A. Sutopo, and Yuliyanto, from the different institute of the Indonesia. wrote a research article about, Terra Preta Media and Corn Growth: Pyrolysis System Impact. entitled, The effect of Terra preta media using pirolysis system on growth and production of corn (Zea mays L). This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
Terra preta is a black
soil found in the Amazon basin in the 15th century with the main
characteristics of black and loose has the nature of resistant to leaching,
able to provide and maintain nutrients in a very long time, whereas in Indonesia
the availability of such land has not yet existed so it is necessary to make
and apply terra preta soil with mineral soil base material mixed with charcoal,
bones burned with pyrolysis combustion system and other organic materials. In
enriching microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi are added which function to
increase nutrient absorption, increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic
stresses, able to maintain growth and production stability. The study aims to
determine the effect of the application of terra preta planting media with
pyrolysis combustion systems on the growth and production of corn plants using
polybags. The results showed that the application of terra preta in general had
a good effect on the growth and production of corn compared to plants that only
used mineral soil or control media. Application of T1: 100% terra preta
treatment on observations of plant height and stem diameter showed the best
treatment. On observation of the number of leaves, of wet weight and dry weight
of root, canopy, corn seed, corn cob and corn husk of T5 treatment: mineral
soil + 15gr mycorrhizae + 80% terra preta showed the best treatment.
Introduction
Soil conservation was
carried out hundreds of years ago by residents of the American Amazon basin in
the form of the addition of biochar from the burning of minimal oxygen
(pyrolysis) as a soil enhancer (Adimihardja, 2008). Biochar can overcome
limitations and provide additional options for land management. The result of
the addition of biochar in the form of black soil called terra preta managed by
the Amerindian people 500 years ago which is to maintain organic carbon
content, high fertility even though abandoned thousands of years by local
residents (Lehmann et al., 2003). This soil is enriched with nutrient content
two to three times that of the surrounding soil even without fertilization.
Organic matter content and high nutrient retention are caused by very high
carbon black content (Lehmann and Rondon 2006; Sohi 2009). Black carbon comes
from biological biomass through combustion at temperatures of 300-5000C under
limited oxygen conditions to produce aromatic organic matter with carbon
concentrations of 70-80% (Lehmann et al., 2006).
Terra preta in the Amazon basin is very fertile and able to multiply with a speed of 1 cm per year. However, the availability of such land in Indonesia is very small or even can be said to be non-existent. The method used to improve soil quality in Indonesia is by making terra preta with the main ingredient of mineral soil which is added by biochar with a pyrolysis system and then activated with sulfuric acid and added animal dung, urine, animal bones and mycorrhizae. The activation process aims to break the hydrocarbon bonds so that biochar undergoes changes in physical and chemical properties with a larger surface area which affects the adsorption power (Sembiring and Tuti, 2003). The composition of these materials is whether artificial black soil has physical, chemical and biological properties such as terra preta soil and what is the ideal composition of terra preta to increase plant growth and crop production. According to Gani (2009) biochar effectively retains nutrients for its availability for plants compared to other organic materials such as leaves waste, compost or manure. The addition of coconut shell charcoal can increase plant growth through its effectiveness in the availability of nutrients, especially P because it has a high cation exchange capacity (Soemeinaboedhy and Tejowulan, 2007) and serves to assist the development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the roots so as to provide additional nutrients as well as a shelter for microorganisms (Soemeinaboedhy and Tejowulan, 2007). Warnock et al., 2007). Therefore, to optimize the use of terra preta, roots need the help of mycorrhizal fungus hyphae to be able to absorb and reach more nutrients because the roots have different exudates from roots that are not infected with mycorrhizae because hyphae on mycorrhiza are able to help plant roots reach further and absorb elements more nutrients (Talanca, 2010). Mycorrhizal dose of 20g/plant is the best dose for growth of vanilla seeds (Tirta, 2006). Therefore it is necessary to research into the production of artificial terra preta with pyrolysis combustion systems and their application to plants that aim to find artificial terra preta, to know the effectiveness of artificial terra preta as an alternative planting medium, to know the response to growth and crop production. This research adds to the availability of fertile fertile soil that can increase plant growth and production so as to create a stable price for plant products.
Reference
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