theranostic biomarker in [177Lu] Lu-DOTATATE refractory well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 51(3), 828-40.

Huang J, Liu H, Yang D, Xu T, Wang J, Li J. 2024. Personalized treatment of well-differentiated gastric neuroendocrine tumors based on clinicopathological classification and grading: A multicenter retrospective study. Chinese Medical Journal 2024, 10-1097.

Marcus C, Muzahir S, Subramaniam RM. 2024. Quarter Century PET/Computed Tomography Transformation of Oncology: Neuroendocrine Tumors. PET Clinics 19(2), 187-196.

Pishdad R, Treglia G, Mehta A, Santhanam P. 2024. Somatostatin receptor imaging of thyroid tissue and differentiated thyroid cancer using gallium-68-labeled radiotracers—a review of clinical studies. Endocrine 18, 1-10.

Raynor WY, Kempf JS. 2024. Somatostatin Receptor PET Imaging of Physiologic and Benign Processes: Implications for Image Interpretation, Avoiding Pitfalls, and Clinical Applications. Applied Radiology 2, 53.

Søreide K, Stättner S, Hallet J. 2024. Surgery as a Principle and Technical Consideration for Primary Tumor Resection of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors. Annals of Surgical Oncology 31(2), 1125-1137.

Sugawara H, Kikkawa N, Ito K, Watanabe H, Kaku S, Akai H, Abe O, Watanabe SI, Yatabe Y, Kusumoto M. 2024. Is 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET recommended for small lung nodules? CT findings of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose non-avid lung cancer. British Journal of Radiology 97(1154), 462-468.

Wedin M, Janson ET, Wallin G, Sundin A, Daskalakis K. 2024. Prevalence of metastases outside the liver and abdominal lymph nodes on 68Ga‐DOTATOC‐PET/CT in patients with small intestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 36(5), e13391.

Source : The role of Pet-Ct inneuroendocrine tumors without an identified primary focus: A case report and review

 

 

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Anticytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Moringa oleifera Flower Extract | InformativeBD

G. Rajeswari, from the institute India. S. Parvathi,  from the institute India. and S. Palanival, from the institute India. wrote a Research Article about, Anticytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Moringa oleifera Flower Extract. entitled, Anticytotoxic and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of dried flowers of Moringa oleifera. This research paper published by the, Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Moringa oleifera is a common plant and known for various medicinal properties. The research work was conducted to investigate the anticytotoxic and antioxidant activity of dried flower powder extract of leaf Moringa oleifera. The ethanol extracts from flower of moringa plants contain severalphytochemicals such asalkaloids,amino acids, quinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, coumarins and triterpenoids.The antioxidant activities of different concentrations of ethanol extracts of the leaves were determined by the three assay techniques i.e., DPPH radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing ability power (FRAP). The type of chemical bonds is identified through FTIR analysis. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the leaves of Moringa oleifera are a potential source of anticytotoxic and antioxidants.

Read more : Biocontrol of Oil Palm Pests Using Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana | InformativeBD

Introduction

Moringa oleifera (MO) grows owing to its nutrientrich seeds, edible leaves and flowers that can be used as food, medication, cosmetic oil, or livestock feed. The height varies between 5 to 10 meters. Different experiments have been demonstrated positive effects on health. MO is also used in developing countries as a source of fruits, medicinal plants, and edible oil. It is an essential nutrient- rich vegetative plant and is commonly considered as a versatile food that can be eaten in all sections (Bharali et al., 2003). Moringa claimed as a nutrient-rich due to its anti-ulcer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, diuretic and cholesterol lowering capacity. It has also been used in skin and hair care products (Brown et al., 1998). Moringa oleifera Lam., also known as the drumstick tree.’ It is mostly found in areas having warm and dry and moist. The most important bioactive compounds of plants are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds (Caceres et al., 1992). Different parts of this plan contain a profile of important minerals, and a good source of protein, vitamin, a carotene, amino acids and various phenolics. In the tropics, it is used as forage for livestock, and in many countries, it is used as a micronutrient powder to treat various ailments (Clarke Hans Thacher, 2007). Moringa oleifera has several medicinal properties and has potentiality to cure many diseases (Donli et al., 2003). It is used to treat diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, anaemia, arthritis, respiratory problems, skin, liver problems, paralysis, sterility, rheumatism, digestive disorders and many more (Eilert et al., 1981). The anticancer result of Moringa has been tested for its chemo-protective properties and has been shown to prevent the development of various human cancer cells (Fahey, 2005). M. oleifera has several bioactive compounds with antitumor activity.

Reference

Bharali R, Tabassum J, Azad MR. 2003. Chemo modulatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. on hepatic carcinogen metabolising enzymes, antioxidant parameters and skin papilloma genesis in mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 4(2), 131.

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Source : Anticytotoxic and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of dried flowers of Moringa oleifera 

 

 

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