Phytodiversity and Ecological Evaluation of Vascular Plants in Mir Ali, North Waziristan | InformativeBD

Asif Raza, and Syed Mukaram Shah, from the different institute of the Pakistan. wrote a research article about, Ecological evaluation and phytodiversity of vascular plants in Mir Ali, North Waziristan, Pakistan. entitled, Ecological evaluation and phytodiversity of vascular plants in Mir Ali, North Waziristan, Pakistan. This research paper published by the InternationalJournal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Ecological research was conducted during 2016-2019, to assess the floristic diversity and biological spectra of vascular plant species in Mir Ali Subdivision,North Waziristan, Pakistan. The floristic list consisted of 336 plant species belonging to 229 genera and 79 families. There were 269 dicots, 60 monocots, 4 gymnosperms and 3 pteridophyte species. Poaceae (44 Spp., 13.09 %) and Asteraceae (28 Spp., 8.33 %) were leading families. Life form classes was dominated by Therophytes (171spps. 50.9%) followed by Nanophanerophytes (43 spps., 12.79%) and Megaphaneropyhtes (37 spps., 11.01%). Leaf size spectrum showed that leading leaf size classes were Nanophylls with 139 (41.4%) species, Microphylls 65(19.34%) species and Leptophylls consisted of 52 (15.5%) species. There were 313 (93.15%) deciduous species, 20 (5.95%) evergreen species and 3 (0.9%) aphyllous plant species. There were 283 (84.22%) non spiny plants and 53 (15.78%) spiny plant species. 276 (82.14%) species lived in terrestrial habitat and 60 (17.86%) dwelled in mesic habitat. The light requirements showed that 332 (98.8%) species found in light condition while 4 (1.2%) grow in shady places. 243 (72.32%) plants grow wild and 93 (27.67%) were cultivated plant species. 233 (69.35%) species had simple leaf structure while 52 (15.48%) plants possessed compound leaf structure. The phenology showed that 223 (66.36%) species were found at reproductive (S2), 84 (25%) pre-reproductive (S1) and 29 (8.63%) at post-reproductive (S3) stages. Atmospheric, edaphic and biotic factors effect distribution of plant species. The study concluded that the area has rich plant biodiversity which is subjected to heavy biotic pressures of grazing and deforestation. Conservation measures, sustainable utilization and further research are recommended. 

Read more: Rapid In Vitro Clonal Propagation of Hybrid Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) from Seedling Explants | InformativeBD

Introduction

Mir Ali is a subdivision in North Waziristan Tribal district (FATA) Pakistan, adjoining District Bannu and falls under Inrano-Turanian Region (Ali and Qaiser, 1986). It is divided into three Tehsils namely, Mir Ali, Spinwam and Shawa. Its lies between 32059/12// to 3301 /16//N Latitude and 70015/24// to 70017/21 //E Longitude with an altitude of 655 m (2152 feet). The area is surrounded by mountains which are connected with Koh-e-Sufaid in the North and Koh-e-Sulaiman in the South. The climate of the area is cold in winter with temperature ranging from 15 0C to 23 0C and hot in summer with temperature varies from 310C to 42 0C and classified as subtropical. The area is fertile and cultivable which is irrigated by three rivers namely, Tochi, Katu and Kurram rivers. The area receive 45 mm monsoon rainfall (Ali and Qaiser, 1986). The forest cover is weak and the soil is mostly shallow and calcareous. Livestock, fuel wood and medicinal plants collection are generally practiced in the research area.

