Fruit Tree Biodiversity: Endemic and Introduced Species in Samboja District | InformativeBD

Rustam Baraq Noor, Marjenah, Arifien Bratawinata, and Paulus Matius, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Fruit Tree Biodiversity: Endemic and Introduced Species in Samboja District. Entitled, Habitat’s biodiversity of endemic and introduction fruit trees in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Rustam Baraq Noor, Habitat’s biodiversity of endemic and exotic fruit trees in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Endemic and Exotic fruit biodiversity studied was situated in Salok Api Darat Village and Amborawang Laut Village Samboja District. This research aimed to identify the biodiversity and adaptation capabilities. The execution was in July 2015 to December 2016. The data was collected using survey, exploration, field observation and an interview for the plantation’s owner. Fruit species in the habitat of Samboja shore studied were 54 species and what was found in the field was 39 species endemic fruit trees and 21 exotic fruit trees. Species of endemic fruit trees were Durio zibethinus, Mangifera odorata, Durio kutejensis, Lansium domesticum, Nephelium lappaceum, Mangifera kemanga, Artocarpus champaden, and eksotik namely Artocarpus integra, Artocarpus altilis. Adaptation capabilities on the new habitat for Mangifera indica exotic fruit tree, it was fond that the grafting was prone to stem drill pest. The findings of the research showed that habitat biodiversity of fruit plants growing around the field and plantation were dominated by fruit which were generatively multiplied had the morphological and generative advantages which made them able to live more than 50 years. The conclusion was Habitat’s biodiversity of fruit in Samboja District was dominated by endemic fruit by 72.22 (%) percent. Fruit cultivation was recommending using the seeds from quality fruit trees.

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Introduction

Indonesia was a lucky country since it was situated in equator region that had a unique tropical forest with the highest biodiversity in the world (Whitmore, 1980). Plants biodiversity in Indonesia forest had not reached an exact number. Up until now, there were 30,000 species of flowered plants estimated which mostly were still growing wildly in forests across regions in Indonesia.

Rich of Biodiversities of the original fruit from Indonesia was also considered high and most of them had not been exploited well. Biodiversity of fruit plants in Kalimantan according to Uji (2007) was seen from a number of relatives, such as Bombacaceae which had 18 species and 14 of them were endemic, 31 species of Anacardiaceae relative for Mangifera and 3 of them were endemic (Kosterman and Bompard, 1993). Meanwhile, Uji (2005) mentioned that 23 species and 4 species of endemic as well as the center of species distribution of Mangifera spp. Next, Purwanto (2000) reported that much soil in Kalimantan was planted a number of Mango species, which had a sufficiently high Biodiversity such as Mangifera pajang. M. foetida, M indica, M. odorata. According to Soemarwoto (1989), habitat was a place for organisms (plants and animals). Based on Odum (1993); Heddy and Kurniati (1996), he explained that habitat was a communal place which covered biotic and abiotic environments.

Fruit Plantation was a means of individual or mixed trees or bushes planting. However, it was not for the purposes of harvesting, but to produce food supply (KBBI, 2016). There were also local or native plants known as endemic plants which were plants species that could only be found in one place or region and could not be found in other places (Sudarmono, 2007). Further, Nurbani (2013) demonstrated that Lai fruit (Durio kutejensis) was one of the examples of native fruit of Kalimantan, particularly, Kutai Kartanegara.

Furthermore, what was known as introduction species was a species deliberately or accidentally transported and released by humans to an outside ecosystem beyond its origin (McGinley, 2009). One instance of this species was avocado from Mexico. Samboja as the research site was one of the districts in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province which was a part of Kalimantan Island situated in Equator line 116o50’-117o14’ East Longitude and 0o52’-1 o08’ South Latitude with an area of 1.045.90 square kilometers wide. Whereas, Salok Api Darat Subdistrict was situated in the center of Samboja District and Amborawang Laut Subdistrict was situated by the shore of Balikpapan and Makassar Strait. Both areas were where the research was taking place.

Samboja District was inhabited by Javanese tribe communites on old transmigration region such as Margomulyo, Wonotirto, Amborawang Laut Subdistricts, Banjarnese tribes were on Sungai Seluang Subdistrict, Dayaknese tribes were on Paser in Salok Api Darat Subdistrict, Bugisnese tribes were on Kuala Samboja Subdistrict, Sundanese tribes were in Tanjung Harapan (BPS, 2015). Generally, Samboja District for Salok Api Darat Subdistrcit had a rather steep soil surface slope classification while Amborawang Laut had a flat classification with Utlisol kind of soil. Endemic and introduction fruit’s biodiversity on the research site was woody fruit plants which grew in Salok Api Darat and Amborawang Laut Subdistrict Samboja District. The purpose of this reseach was to gather information related to Habit Biodiversity level of endemic and introduction local fruit in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency East Kalimantan Province.

