Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back | InformativeBD

Abdul Waheed,  Habib Ahmad,  Fida. M. Abbasi,  Azhar H. Shah,  Hamid Ali,  F. S. Hamid, and Saqib Mumtaz,  from the different institute of  Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back. Entitled, Resistance Characterization of Cultivated Varieties and Rice Wild Species in Response to Bacterial Blight. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bacterial leaf blight (BB) of rice caused by (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) is converting into a critical threat almost in all rice growing countries of the world. In order to catagorize resistant sources to virulent isolates of BB, an experiment comprising 02 species of wild rice (Oryza sp.) and four most common cultivated varieties i.e., Bas-385 , Swat-1 , JP-5 and Fakhar Malakand of rice in Pakistan was conducted in the green house of Genetic Department Garden campus ,Hazara University in the rice growing season during 2012. Bacterial suspension of concentration 108 CFU/ml was prepared from mixture of (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) prevailing in Khyber Puktunkhawa,Pakistan i.e., X00-1, X00-2 and X00-3. Clip method of artifical inoculation was used. Both tested wild relatives of rice O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon showed highly resistance to all the isolate. F3 genotypes Bas-385 x O. rufipogon was found highly susceptible to most of the isolates among all others genotypes. The use of resistant wild species O. rufipogon is therefore recommended in rice breeding program for transfer of bacterial blight resistant genes to cultivated varieties to enhance the relative characters.

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Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known as a staple food for more than half of the world’s population (Chakravarthi & Naravaneni, 2006). Pakistan is an important rice growing and exporting country. Pakistani Basmati rice is famous for long grain aromatic character all over the world. International Rice Research Institute reported that, export share of Pakistani rice was 10 % of the total world rice trade (IRRI, 1993).

Many diseases of rice crop significantly reduce the yield and quality all over the world, among them the bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Akhtar, 2005) is the most destructive and critical disease of rice throughout the world (Mew, 1987). This disease was first observed by farmers in Japan during 1884-85 and its occurrence has been reported in Australia, Bangladesh, India, Mainland China, Malaysia, SriLanka, Thailand, Philippines, USA, West Africa and Vietnam (Ezuka & Kaku, 2000). Mew & Majid, 1977) reported its incidence in Pakistan and it was confirmed from all the provinces in a later study (Akhtar & Akram, 1987). Recently an alarming increase in BB incidence is observed in Pakistan especially in Punjab which is largest growing province of Pakistan and famous for rice cultivation (Khan et al., 2000 & Akhtar et al., 2003). Bacterial blight appears at all growth stages of rice and is manifested by either leaf blight or “Kresek” symptoms. The causal organism invades plants through water pores and wounds (Tabei & Mukoo, 1960). Since the water pores are located at the margins of upper parts of the leaf, the lesion starts from the leaf margins near its tip. As the disease progresses, the tiny water soaked lesions turns yellow, enlarges in size progressively and develop into an elongated irregular lesion with wavy margins. Bacterial ooze, which consists of small, yellowish, spherical masses, may sometimes be seen on the margins or veins of the freshly infected leaf under moist conditions. with the passage of time, the lesion may cover the entire blade, which turns white and later greyish owing saprophytic growth (Ou, 1985).

If plant ever produces panicles, it results in sterile immature grains, which are easily broken during milling. The reduction in yield in case of severe infection could be as high as 50% (Mew et al., 1993) whereas 10-12% yield reduction has been recorded in case of mild infection (Ou, 1985). The disease is also characterized by a systemic infection phase, which is manifested by acute wilting of young plants. This is commonly referred to as “Kresek” phase. The causal organism consists of straight rods, with a single polar flagellum, occurring singularly, in pairs and sometimes in chains as well and is also Gramnegative (Swings et al., 1990). The bacterium over winters either in weeds or in soil. Grains, straw and rice stubble are other possible sites of over wintering of the pathogen. During growing season, it enters the plants via natural opening or wounds where it survives and multiplies in plant’s vascular system, producing typical leaf blight symptoms.