Floristic diversity and its ecological characteristics depend upon prevailing environment, topography and existing ecosystem types. The various characters of flora such as life form, leaf size, phenology and other morphological features reflect the existing ecological and habitat conditions. A rich floristic diversity means favorable growing conditions. Listing of species is required for ecological plant resource management. Many studies for listing floristic diversity and its ecological behavior have been done at home and overseas, for suitable documentation and maintainable consumption of plants (Rafay et al., 2013). The information about vegetation of any area is important for the learning of biodiversity (Badshah et al., 2010). Biological spectrum suggested by Raunkiaer (1934) is the proportion delivery of diverse life-forms for particular vegetation. It can be used as a key for comparing actually detached plant groups, controls layering and stratification design of a community, nature of phytoclimate and its ambient pressure issues (Gazal and Raina, 2015). The lifeform arrangement is a significant physiognomic characteristic that expresses the coordination among plant and its surroundings (Shimwell, 1971). Leaf size spectrum delivers an awareness of the floristic version and is beneficial for exploring plant relations in relative to the dominant climatic features and thus can help in studying flora at local level (Rashid et al., 2011). Bibi et al. (2016) studied the structure and floristic composition of 30 species of road sides and central green belt of Motorway (M-1) from Peshawar to Charsadda Interchange. Shaheen et al. (2015) studied 205 plants species which belonged to 78 families with Asteraceae and Lamiaceae as dominant families. Hussain et al. (2015) identified 571 species belonging to 82 families while reporting the floristic diversity of Mastuj valley; district Chitral, Hindukush Range, Pakistan. Ullah et al. (2015) prepared a checklist of 107 plant species belonged to 90 genera and 49 families of Sheikh Buddin National Park, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Durrani et al. (2010) studied 123 plant species of 36 families from protected sites and 28 species from unprotected sites from Aghberg rangeland, Balochistan. Saima et al. (2009) studied 167 plant species of 65 families from Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad. Badshah et al. (2013) studied the floristic diversity and ecological features of vegetation of District Tank. Sher et al. (2014) worked on the diversity and ecological structures of vegetation of Gadoon, District Swabi. Khan et al. (2017) identified 264 plants species belonging to 90 families and 202 from Swat Ranizai of District Malakand, Pakistan. Ali et al. (2017) identified104 plant species belonged to 46 families and 95 genera in Sherpao, Charsadda, Pakistan. Haq et al. (2018) documented 183 plant species from Keran valley of northwestern Himalya in which 37% therophytes were dominant life form. Khan et al. (2018) identified 80 plant species belonged to 45 familiesin Thandiani forest Abbotabbad, Pakistan. Samad et al. (2018) identified 80 plant species belonged to 45 families in Lala Kalay, Peshawar, Pakistan in which Asteraceae and Solanaceae were the leading families with 6 species each. Ahmed et al. (2019) studied 352 plant species belong to 150 genera and 82 families in which 31.25% were hemicryptophytes dominant life form spectra in the area of Kotli Sattian Kahtta national park Murree, Pakistan. Amber et al. (2019) studied 133 plant species of 52 families from Mahnsehra, Pakistan. Anwar et al. (2019) studied 195 plant species belong to 63 families from Liakot forest in kalam region of district Swat. therophyte (86 spp.) was dominant life form and nanophyll (73 spp.) was dominant life size class followed by microphyll (66 spp.) and mesophyll (44 spp.).Iqbal et al. (2019) identified the floristic composition of 36 grass species belonging to 23 genera of west region of D.G.Khan, Pakistan which help in ecological and biological spectra of research area.

Mir Ali subdivision is botanically less explored. Some references are available on weed flora of rain fed maize fields ofMir Ali (Wazir et al., 2014), flora and vegetation of gymnosperms of Razmak (Daud et al., 2013) and medicinal plants in North Waziristan (Qaiser et al., 2013). No other reference on the plants of Mir Ali is available. The present effort recorded the diversity and ecological features of plants of Mir Ali subdivision that will help in future researchers.

Reference

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Ali S, Shuaib M, Ali H, Ullah S,  Ali K, Hussain S, Hassan N, Zeb U, Khan UM, Hussain F. 2017. Floristic list and their ecological characteristics, of plants at village Sherpao District Charsadda, KP-Pakistan. Journal of medicinal plants studies 5(5), 295-299.

Amber K, Khan KR, Shah AH, Lodhi MF, Husain M, Shah GM. 2019. A comprehensive survey of floristic diversity evaluating the role of institutional gardening in conservation of plant biodiversity. International Journal Bioscience (14)3, 325-339.