Reference

BPS Kukar. 2015.Kecamatan Samboja Dalam Angka 2015. Bureau of Central Statistics of   Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Tenggarong.

BPS Kukar. 2017. Kecamatan Samboja dalam Angka. Bureau of Central Statistics of Kutai Kartanegara. Tenggarong.

Foth DH. 1978. Fundamental of Soil Science. General Publishing Company, Ltd, 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mill, Toronto , Ontario. Canada. 74 pages.

Heddy S, Kurniati M. 1996. Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Ekologi. Suatu Bahasan tentang Kaidah Ekologi dan Penerapannya. Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. 271 pages.

Indriyanto. 2015. Ekologi Hutan. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. 210 pages.

KBBI. 2016. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.

Kurniawan,A dan Parikesit. 2008. Persebaran Jenis Pohon di Sepanjang Faktor Lingkungan di Cagar Alam Pananjung Pangandaran, Jawa Barat. Biodiversitas. Volume 9, Nomor 4.

Matius P. Setiawati & Pambudhi P. 2014. Petunjuk Tehnis Pembanguanan Kebun Buah Buahan (Lembo) Oleh Kepala Adat. Proyek Kerja Sama antara Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Kutai Barat dengan UPT Perhutanan Sosial (Center for Social Forestry) Universitas Mulawarman. Samarinda. 94 pages.

McGinley M, Duffy JE. 2010. Species Richness. In Cutler J. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. (Washington, D.C. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). Accessed on June 10, 2013.

Megawati TF, Kamarubuyana L, Endayani S. 2015. Inventarisasi dan Pemetaan Pohon Buah (edible Fruits) Asli Kalimantan Di Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda (KRUS). Jurnal Agrifor vol. xiv  No 2 October 2015.

Nurbani. 2013. Laporan Akhir Pendampingan Kawasan Hortikultura Kalimantan Timur. BPTP Kalimantan Timur.Samarinda. Year 2013.

Odum EP. 1996. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi (T. Samingan. Terjemahan). Gadjah Mada University Press.

Odum HT. 1992. Ekologi Sistem. Suatu Pengentar (terjemahan). Gadjah Mada University Press. 657 pages.

Purwanto Y. 2000. Etnobotani dan Konservasi Plasma Nutfah Hortikultura: Peran Sistem Pengetahuan Lokal pada Pengembangan dan Pengelolaannya. Prosiding Seminar Sehari. Hari Cinta Puspa & Satwa Nasional. Menggali Potensi dan Meningkatkan Prospek Tanaman Hortikultura Menuju Ketahanan Pangan. Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan. Bogor.

Sastrapradja SD, Rifai MA. 1989. Mengenal Sumber Pangan Nabati dan Sumber Plasma Nutfahnya. Komisi Pelestarian Plasma Nutfah Nasional dan Pulitbang Bioteknologi, LIPI Bogor.

Siebert B. 1991. Nephelium L. In: Verheij, E.W.M. & E. Coronel (eds.). Edible Fruits and Nuts. Nederlands, Pudoc Wageningen. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA).

Soemarwoto O. 1997. Ekologi Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan. Djembatan. Jakarta. 381 pages.

Sudarmono. 2007. Tumbuhan Endemik Tanah Serpentin. Biodiversitas Vol. 8, No.4. Hal. 330-335. UPT Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor.

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Uji T. 2007. Keanekaragaman Jenis Buah-buahan Asli Indonesia dan Potensinya. Biodiversitas vol. 8, no. 2 April 2007. Pusat Penelitian Biologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Bogor.

Whitmore TC. 1980. Potentially Economic Species of South-East Asia Forest. Bio Indonesia 7, 65-74.

Williams JT. Lamoureux CH, Soetjipto (eds.) WN. 1975. Proceeding AHAN of a Symposium on South-East Asia . Plant Genetic Resourches. LBN – LIPI, Bogor.

Zulkarnain. 2009. Dasar-dasar Hortikultura. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. 336 pages.

