Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back | InformativeBD

Abdul Waheed,  Habib Ahmad,  Fida. M. Abbasi,  Azhar H. Shah,  Hamid Ali,  F. S. Hamid, and Saqib Mumtaz,  from the different institute of  Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back. Entitled, Resistance Characterization of Cultivated Varieties and Rice Wild Species in Response to Bacterial Blight. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bacterial leaf blight (BB) of rice caused by (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) is converting into a critical threat almost in all rice growing countries of the world. In order to catagorize resistant sources to virulent isolates of BB, an experiment comprising 02 species of wild rice (Oryza sp.) and four most common cultivated varieties i.e., Bas-385 , Swat-1 , JP-5 and Fakhar Malakand of rice in Pakistan was conducted in the green house of Genetic Department Garden campus ,Hazara University in the rice growing season during 2012. Bacterial suspension of concentration 108 CFU/ml was prepared from mixture of (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) prevailing in Khyber Puktunkhawa,Pakistan i.e., X00-1, X00-2 and X00-3. Clip method of artifical inoculation was used. Both tested wild relatives of rice O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon showed highly resistance to all the isolate. F3 genotypes Bas-385 x O. rufipogon was found highly susceptible to most of the isolates among all others genotypes. The use of resistant wild species O. rufipogon is therefore recommended in rice breeding program for transfer of bacterial blight resistant genes to cultivated varieties to enhance the relative characters.

Read more : Unraveling Maize Diseases: Insights into Major Leaf Blights and Damping-Off | InformativeBD

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known as a staple food for more than half of the world’s population (Chakravarthi & Naravaneni, 2006). Pakistan is an important rice growing and exporting country. Pakistani Basmati rice is famous for long grain aromatic character all over the world. International Rice Research Institute reported that, export share of Pakistani rice was 10 % of the total world rice trade (IRRI, 1993).

Many diseases of rice crop significantly reduce the yield and quality all over the world, among them the bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Akhtar, 2005) is the most destructive and critical disease of rice throughout the world (Mew, 1987). This disease was first observed by farmers in Japan during 1884-85 and its occurrence has been reported in Australia, Bangladesh, India, Mainland China, Malaysia, SriLanka, Thailand, Philippines, USA, West Africa and Vietnam (Ezuka & Kaku, 2000). Mew & Majid, 1977) reported its incidence in Pakistan and it was confirmed from all the provinces in a later study (Akhtar & Akram, 1987). Recently an alarming increase in BB incidence is observed in Pakistan especially in Punjab which is largest growing province of Pakistan and famous for rice cultivation (Khan et al., 2000 & Akhtar et al., 2003). Bacterial blight appears at all growth stages of rice and is manifested by either leaf blight or “Kresek” symptoms. The causal organism invades plants through water pores and wounds (Tabei & Mukoo, 1960). Since the water pores are located at the margins of upper parts of the leaf, the lesion starts from the leaf margins near its tip. As the disease progresses, the tiny water soaked lesions turns yellow, enlarges in size progressively and develop into an elongated irregular lesion with wavy margins. Bacterial ooze, which consists of small, yellowish, spherical masses, may sometimes be seen on the margins or veins of the freshly infected leaf under moist conditions. with the passage of time, the lesion may cover the entire blade, which turns white and later greyish owing saprophytic growth (Ou, 1985).

If plant ever produces panicles, it results in sterile immature grains, which are easily broken during milling. The reduction in yield in case of severe infection could be as high as 50% (Mew et al., 1993) whereas 10-12% yield reduction has been recorded in case of mild infection (Ou, 1985). The disease is also characterized by a systemic infection phase, which is manifested by acute wilting of young plants. This is commonly referred to as “Kresek” phase. The causal organism consists of straight rods, with a single polar flagellum, occurring singularly, in pairs and sometimes in chains as well and is also Gramnegative (Swings et al., 1990). The bacterium over winters either in weeds or in soil. Grains, straw and rice stubble are other possible sites of over wintering of the pathogen. During growing season, it enters the plants via natural opening or wounds where it survives and multiplies in plant’s vascular system, producing typical leaf blight symptoms.

Bacterial bight has the potential to become a destructive disease of rice in Pakistan. Generally, the use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method for controlling plant diseases. However, the available rice germplasm in the country is susceptible to virulent isolates of bacterial blight (Akhtar, 2005). Rice productivity is limited by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, there is an urgent need to wide extent the gene pool of cultivated rice. Rice wild species are an important source of variability for resistance to all major diseases, insects and pests, offered an important source of innovative resistance genes for rice crop improvement (Eizenga et al., 2009). Wide hybridization between Oryza sativa (AA genome) and wild species of rice is one of the important way to transfer genes to cultivated rice. Apart from other research innovation some useful important genes have successfully been transferred from wild species of rice into cultivated rice to date which include genes for resistance to grassy stunt virus, bacterial blight, brown plant hopper, blast (Brar and Khush, 1997). The present study was, therefore, aimed to identify sources of resistant genes to virulent isolates of bacterial blight in wild relatives for future use in rice breeding programs.