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Bibi SF, Badshah L, Din SU. 2016. Floristic Composition of Verges of Motorway (M-1) Peshawar to Charsadda, Pakistan. Sarh. Journal of Agriculture 32(4), 405-416.

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Daud M, Wazir SM, Khan R.U, Khan SU, Khan A, Ullah I, Khattak A. 2013. Ethnotaxonomical study of gymnosperms of Razmak North Waziristan agency. Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences 2(4), 440-458.

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Durrani MJ, Razaq A, Muhammad SG, Hussain F. 2010. Floristic diversity, ecological characteristics and ethnobotanical profile of plants of Aghberg rangelands, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Plants Science 16(1), 29-36.

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Khan W, Khan S.M, Ahmad H, Alqarawi A, Shah GM, Hussain M, Allah A. 2018. Life forms, leaf size spectra, regeneration capacity and diversity of plant species grown in the Thandiani forests, district Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25, 94–100.

Khan A, Khan N, Kishwar A, Rahman IU. 2017.An assessment of the floristic diversity, life-forms and biological spectrum of vegetation in Swat Ranizai, District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Science, Technology and Development 36(2), 61-78.

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Qaisar M, Farooq S, Gilani SN, Wasim MA,   Kakar M, Shah SWA, Rauf A. 2013. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Wazir and Daur tribes of North Waziristan, Pakistan. Global Veterinaria 11(3), 285-292.

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Saima S, Dasti A.A, Hussain F, Wazir SM, Malik SA. 2009. Floristic composition along an 18-km long transect in ayubia national park, District Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(5), 2115-2127.

Samad M, Badshah L, Khan SM. 2018. Biological spectra of Lala Kalay area district Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res. 24(4), 353-362.

Sher Z, Khan Z. 2007. Floristic composition, life-form and leaf spectra of the vegetation of Chagharzai Valley, District Buner. Pakistan Journal of Plant Science 13(1), 55-64.

Sher Z, Hussain F, Badshah L. 2014. Biodiversity and ecological characterization of the flora of Gadoon rangeland, District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Iran journal of Botany 20, 96-108.

Shaheen H, Sarwar R, Firdous SS, Dar MEI, Ullah Z, Khan SM. 2015.Distribution and Structure of Conifers with special emphasis on Taxus Baccata Moist Temperate Forests of Kashmir Himalayas. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47(SI), 71-76.

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Ullah A, Khan N, Muhammad M. 2015. Diversity of life-form and leaf size classes at Sheikh Buddin National Park, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Life sciences 3(1), 6-13.

Ullah I, Din SU, Ullah F, Khan SU, Khan A, Khan RA, Shah M, Zulqarnain S. 2016. Floristic composition, ecological characteristics and biological spectrum of District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal Human Ecology 54, 1-11.

Wazir R, Asim M, Subhan M, Khan I, Ali M. 2014. Morpho-Anatomical features of weeds flora of rain fed maize field in Mir Ali, North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science of Research 20(3), 385-403.

Source: Ecological evaluationand phytodiversity of vascular plants in Mir Ali, North Waziristan, Pakistan   

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Rapid In Vitro Clonal Propagation of Hybrid Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) from Seedling Explants | InformativeBD

Hafizur Rahman, M Shahinozzaman , M Rezaul Karim , M Aminul Hoque , M Monzur Hossain , and AKM Rafiul Islam, from the different institute of the Bangladesh. wrote a research article about, Rapid In Vitro Clonal Propagation of Hybrid Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) from Seedling Explants. entitled, Rapid in vitro clonal propagation of a hybrid muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivar from seedling explants. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

An investigation was undertaken to develop a reliable strategy for large scale multiplication of a hybrid cultivar of muskmelon through in vitro clonal propagation ved in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l GA3. Two explants excised from axenic seedlings were tested for shoot proliferation and leaf node showed better shoot proliferation than shoot tip explants. Maximum shoots (8.22±0.23) per culture were produced from leaf node explants cultured on MS medium augmented with 1.0 mg/l BA. Rooting was found best on 0.1 mg/l NAA containing medium. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized gradually and transferred to the field condition and finally, 82 % plantlets were survived well.