Article source : Habitat’s biodiversityof endemic and introduction fruit trees in Samboja District Kutai Kartanegara Regency 

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Healing from the Islands: Hypoglycemic Power of Cagayan’s Endemic Flora | InformativeBD

Jane R. Sambrana, and Andy L. Catulin, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Reseach Article about, Healing from the Islands: Hypoglycemic Power of Cagayan’s Endemic Flora. Entitled, Three Cagayan Island endemic flora: Its phytochemicals and hypoglycemic effect on alloxan induced Sprague Dawley Rat. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences |JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Cagayan province is blessed with vast flora with presence of many island species that are endemic. Currently, different botanicals have been formulated as pharmaceutical agents to developed new products essential for human wellbeing. This study generally aimed to determine the secondary metabolites present in the three island endemic plant species in Cagayan namely; Igem dagat (Podocarpus costalis C. Presl), Balingagta (Drypetes falcata Pax & K. Hoffm.) and Babuyan lunas (Lunasia babuyanica Merr.) and to determine their hypoglycemic effect on Sprague Dawley Rats. Ethanolic leave extract of the three endemic plant species were used and tested for its phytochemicals. Complete randomized design (CRD) was used for the hypoglycemic potential with three replications for each species and Alloxan was used to induce hyperglycemia in the rats. The results reveals that P. costalis, D. falcata and L. babuyanica contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and tripertenes. Likewise, L. babuyanica and D. falcata were also positive with saponin and phytosterols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the initial glucose level, after Alloxan induced and after treatment of plant extracts did not show significant difference across treatment means. Among the treatments, T3 (L. babuyanica ethanolic leave extract) significantly reduced the Alloxan induced hyperglycemia in Spraue Dawley Rats. Glucose level were reduced with the administration of the other treatments but not significant to reject the null hypothesis. All the plant extracts have hypoglycemic effect however, T3 (L. babuyanica ethanolic leave extract) is more effective.

Introduction

Situated within the Cagayan Valley region, the province is bounded by the Philippine Sea on the east; on the south by Isabela province; on the west by the Cordillera Mountains; and on the north by the Balintang Channel and the Babuyan Group of Islands. About 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the northeastern tip of the province is the island of Palaui; a few kilometers to the west is Fuga Island. The Babuyan Group of Islands, which includes Calayan, Dalupiri, Camiguin, and Babuyan Claro, is about 60 nautical miles (110 km) north of Luzon mainland. This island comprises a unique flora that most of the islanders used them in their traditional healing practices. Three of these plants are endemic in the island town of Calayan. The three island endemic plant species in Cagayan namely; Igem dagat (Podocarpus costalis C. Presl), Balingagta (Drypetes falcata Pax & K. Hoffm.) and Babuyan lunas (Lunasia babuyanica Merr.).

Plants are richest source of bioactive secondary metabolites in a most effective way and with specific selectivity. From the start of human being development men were using different medicinal plants as traditional medicines for their health care. Plants have the ability to produce several valuable classes of chemical constituents which showed interesting biological action.

Plants are recognized in the pharmaceutical industry for their broad structural diversity as well as their wide range of pharmacological activities. The biologically active compounds present in plants are called phytochemicals. These phytochemicals are derived from its various parts of plants such as leaves, flowers, seeds, barks, roots and pulps. These phytochemicals are used as sources of direct medicinal agents. They serve as a raw material base for elaboration of more complex semi-synthetic chemical compounds. Due to these active compounds that are present in plants many diseases have been treated, like hyperglycemia.

Hyperglycemia is associated with high blood glucose level. Severely elevated glucose levels can farther result in a medicinal emergency like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic (HHNS) also referred to as hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state). The main symptoms of hyperglycemia are increased thirst and a frequent need to urinate.

Objectives of the Study This study aimed to determine the phytochemical constituents and hypoglycemic effect of the three Cagayan Island endemic plant ethanolic extract on Sprague Dawley Rats (Mus musculus).

Specifically, this study sought to determine the following:

 1. The phytochemical constituents present on the three Cagayan island endemic plant ethanolic extract namely: Igem dagat (Podocarpus costalis C. Presl), Balingagta (Drypetes falcata Pax & K. Hoffm.) and Babuyan lunas (Lunasia babuyanica Merr.);

2. The percent decrease of the blood glucose level of Sprague Dawley Rats after fasting and after administration of the different treatments; and

3. The treatment with the highest lowering effect on the blood glucose level of the experimental rat

Reference

Boon NA, Colledge NR, Walker BR. 2006. Diabetes mellitus. In vidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine (ed. Hunter, J.A.A.), Elsevier, Edinburg, pp 805-847. Boyle J.P., Honeycutt A.A., Narayan K.M., www.academia.edu/Diabetes_mellitus_The_P

Carlson, Elizabeth A. 1998. Prospective Longitudinal Study of Attachment Disorganization/ Disorientation Child Development 69(4), pages 1107-1128.