Reference

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Akhtar MA. 2005. Studies on genetic variation in Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae in relation to resistance in rice. In: 3rd annual progress report ALP-Project. Inst. Plg. and Env. Protect. National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, 31.

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Swings J, Mooter MV, Vauterin L, Hoste B, Gills M, Mew TW, Kersters K. 1990.Reclassification of the causal agents of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae)and bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oeyzicol) of rice as pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae (ex. Ishiyama, 1922) sp. Now. Nom. Rev. International journal of systematic bacteriology. 40, 309-311.

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Article source : Resistance Characterization of Cultivated Varieties and Rice Wild Species in Response toBacterial Blight  

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Microbial Biopesticides: Controlling Xanthomonas citri in Cashew | InformativeBD

Tehua Amoa Armist, Kouman Abenan Manou Natacha, Koffi Yao Fulgence, Alloue-Boraud Waze Aimée Mireille, and  et Kone Daouda, from the different institute of the Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Microbial Biopesticides: Controlling Xanthomonas citri in Cashew. entitled, Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Cote D’ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae).Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.

Read more : Probiotic Potential:Screening Lactobacillus acidophilus in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Introduction

Food security is defined as access to safe and sufficient food for all. Meeting the food demand of a rapidly growing world population is becoming a major challenge for humanity. To meet the food needs of the population, agricultural productivity will have to be increased in a sustainable manner worldwide (Kumar et al., 2012). However, insect pests and plant pathogens (fungi, bacteria or viruses) contribute to the decline in agricultural productivity, which can be as high as 70%. Indeed, plants as well as harvested and stored products are subjected to attacks by many pathogens (Popp et al., 2013). This is the case for cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Côte d'Ivoire.Cashew, a crop that plays an important role in the Ivorian economy because of its cashew nut, is a particular strategic and income-generating resource for farmers in the North, South, Centre and East of the country (Soro, 2012). However, despite the economic and nutritional importance of cashew, its cultivation is subjected to several phytopathological problems that compromise the quality and quantity of cashew yield (Silué et al., 2017). Bacterial blight is a bacterial disease of cashew caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease manifests itself by oily angular spots on the leaves surrounded or not by a halo-chlorotic. It attacks all the vital organs of the plant with high severity (Zombre et al., 2017). In Benin, a work of Afouda et al. (2013) revealed average severities of 32.96%. This high severity of bacterial blight could lead to a decrease in cashew nut yield. Also, Soro et al. (2017) found evidence of bacterial blight in cashew orchards in Côte d'Ivoire with relative incidences of 15%. To control this disease, producers resort to the use of chemical pesticides (Camara et al., 2015).

This strategy can be effective, but the repeated use of these chemicals generates harmful consequences for the environment and the health of the user. Indeed, these products favour the resistance mechanism in pathogens and the ecological imbalance due to the broad spectrum of action of most synthetic compounds. This would lead to the destruction of pests, but also of other populations in the ecosystem and can also cause serious health problems due to pesticide residues in foodstuffs (Kouassi, 2012). In order to mitigate the adverse effects of chemical pesticides, biological control agents are emerging as promising alternatives for the management of crop pathogens. Among these biological agents, microbial biopesticides (bacteria, fungi, viruses) are the most appropriate. Indeed, they offer advantages of higher selectivity and lower toxicity compared to conventional chemical pesticides (MacGregor et al., 2006). Recent studies have shown their importance in disease biocontrol (Pérez-Garcia et al., 2011). However, the formulation of microbial biopesticides is a key element in the design of control strategies for plant and crop diseases caused by plant pathogens (Nam et al., 2018).

During this decade, numerous works in greenhouse and field trials have shown the potential value of rhizosphere bacteria, including Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis as biological control agents for plant pathogens (Akram, 2008). A work of Koua (2020) showed that B. subtilis strains isolated from the rhizosphere of cocoa trees in Côte d'Ivoire would be effective bioinoculants in the control of cocoa diseases in greenhouses such as swollen shoot. It would therefore be interesting to find a stable bacterial biopesticide formulation suitable for the control of bacterial diseases of cashew trees and thus find a sustainable solution to the problem posed by synthetic products in Côte d'Ivoire. The general objective of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a formulation of bacterial biocontrol agents based on bacteria (P. fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae.

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Source : Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas citri pv.Mangiferaeindicae in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Cote D’ivoire

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