Read more : Conservation Status of Tree Species in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Karak, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Introduction

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv. reticulata) is a popular fruit plant belonging to the family of Cucurbitaceae. It is native to Persia (Iran), Armenia, and adjacent areas on the west and the east and now widely grown in the tropics, subtropics and the temperate regions of the world (Keng and Hoong, 2005). Due to having high fruit value, muskmelon has recently been introduced in Bangladesh (http://www.sdnbd.org/tomato_harvest.htm). This is an annual plant and each plant can produce an average of 5-7 fruits. The fruits being rich in vitamin B, vitamin C, calcium and β-carotene have both edible and medicinal uses also. Traditionally this plant is cultivated by seeds and the commercial growers face several problems such as high market value (150 BDT/seed) of hybrid seeds, low seed germination rate and disease susceptibility.

In this context, in vitro clonal propagation of hybrid plantlets could be an alternative approach for large scale cultivation of muskmelon. Keng and Hoong, (2005) used field grown nodal explants for in vitro propagation of muskmelon while Tarsem et al., (2005) used in vitro derived plantlets for micropropagation of muskmelon mainly with a view to maintain a male sterile line. But the abovementioned reports are not supported enough for large scale clonal propagation of muskmelon as these do not have a clear concept. Moreover, in Bangladesh no report has been made yet on in vitro clonal propagation of this fruit plant. The present study, therefore, describes the first report on rapid multiplication of homogenous plantlets of a hybrid cultivar of muskmelon via in vitro raised seedling explants.

Reference 

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Keng CL, Hoong LK. 2005. In vitro plantlets regeneration from nodal segments of muskmelon. Biotechnology 4(4), 354-357.

Kumar S, Singh M, Srivastava K, Banerjee MK. 2003. In vitro propagation of pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.). Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 26, 74-75.

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Sarowar S, Oh HY, Hyung NI, Min BW, Harn CH, Yang SK, Ok SH, Shin JS. 2003. In vitro micropropagation of a Cucurbita interspecific hybrid cultivar – a root stock plant. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 75, 179-182.

Shalaby TA, Omran SA, Baioumi YA. 2008. In  vitro  propagation  of  two  triploid  hybrids  of watermelon through adventitious shoot organogenesis and shoot tip culture. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 52(1), 27-31.

Sultana RS, Bari MA. 2003. Effect of different plant growth regulators on direct regeneration of watermelon (Citrulus lanatus Thumb.) Plant Tissue Culture 13(2), 173-177.

Tarsem  L,  Raman  S,  Vashisht  VK.  2005. Micro-Propagation of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). Crop Improvement 32(2), 214-218.

Source : Rapid invitro clonal propagation of a hybrid muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)cultivar from seedling explants   

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Conservation Status of Tree Species in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Karak, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Musharaf Khan,  Farrukh Hussain , and  Shahana Musharaf, from the different institute of the Pakistan. wrote a research article about, Conservation Status of Tree Species in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Karak, Pakistan. entitled, Conservation Status of Tree species in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Karak Pakistan.This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences(JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

The present study documents the conservation status of 21 trees belonging to 14 families on small scale in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Karak through field surveys, frequently conducted in spring, summer and winter 2009-2010. Among these 9 species were found to be rare, vulnerable (6 species), Infrequent (3 species), endangered (one specie) and dominant (2 species). The conservation status of plants is determined according to IUCN 2001, Red Data List Categories and Criteria. After two years extensive field studies on the basis of questioner including availability of plant, collection of plant, growth of plant, plant parts, population size, geographic range and habitat we have concluded that Salvadora oleoides is endangered (EN) specie.