Dhasarathan P, Theriappan P. 2011. Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Strychonous potatorum in alloxan induced diabetic rats- J Med Med Sci.

Krishnaraju V, Manimekalai P, Davidraj C. 2010. “Effect of Hydro Alcoholic Extract of Nelumbo nucifera (G) on STZ induced Diabetic Rats.” International Journal of Pharma World Research June-Sept.

Lancion Jr, Conrado M, de Guzman, Rey (cartography). 1995. “The Provinces”. Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila: Tahanan Books pp. 48, 49, 84, 118. ISBN 971-630-037-9.

Rajalakshmi M, Cecilia Edel Priya, Nirmala A, Daisy P. 2009. Anti-diabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts on streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Academic Journal Organization. 28 Apr.

Trivedi NA, Mazumder B, Bhatt JD, Hemavathi KG. 2004. Effect of Shilajit on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J. Pharmacol 36, 373-376.

WHO. 1991. World Health Organization Department of Noncommunicable Disease Serveillance.

World Health Organization IDF. 2004. Diabetes Action Now: An initiative of WHO and IDF.

Yadav Manish, Khalid Kafeel Khan, Beg MZ. 2012. Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes by the Baiga Tribe Living in Rewa District m.p. Indian Journal Science 2(1), 99-102, http://www.ijls.in/upload/897053355PAPER_19.

Article source : Three Cagayan Island endemic flora: Its phytochemicals and hypoglycemic effect on alloxan inducedSprague Dawley Rat 

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Exploring Avian Diversity in Siocon's Mangrove Areas, Mindanao | InformativeBD

Clarito F. Concepcion,  Hulker F. Tomboc, and Christine Mae D. Roullo, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Exploring Avian Diversity in Siocon's Mangrove Areas, Mindanao. entitled, Avian species in selected mangrove areas in Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

 Abstract

With the rampant habitat destruction of wildlife in the Philippines, the avifauna is the most affected as endemism in the archipelago is so high. Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte potentially harbors several Mindanao threatened endemic species in its Siocon Resource Reserve, a patch of secondary mature lowland forest as well as in mangrove areas. Opportunistic sampling was employed using the point method to primarily document the avifauna, specifically in the mangrove areas of Barangay Manaol and Barangay A.L Micubo. A total of thirty-four (34) birds (avifauna) were identified and classified, where twenty-five of them were common to the two sites. These are Rhipidura nigritorquis, Cinnyris jugularis, Lalage nigra, Megalurus palustris, Passer montanus, Gerygone sulphurea, Artamus leucorynchus, Pycnonotus goiaver, Oriolus chinensis, Hirundo tahitica, Orthotomus castaneiceps, Aplonis panayensis, Lonchura atracapilla, Coryusv macrohynchos, Butorides striata, Egretta garzetta, Ardeola speciosa, Ardea alba, Ixobrychus sinensis, Pluvialis fulva, Himantopus himantopus, Sterna hirundo, Actilis hypoleucos, Anas luzonica, Dendrocygna arcuata, Geopelia striata, Spolopelia chinensis, Todiramphus chloris, Merops philippinus, Pandion haliaetus, Haliastur indus, Gallinula chloropus, Tachybaptus ruficolis, and Centropus viridis. Out of these, three species were endemic to the Philippines (O. castanneiceps, C. viridis, A. luzonica), the latter is also considered a threatened species. This baseline data on avifauna on mangrove forests is necessary for the framework of conservation policy in the area.

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Introduction

The Philippines is one of the countries in the world considered as a biodiversity hotspot (Jumawan et al., 2012) and it is home to many avifauna species, which includes endemic and non-endemic species (Birdlife International, 2020). Specifically, as an archipelagic country, it harbors to more than 600 species of avifauna, where almost 200 of them are endemic (Tanalgo et al., 2015). According to Haribon (2014), 80 species of Philippine birds are now threatened to extinction, 13 are critically endangered, and 54 species are vulnerable. In the Zamboanga Peninsula, there are an estimated 142 species of avifauna in three key conservation sites, namely: the Lituban-Quipit watershed, Lake Maragang-Mt. Timolan and Pasonanca National Park. Around 78 species were found in Zamboanga City, of which 30 are nearly threatened (Panguntalan et al., 2011).