Bacterial bight has the potential to become a destructive disease of rice in Pakistan. Generally, the use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method for controlling plant diseases. However, the available rice germplasm in the country is susceptible to virulent isolates of bacterial blight (Akhtar, 2005). Rice productivity is limited by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, there is an urgent need to wide extent the gene pool of cultivated rice. Rice wild species are an important source of variability for resistance to all major diseases, insects and pests, offered an important source of innovative resistance genes for rice crop improvement (Eizenga et al., 2009). Wide hybridization between Oryza sativa (AA genome) and wild species of rice is one of the important way to transfer genes to cultivated rice. Apart from other research innovation some useful important genes have successfully been transferred from wild species of rice into cultivated rice to date which include genes for resistance to grassy stunt virus, bacterial blight, brown plant hopper, blast (Brar and Khush, 1997). The present study was, therefore, aimed to identify sources of resistant genes to virulent isolates of bacterial blight in wild relatives for future use in rice breeding programs.

Reference

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Akhtar MA. 2005. Studies on genetic variation in Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae in relation to resistance in rice. In: 3rd annual progress report ALP-Project. Inst. Plg. and Env. Protect. National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, 31.

Akhtar MA, Zakria M, Abbassi FM, Masod MA. 2003. Incidence of bacterial blight of rice in Pakistan during 2002. Pakistan Journal Botany, 35(5), 993-997.

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Eizenga GC, Agrama HA, Lee FN, Jia Y. 2009. Exploring genetic diversity and potential novel disease resistance genes in a collection of rice (Oryza spp) wild relatives. Gen. Resource. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 56, 65-76.

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Article source : Resistance Characterization of Cultivated Varieties and Rice Wild Species in Response toBacterial Blight  

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Agronomic Response of Rice Genotypes to Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease in Uganda | InformativeBD

 

Kanaabi Michael, Tusiime, Geoffrey, Tukamuhabwa, Phinehas, Zziwa, Simon,  JL Andaku, Lamo, and Jimmy, from the different institute of Uganda. wrote a Research Article about, Agronomic Response of Rice Genotypes to Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease in Uganda. Entitled, Characterizing agronomic response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR).  an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bacterial leaf streak disease (Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzicola) is a devastating disease of rice that is endemic to Asia and parts of the West African coast. In 2014, researchers in Uganda confirmed the occurrence of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) in the country. Having been only recently confirmed in the country, the agronomic response of rice genotypes to the disease has not been studied and therefore the extent of damage to rice due to bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) has not yet been estimated. A study was conducted with the objective of characterizing the agronomic response of rice genotypes with varying levels of reaction to BLS. Spray inoculation was done 30 days after planting and data collected on BLS incidence and severity starting 15 days after inoculation, then every 10 days for the next 40 days. Data were also collected on yield and yield components at maturity. A strong positive correlation (r=0.99) was found to exist between BLS AUDPC and loss in 1000 grain weight. Regression of AUDPC against yield loss was found to be highly significant (P=0.002), with a high coefficient of determination (R2-0.98). The study revealed that BLS caused yield losses of 0.8-19.2% and losses in panicle fertility of 2.1-13.6%.

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Introduction

The occurrence of bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda was confirmed recently (Afolabi et al., 2014), although symptoms had been seen years earlier. According to Nino-Liu et al., (2006), the disease is endemic to Asia and parts of the West African coast where it first was reported in Nigeria in the early 1980s (Nino-Liu et al., 2006), then in Burkina Faso (Wonni et al., 2011), Madagascar (Poulin et al., 2014), Mali (Wonni et al., 2014) and Burundi (Afolabi et al., 2014a). The pathogen is seed born so it can be rapidly distributed to new areas through infected seed. Its dispersal is also aided by irrigation water and insects in addition to transimission through direct plant – plant contact. The pathogen gains entry into the leaf epidermis via the stomata although injury due to mechanical damage may also aid its entry. In Asia and the USA, BLS is of quarantine importance (NinoLiu et al., 2006). Chen et al., (2007) reported that in Asia, BLS causes yield losses of up to 60% on susceptible rice varieties.