Read more : Seed StorageImpact on Germination and Survival of Syzygium polycephaloides | InformativeBD

Introduction

The conservation status of organisms indicates whether the group is still extant or not and if yes, how likely the group is to become extant in the near future. Conservation status of a species depends upon many factors like grazing, fuel demand, agriculture land, deforestation, breeding success rates and known threats (Khan, et al., 2011). Based on the sample of species that have been evaluated through 2006, the percentage of endangered species as 40 percent of all organisms has calculated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Anon., 2008). Habitat loss and degradation, introduction of alien species, pollution and diseases, over-exploitation and climate change are some threats facing by plants which are an integral part of our ecosystem because native plants are key components of the global biological diversity (Sudhersan et al., 2003). It is estimated that some 270,000-425,000 vascular plant species are already known (Govaerts, 2001) with perhaps a further 10- 20% still to be discovered and described (Hawksworth & Kalin-Arroyo, 1995). Pakistan’s scenario is not different from the rest of the world. Plant biodiversity is also under tremendous pressure due to its population explosion, unplanned urbanization, deforestation and over-exploitation of natural resources. Unfortunately, very little work has been done on threatened plants of Pakistan and extremely limited information is available on this subject (Alam & Ali, 2009). According to Nasir (1991) 580-650 flowering plant species (i.e. 12%) are expected to be threatened. Chaudhri & Qureshi (1991) reported 709 taxa as threatened plants from Pakistan. However, both these studies are manly based on field observation and literature without any support of quantitative data. In contrast, the recent red list of IUCN (Anon., 2008) only 19 flowering plants species has been listed from Pakistan. Regarding Pakistan previous workers have classified the plant species as threatened or rare on the basis of literature or herbarium specimen. No work has been done according to IUCN red list categories or criteria (Anon., 2001) except Alam & Ali (2009), who classified Astragalus gilgitensis as a Critically Endangered (CR).

The Tehsil Takht-e- Nasrati is situated at o to 33.280 North and 70.300 to 71.300 East. The research area is bounded by Tehsil Karak on the North East, District Mianwali on the East, District Lakki Marwat on the South West and Tribal area Adjoining District Bannu on the West (Fig. 1). The total area of Tehsil is about 613.66 Sq. kilometers. Majority of the area consists of rigged dry hills and rough fields areas i.e. 323.97 Sq. kilometers and agriculture land is about 289.7 Sq. kilometers. The area is situated at 340 m above the sea level. The major problem of the area is shortage of drinking water and over grazing (Fig.2). The people bring drinking water from the remote area (Fig.3). In the year 2001 - 2010, 121.6mm of rainfall per 10 year recorded. The area is very hot in summer and very cold in winter. June and July are the hottest months, whereas December and January are the coldest months. In the year 2001 - 2010 the mean maximum temperature was 39.5o C, in the month of the June, where as the mean minimum temperature was as low as 4.26o C, in the month of January (Table.1). Write down the aim and necessity of your study here.

Reference

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Khan  M,  Shinwari  ZK,  Musharaf  S.  2011. Conservation and ecological characteristic of Trees in Tehsil Karak Pakistan, J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 1(6), 155-164.

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Nasir YJ. 1991. Threatened plants of Pakistan. In: Plant Life of South Asia. (Eds.): S.I. Ali & A. Ghaffar. Shamim Press, Karachi; 229-234.

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Source: Conservation Status of Tree species in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Karak Pakistan

 

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Seed Storage Impact on Germination and Survival of Syzygium polycephaloides | InformativeBD

 

Jan Orville P. Bautista,  and Novelyn D. Buhong, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Seed Storage Impact on Germination and Survival of Syzygium polycephaloides. entitled, Germination and survival of Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) under varying seed storage duration. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

