Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in Frozen Chicken Meat: A Prevalence Study | InformativeBD

Md. Shariful Islam,  Mahbub Hasan Joy, and Aurnob Sarker, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research Article about, Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in Frozen Chicken Meat: A Prevalence Study. Entitled, Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from frozen chicken meat. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium known for its ability to cause infections in both humans and animals. A major concern is its rapid development of resistance to various antibiotics. Therefore, the present research aimed to screen S. aureus and analyze the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates obtained from frozen chicken meat samples collected from popular super shops in Sylhet metropolitan city, Bangladesh. S. aureus was identified through conventional culture and biochemical testing procedures from collected forty samples, while the cefoxitin disk diffusion technique was employed to detect methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Among the samples, 65% were contaminated with S. aureus, with 42.31% of these isolates detected as MRSA. Notably, all MRSA isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR). Across all S. aureus isolates, resistance to methicillin was the highest (100%). High levels of resistance were noted against ampicillin (88.46%), nalidixic acid (84.62%), and azithromycin (65.38%). Conversely, all isolates showed 100% sensitivity to imipenem. The presence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in chicken meat samples emphasizes the need of keeping good hygiene protocols by food handlers in super shops. Implementing these measures is vital to mitigating both the risk of MDR S. aureus contamination and spread.

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Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), food-borne diseases are typically caused by bacteria present in food or water. One of the most common causes of these illnesses is Staphylococcus aureus (Scallan et al., 2011). It is considered as the thirdleading global cause of food-related diseases and an opportunistic pathogen in both humans and animals (Aydin et al., 2011). Naturally, S. aureus is widely distributed throughout the globe, but food is the main source of infection (Hennekinne, 2018). It grows best on a vast variety of regularly taken foods (Danbappa et al., 2018), but this varies from nation to nation because of regional differences in culinary practices. Many factors, such as faulty food preparation, inadequate cooking, and tainted water or raw ingredients used in food preparation, might contribute to outbreaks (Scallan et al., 2011).

Animal-derived meat serves as the main protein source, providing essential vitamins crucial for the growth, repair, and upkeep of body cells. This makes it indispensable for our daily functions in various regions across the globe (Pereira and Vicente, 2013; Olmedilla-Alonso et al., 2013). Among these, chicken meat, a widely consumed food globally, is often contaminated with antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus, posing a significant risk within the food chain (WHO, 2004). S. aureus and other pathogens contaminated meat by poor hygiene procedures used by slaughter personnel during meat processing, as well as other flawed abattoir procedures like improper evisceration of animals, which increases the risk of gut pathogens contaminating meat (Argudín et al., 2010; Leong et al., 2018).

The treatment options for food-borne illness caused by S. aureus are becoming narrowed due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens, specifically methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (Sallam et al., 2015). Recently, MRSA has shown multidrug-resistant (MDR) properties due to the improper use of antibiotics for treatment purposes, and as a result, infections are growing in humans (Wu et al., 2018). MRSA is recognized as one of the twelve microorganism families posing the most significant threat to public health (Wu et al., 2018). This threat is likely similar or higher in countries like ours. Consequently, the WHO has recently designated MRSA as "high priority 2 pathogen" (Okorie-Kanu et al., 2020). Unquestionably, antibiotics are the best way for treating infection caused by S. aureus (Leong et al., 2018). However, MRSA has developed resistance to all of the available betalactam antibiotics due to the presence of the mecA gene (Ito et al., 2012). 

The AMR patterns and contamination of S. aureus in raw chicken meat collected from live bird market in Bangladesh is reported by many earlier studies (Akhi et al., 2019; Rahman et al., 2018; Datta et al., 2012). However, the processed and frozen meat is gaining popularities in cities like Sylhet, Bangladesh. Thus, it is imperative to assess the contamination status of processed chicken meat as well as frozen chicken, particularly with MRSA, in super shops.

Although there are few studies available in Bangladesh on MRSA presence in chicken meat from super shops (Parvin et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2019; Alam et al., 2015), a thorough investigation is needed to ensure the safety of frozen chicken meat in such super shops. Therefore, the study aimed at figuring out the prevalence of S. aureus and their multidrugresistant (MDR) patterns in frozen chicken meat from super shops within Sylhet metropolitan city, Bangladesh.

Reference

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Parvin MS, Ali MY, Talukder S, Nahar A, Chowdhury EH, Rahman MT, Islam MT. 2021. Prevalence and multidrug resistance pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh. Microorganisms 9(3), 636. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030636.

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Source : Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from frozen chicken meat

 

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Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance in Sinusitis Patients | InformativeBD

Sasikala Shanmugam, Ramganesh Selvarajan, and Sundararaj Thangiah, from the different institute of the India. wrote a research article about, Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance in Sinusitis Patients. entitled, Drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in sinusitis patients. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In this study on Sinusitis patients, we obtained 45 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic pattern of Staphyloccus aureus showed that resistance to Quinolones was 21% and 33% towards ciprofloxacin andoflaxacin respectively. Resistance to cephalosporins was 50% to cefuroxime, 41% and 50% to cefaperazone and cefotaxime respectively. Least resistance was noticed against aminoglycosides viz. Amikacin 47% and Gentamicin 21%. Resistance to Ampicillin and amoxicillin was 60% and 64% respectively. Oxacillin resistance was seen in 26% of the strains. Of the 45 isolates, 6 were found to be resistant for oxacillin . All these six isolates were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and they possessed the mecA gene. Correlation existed between the presence of mecA gene and oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and these strains can be considered as MRSA and the patients can be advised for vancomycin therapy. Oxacillin resistance determination by phenotypic methods takes 24 hours to infer whereas PCR for mecA gene took only 6 hours. So the PCR techniques for the detection of mecA gene can be considered as gold standard (Rapid, Quick and accurate diagnosis) method for the detection of MRSA in spite of the cost involved.