Typically, successful infection of a plant host by a pathogen is a result of the interaction of a virulent pathogen with a susceptible host under favorable environmental conditions (John and Fielding, 2014). Diseases constrain rice production by causing losses in both the quality and quantity of harvested produce due to their negative impact on the plant’s physiological processes (Muller et al., 2010). Measuring or predicting the effect of a disease is vital in making disease management decisions. Much as the eventual effect is loss in yield, the agronomic components that bring about this need elucidation. This information is important for resistance breeding. It has long been established that resistance breeding is the most feasible approach to manage grain diseases. A field experiment was therefore set up to study the effect of BLS on grain yield and yield attributes of rice using rice genotypes with varying levels of susceptibility to BLS disease.

Reference

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Afolabi O, Milan B, Poulin L, Ongom J, Szurek B, Koebnik R, Silue D. 2014b. First Report of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola Causing Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice in Uganda. Plant Disease 98(11), 1579.

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Wonni I, Ouedraogo L, Verdier V. 2011. First report of bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola on Rice in Burkina Faso. Plant Disease 95, 72.

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Source : Characterizing agronomic response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda 

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Fragrance Gene Identification in Elite Rice Lines from Himalayan Foothills | InformativeBD

Hamid Ali, Fida Muhammad Abbasi, Habib Ahmad, Aziz-Ud-Din, Abzar, Abdullah Khan,, Muhammad Abid Khan, Irfan Ullah, Aqib Zeb, and Adnan Sarwar, from the different institute of the Pakistan. wrote a research article about, Fragrance Gene Identification in Elite Rice Lines from Himalayan Foothills. entitled, Identification of fragrance gene in some elite advance lines of rice cultivated in foothills of the Himalayas.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

A molecular survey was conducted for the screening of fragrance (fgr) gene in some elite advance lines of rice developed by Dr. Fida Muhammad Abbasi, Professor at Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra. Sequence Tag Site (STS) marker RG 28L was used in this study that amplified 140 and 120 bp fragment in fragrant and non-fragrant genotypes, respectively. Among the cultivated varieties Basmati-385 and Swat-1 showed the presence of fgr gene (140 bp amplicon) while IRBB59, JP-5, Fakhre Malakand, and IR24 were lacking this gene. Among the advance lines 12 genotypes showed the presence of fgr gene (140), two genotypes (NPT-86 and Line 36) were segregating while the remaining 16 genotypes were lacking this gene. Grain length of genotypes was also measured that ranges from 4.67 t0 8.10 mm. On the basis of grain length the genotypes were categorized into short, medium, long and extra-long. In this study 4 genotypes possessed extra-long, 17 long, 13 medium and only 2 have short grains.

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Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the world's population (Marathi et al., 2012). In rice physical grain quality plays an important role in consumer preference. Juliano and Duff (1991) concluded that improvement of physical grain quality is the second major objective of rice breeding programs after yield in many rice producing countries of the world. The physical grain quality of rice is a complex trait that is composed of many components such as appearance quality, cooking quality, eating quality and nutritional quality. Each one of these components also consists of many attributes whose values are determined not only by their physiochemical properties but also by the history and cultural traditions of the people in the human communities who consume the rice (Tan et al., 1999). One of the most valuable traits in high-quality rice is aroma or fragrance, which is important for consumer preference and global trade (Singh et al., 2000). Fragrant rice emits specific scent in the fields at the time of flowering, at harvesting, in storage, during milling, cooking and eating. Economically, it possesses an extraordinary position in the global business sector because of its pronounced, pleasant and unique scent and mouth feeling taste after cooking. Fragrant rice is preferred over non-fragrant rice due to special occasions and for export, and thus they command a higher market price. A better understanding of the factors that contribute to the overall grain quality of rice will lay the foundation for developing new breeding and selection strategies for combining high quality, with high yield. This is necessary to meet the growing global demand for high quality rice while offering producing countries additional opportunities for generating higher export revenues.

Pakistan is famous for exporting high quality basmati rice but rice yield is stagnant from the previous few decades. Dr. Fida Muhammad Abbasi Professor at Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan has developed advance lines of rice in order to break yield stagnation. These lines are high yielding but their physical grain quality has not been properly assessed, therefore the present study was being proposed with the aims to identify fragrance (fgr) gene in these advance lines.

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Source :Identification of fragrance gene in some elite advance lines of rice cultivated in foothills of the Himalayas

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