S. polycephaloides or lipote is native in the Philippines that needs protection and conservation due to its usefulness and is considered as vulnerable and endangered. However, no studies were conducted about the effect of seed storage in germination and survival of S. polycephaloides. The study aimed to address this gap and study the impact of different duration of seed storage on the percent germination percent germinative energy and percent survival of S. polycephaloides. Single mother tree of lipote served as seed source and collected four times with 10 days interval (T0 – 0 day storage), (T1 – 10 days storage) (T2 – 20 days storage) (T3 – 30 days storage) and sown it simultaneously. One-way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test post hoc analysis were used to assess the difference among treatments in terms of germination and percent survival indicators. Analysis on the seed storage revealed that there is a significant difference among treatments applied to S. polycephaloides seeds in terms of percent germination and percent survival. Specifically, S. polycephaloides seeds under T2 (20 days of storage) had the highest germination percentage of 93.12% followed by T3 (30 days storage) with 92.5%, T1 (10 days storage) with 81.8%, and T0 (control) with 78.13%. S. polycephaloides seeds under T3 (30 days storage) obtained the highest percent survival of 98.57% compared to T2 (20 days storage), T0 (control), and T1 (10 days storage) obtained 97.27%, 89.65%, and 87.04%, respectively. Both T2 and T3 are significantly higher as compared to the control (T0) (p<.049). Longer storage of seeds appeared to improved germination of S. polycephaloides. The results can be served as basis for future reforestation project and future researches aiming to improve the seed physiological condition of S. polycephaloides under seed storage.

Read more : Carbon Storage and Biomass of Mangrove Forests in Samar, Philippines | InformativeBD

Introduction

Today, the demand of functional food has increase significantly in recent years. Functional foods are ones that offer advantages to health beyond merely meeting nutritional needs. They contain physiologically active ingredients that aid in lowering chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and other illnesses.

Syzygium polycephaloides is indigenous to the Philippines. Its berry can be juiced and turned into wine or eaten ripe and raw. The antioxidant content of S. polycephaloides is similar to vitamin E (Santiago et al., 2007). In local communities, indigenous fruit trees are important because it serves as food, nutrition and income. However, out of 300 edible fruit tree species in the Philippines only few are cultivated commercially and many others are still remaining underutilized (Dulay et al., 2022).

Storage of seeds helps to preserve its viability because there is a period of time between planting and harvesting. Some of the farmers, researchers, plantation owners used seed storage to recalcitrant, intermediate and orthodox seeds for the purpose of maintaining the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Many Syzygium species like S. cuminii, S. jambos and S. polycephaloides are considered recalcitrant to intermediate seeds wherein these seeds are sensitive to drying and can be kept for several months in low temperature (Abbas et al., 2003).

According to Sultana et al. (2016), there are some various elements that influence seed quality that includes temperature, insects, and all other biotic and abiotic components. Seed stored in low temperature germinate higher compared to the seeds stored in high temperature since high temperature increase the respiration rate and enzymes activity resulting the overhaul of food reserves before the seeds germinate that leads to seed decrease vigor and physical quality seed (Mbofung, 2012). Lack of availability of quality seeds leads to a decline in production due to low percent germination, poor development of seedlings and reduce adaptation in the field (Jyoti and Malik, 2013). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the percent germination, percent germinative energy and percent survival of S. polycephaloides as affected by different seed storage duration.

Reference

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Dulay ED, Santiago DO, Malabrigo PL, Tiburan CL, Codilan AL, Balonga BP, Galang MA. 2022. Seed germination of selected economically important indigenous fruit trees. Ecosystem and Development Journal 12o, 2.

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Source : Germination and survival of Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) under varyingseed storage duration 

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Carbon Storage and Biomass of Mangrove Forests in Samar, Philippines | InformativeBD

Meriam M. Calipayan, Mark P. Bello, Raffy D. Aloquin, Marvin C. Aculan, and Shirleen Grace A. Brillantes, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Carbon Storage and Biomass of Mangrove Forests in Samar, Philippines. entitled, Diversity, stand structure, biomass and carbon storage potential of natural and planted Mangrove Forests in Samar, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Samar is one of the provinces in the Philippines with the most extensive remaining mangrove forest. However, information on ecology and carbon sequestration capacity is limited. Thus, this study aims to assess the species diversity, community structure, and carbon stock in the natural and planted mangrove stands in Zumarraga, Samar. The transect-line method was used to collect vegetation analysis and diversity data, while biomass estimation used an allometric equation. Fifteen sampling plots of 10 m x 10 m  were established in each sampling site, representing the seaward, middleward, and landward zones. The species composition of these areas consists of 11 species belonging to 5 families. Biodiversity indices indicated very low species diversity for both types of mangrove forests. Avicennia marina was the most important species, with an importance value (IVI) of 168.55% (natural stand) and 75.61% (planted stand). The total carbon stock was 71.97 t C ha⁻¹ in the natural stand and 391.44 t C ha-1 in the planted stand. Overall, even if both mangrove stands have very low species diversity, their ability to store and sequester carbon cannot be undermined, as evident in the biomass and carbon stock values. Thus, sustainable management strategies and efforts should be made to protect this naturally grown and planted mangrove ecosystem.