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Introduction

Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses caused by bacterial or viral infection; air-filled cavities in facial bones lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and mucous goblet cells (Nord et al., 1995). There are several paired paranasal sinuses, including the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. Maxillary sinuses are located behind the check bones and inflammation causes pain or pressure in the cheek (maxillary) area. They are present at birth and continue to develop as long as teeth erupt. Tooth roots in some cases, can penetrate the floor of these sinuses. Frontal sinuses are located on both sides of the forehead and inflammation causes pain or pressure in the frontal sinus cavity. These sinuses are late in developing and so infection here is uncommon in children (Orobello et al., 1991). Ethmoid sinuses are located between the eyes and inflammation causes pain or pressure pain between eyes. They resemble a honeycomb and are vulnerable to obstruction. Sphenoid sinuses are located behind the eye and inflammation causes pain or pressure behind the eyes, but often refers to the vertex of the head. They are usually present at the age of 3 and are fully developed at the age of 12 (Nord et al., 1995).

The symptoms are generally the same in both acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. The symptoms include-nasal symptoms (facial congestion, facial pain-pressure fullness and headache), Oropharyngeal symptoms (halistosis, dental pain, cough and ear pain, pressure fullness) and, systematic symptoms (fever and fatigue). The symptoms in single or combine occur. Acute and chronic sinusitis may be accompanied by thick purulent nasal discharge (usually green in colour, with or without blood) and localized headache (toothache) are present and it is these symptoms that can differentiate sinus related (or rhinogenic) headache from other headache phenomena such as tension headache and migraine headache (Salord et al., 1990).

It is important to diagnose nasal complaints accurately, because sinusitis requires antibiotics for rapid resolution. Untreated sinusitis can lead to serious and possibly life threatening complications. The clinical diagnosis of sinusitis is difficult because of the overlap in the symptoms of rhinitis and sinusitis.

Several studies in adults have shown a good correlation between cultures of the middle meatus and the sinus aspirates in patients with acute sinusitis, especially when purulence is seen in the middle meatus (Walder et al., 1981). In many geographic areas, amoxicillin is a reasonable first-line antibiotic. Although trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin- sulfisoxazole have traditionally been used as first line antibiotic for patients with acute bacterial sinusitis, surveillance studies indicate the development of significant pneumococcal resistance from alteration of penicillin binding proteins. Erythromycin alone provides unsatisfactory coverage and is effective against β -lactamase producing organisms. When first line agents have failed or there is a high prevalence of β–lactamase resistance, amoxicillin or clavulanate or second or third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefprozil) provide broader coverage. First-generation cephalosoprins (eg-cephalexin) and second generation cephalosporins (eg, cefaclor) provide improved coverage. Several quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) have specific indications for the treatment of sinusitis, but these should be reserved for second or third time use or for more serious infections.

MRSA stands for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and also multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus strains which are resistant to the normal antibiotics were successfully treated with Vancomycin (Mark et al., 2002). This is one of the antibiotics used to treat emerging multi-resistant organisms. It has evolved an ability to survive treatment with beta-lactamase resistant beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin. MRSA is especially troublesome in hospital-associated (nosocomial) infections. The methicillin resistance gene (mecA) encodes a methicillin resistant penicillin-binding protein that is not present in susceptible strains and is believed to have been acquired from a distantly related species. mecA is carried on a mobile genetic element. Many MRSA isolates are multiply resistant and are susceptible only to glycopeptide antibiotics such as Vancomycin and other investigational drugs (Mark et al., 2002). MRSA isolates have decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides. DNA fragments of mecA gene derived from MRSA are used as a probe and this has been reported to be a means of identifying methicillin resistance. More recently, several attempts to detect the presence of the mecA gene by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) have also been reported (Araj et al., 1991)

The widespread emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), especially in various types of nosocomial infections, is a serious clinical problem worldwide. The incidence of methicillin resistance among nosocomial isolates of S. aureus is higher than 70% in some Asian countries such as Taiwan, China, and Korea. Recently, MRSA has also emerged in the community setting in some countries, including Asian countries (Duong,D et al.,). One of the cardinal features of the rapid emergence of MRSA in many parts of the world is the dissemination of specific clones; this has contributed to the accelerated increases in the incidence of MRSA. Therefore, it is important to investigate the genotypic characteristics and evolutionary pathway of MRSA clones as well as the genetic relatedness of the strains isolated in different geographic regions.

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the Antimocrobial activity of Staphylococcus aureus from sinusitis patients with respect to different antibiotics and to detect the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using genotypic method, rather using a phenotypic method. So the PCR techniques for the detection of mecA gene can be considered as gold standard (genotypic method). Accordingly, we disclose that mecA gene carrying Staphylococcus aureus were considered as MRSA and the patients who carry MRSA were advised to take Vancomycin therapy rather going with other antibiotics.

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Source : Drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in sinusitis patients  

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