Mangrove ecosystems are one of the most biologically rich, diverse, and productive ecosystems in the world (Mahilac & Madjos, 2020), which provides a home to birds. They serve as some form of nursery for many species of invertebrates as well as birds, making them one of the ecologically essential ecosystems. Despite this crucial role, approximately one-third of the mangrove ecosystems worldwide have been lost over the past 50 years (Alongi, 2002). In the Philippines, a decline of mangroves was reported from half a million hectares in 1918 to only 120,000 hectares in 1994 (Primavera, 2000). This estimate is accordingly accounted for overharvesting for the conversion of mangroves to fishponds during the 1960s and 1970s, fuel or charcoal, agriculture, industry, and human settlements (Dieta & Dieta, 2015). 

With this rampant habitat destruction and high endemism of birds, the country now possesses a disproportionately large number of threatened species for its size (Jacosalem et al., 2013). Further, the Philippines ranks second in terms of the number of threatened endemic birds in the world (Mallari et al., 2001). Among the islands where several endemic birds are threatened is Mindanao (Paguntalan et al., 2011). Despite the presence of a restricted-range and endemic species in the Zamboanga Peninsula (formerly called Western Mindanao), very few studies have been conducted in the area where most of the available information on avifauna is derived from museum records (Dickinson et al., 1991, Lambert 1996, Collar et al., 1999, Kennedy et al., 2000, Brooks 2002) and trip reports of visiting birdwatchers.

Siocon in Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao potentially harbors several threatened endemic species in its Siocon Resource Reserve, a patch of secondary mature lowland forest as well as in mangrove areas (Paguntalan et al., 2011). Accordingly, there is a need to conduct more field research and surveys in the remaining forest patches of the Zamboanga Peninsula. As surveyed in the municipal office, the avifauna inventory is not yet in place. This study presents a list of bird species and information on the conservation status of the remaining forests and threatened birds in these areas.

Reference

Avian species in selected mangrove areas in Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines

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Diza Joy Quitain, Milton Norman Dejadena Medina, Richel Enclonar Relox, Emmanuel Pacheco Leaño. 2016. Birds of mainit hot spring protected landscape, Nabunturan, compostela valley, Province Mindanao island, Philippines; JBES, V9, N2, August, P149-155 https:// innspub.net/ birds- of- mainit -hot-spring-protected-landscape-nabunturan-compostela-valley-province-mindanao-island-philippines/

Haribon. 2014. The state of the Philippine birds: 2014. Retrieved from  https://haribon.org.ph/the-state-of-thephilippine-birds

Iglesias-Rios R, Mazzoni R. 2014. Measuring diversity: looking for processes that generate diversity. Natureza & Conservação 12(2), 156-161.

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Jakosalem PGC, Collar NJ, Gill JA. 2013. Habitat selection and conservation status of the endemic Ninox hawk-owl on Cebu, Philippines. Bird Conservation International 23(3), 360-370.

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Kennedy RS, Gonzales PC, Dickinson EC, Miranda HC, Fisher TH. 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press.

Lambert F. 1996. Pittas, broadbills and asities. Robertsbridge, East Sussex. Pica Press. Mahilac, H. M. O. & Madjos, G. G. (2020). Macrofaunal species assessment in protected, denuded and rehabilitated mangrove ecosystems of Misamis Occidental Province, Philippines. Arxius de Miscellània Zoològica. Article in Press.

Mallari NAD, Tabaranza BR, Crosby MJ. 2001. Key conservation sites in the Philippines. Manila: Bookmark.

Paguntalan LMJ, Jakosalem PG, Lagerqvist M, Nordin J, Fernandez G, De La Cruz M, Agaton Baysa. 2011. Bird observations on the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines. Forktail 27, 15-22.

Primavera JH. 2000. Development and conservation of Philippine mangroves: Institutional issues. Ecological Economics 35, 91-106.

Tanalgo KC, Pineda JAF, Agravante ME, Amerol ZM. 2015. Bird Diversity and Structure in Different Land-use Types in Lowland South Central Mindanao, Philippines. Tropical Life Sciences Research 26(2), 85-103.

Source : Avian species inselected mangrove areas in Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines 

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