Biocontrol of Black Pod Disease in Côte d'Ivoire: Cocoa Endophytic Bacteria | InformativeBD

Ouattara Adama, Coulibaly Klotioloma,  Konate Ibrahim, Gogbe Françoise, N’guessan Walet Pierre,  Acka Kotaix,  Kouame Norbert,  Tahi Mathias, Guiraud Brigitte,  Assi Maryse, Kone Daouda, N’guessan François, Tidou Abiba Sanogo, and Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, from the different institute of the Côte d’Ivoire and Morocco. wrote a research article about, Biocontrol of Black Pod Disease in Côte d'Ivoire: Cocoa Endophytic Bacteria. entitled, Biocontrol of black pod disease in Côte d’Ivoire through the selection of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) endophytic bacteria antagonist of Phytophthora spp. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM).  an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study aimed at selecting cocoa tree endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora spp. in view to produce a new biofungicide capable of controlling black pod disease. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy organs (roots, leaves and stems) of young nurseries of two clones NA32 and P7. These isolates were confronted in vitro with two Phytophthora species (Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya). Leaf and detached pod tests were carried out in a four-factor split-plot randomized experimental design. At total, 116 endophytic bacteria were isolated. These bacteria inhibited the radial growth of Phytophthora by 25.3±1.5 to 70.54±2.14%. Four isolates 48P, 60P, 23P and 18N were more effective in in vitro tests. The susceptibility index of the clone NA32 was reduced from 3.0 to 0.97 on leaf discs and from 7.57 to 1.27 on detached pods. These endophytic bacteria induced resistance to clone NA32 and increased the intrinsic resistance of clones PA150 and SCA6. Endophytic bacteria can be used for biocontrol of black pod disease. However, field trials are needed to confirm the stability of these laboratory results.

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Introduction

Black pod disease is a major constraint for cocoa production, in West Africa and particularly in Côte d'Ivoire (Ploetz, 2016; Coulibaly et al., 2018). Control of this disease is therefore priority (Mpika et al., 2009). Several integrated control approaches have been suggested to eradicate this disease. Systemic contact and metalaxylbased copper fungicides have been commonly used (Pohe et al., 2013). Various agronomic control methods such as sanitary harvesting and use of resistant or tolerant varieties have been applied (Tahi et al., 2006; Albert et al., 2017). But, so far none of them have shown conclusive results. Biological control agents have been considered as an alternative approach to control various plant diseases (Tjamos et al., 2010). The exploitation of endophytes as biological control agents for plant diseases has attracted much interest in scientific research (Tondje et al., 2006). Indeed, their ability to colonize host plant tissues has made them valuable and effective for sustainable agriculture (Nur et al., 2016; Ouattara et al., 2019). They are considered as a tool to improve crop yield compared to other biological agents (Soylu et al., 2005; Nur et al., 2016). As internal colonizers of the root system, endophytes can compete within the vascular system, inhibiting pathogens to obtain both nutrients and space for their proliferation. Various endophytic bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas have strong antifungal activity to control Phytophthora diseases (Rika et al., 2014). This study aimed at selecting cocoa tree endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora spp., in view to produce a new biofungicide capable of controlling black pod disease. In this study, the fungicidal effect of the endophytic bacteria was assessed on detached cocoa leaves and pods in the laboratory.

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