Read more :  Detecting MicroplasticContamination with Nile Red | InformativeBD

Introduction

Mangrove forests are coastal wetland ecosystems considered one of Earth's most highly productive ecosystems, contributing various functions and services to surrounding coastal areas (Van Oudenhoven et al., 2015). It provides many useful human products, such as charcoal, medicines, and building materials (Barbier et al., 2011). Moreover, mangroves aid in regulating floods, erosion, and saltwater intrusion (Camacho et al., 2020) and as a buffer for coastal communities against storms and typhoons (Polidoro et al., 2010). Aside from that, this habitat also provides food and livelihood for coastal residents (Gevaña et al., 2018). Furthermore, mangroves play an important role in the health of coastal ecosystems. Their intricate root network stabilizes sediments and enhances water clarity, providing a perfect home for many marine organisms (Arceo-Carranza et al., 2021).

Recently, blue carbon ecosystems like mangroves have received international attention as a valuable tool for mitigating the impacts of climate change. This coastal ecosystem is rich in biodiversity and one of the world's most significant carbon sinks, trapping and storing a remarkable amount of carbon within its dense root systems and forest soils (Alongi, 2014; Howard et al., 2014). Since the carbon trapped in the soil is difficult to decompose, this allows the stored carbon to stay in the soil for a long time, further emphasizing its vital importance in moderating the global climate (Castillo and Breva, 2012). Mangroves can hold up to 1023 t C ha-1 and five times more organic carbon than rainforests (Donato et al., 2011; Kaufman et al., 2018). Previous studies have emphasized that the bulk of this carbon is stored belowground, particularly in soil and roots (Donato et al., 2011).

Despite their importance, mangrove forests face numerous threats and challenges. Anthropogenic activities such as urbanization (Marchio et al., 2016), aquaculture (Primavera, 2006; Garcia et al., 2014), and overexploitation (McLeod and Sam, 2006) have led to the widespread degradation of mangrove habitats. Climate change also poses a significant risk to mangroves with rising sea levels and increased frequency and intensity of storms (Gilman et al., 2008; Abino et al., 2014a). Globally, it is estimated that mangrove forests lost at a rate of 2.74% in 1996- 2007 and 1.58% in 2007-2016 (Hagger et al., 2022). Brander et al. (2012) forecast a decline from 6,042 to 2,082 ha for the mangrove forests in Southeast Asia between 2000 to 2050. According to Gevaña et al. (2018), the country's mangrove forest cover is estimated at 356,000 ha with a decadal deforestation rate of 0.5%. The main drivers of this huge loss are various anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, land conversion for agriculture, aquaculture, and coastal development (Primavera et al., 2004; Garcia et al., 2014).

The western part of Samar has a relatively long coastline, extending over 300 km (Abino et al., 2014a). Its mangrove forests constitute 7% of the total mangrove area of the country (FMB, 2011). As one of the provinces in the Philippines with the most extensive remaining mangroves, its biomass carbon sequestration and storage potential is also expected to be huge. However, there is limited information on Samar's natural and planted mangrove stands' composition, structure, and carbon storage potential. Hence, this study provides information on the diversity, structural complexity, and carbon storage potential of mangroves in the province. The objectives of the present study were to (i) identify mangrove species composition and diversity, (ii) determine the mangrove community structure, and (iii) evaluate the biomass and carbon stock concentration. The data collected from this study provides more comprehensive information for properly implementing mangrove conservation programs and developing local-specific climate change mitigation strategies.

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Source: Diversity, standstructure, biomass and carbon storage potential of natural and planted MangroveForests in Samar, Philippines

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