Assessing Uromycladium falcatarium Severity in Falcata Plantations Across Elevations in Mindanao | InformativeBD

Mhar O. Loquez, Carolina D. Amper,  Adrian M. Tulod, and Dennis M. Gilbero, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Assessing Uromycladium falcatarium Severity in Falcata Plantations Across Elevations in Mindanao. Entitled, Morpho-quantitative analysis and severity assessment of Uromycladium falcatarium across elevation gradients and stand ages of falcata plantations in Mindanao, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study was conducted to assess the teliospore morpho-quantitative variations and severity of Uromycladium falcatarium Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas causing gall rust disease across elevations and stand ages of falcata plantations in Mindanao. Two falcata plantations were identified across elevations from Low (0-400 m asl), Moderate (>400-800 m asl), and High (>800 m asl) and were classified as non-harvestable (<5yo) and harvestable (>5yo) for the stand ages. Likewise, matured galls were also collected from each plantation for microscopic analysis of the fungal teliospores. The result revealed a significant increase in disease severity (P<0.01) of gall rust in Falcata and teliospore length (P<0.05) of the fungus as influenced by an increasing elevation from 400 m asl and above. Meanwhile, the teliospore width (P<0.05) and wall thickness (P<0.05) significantly varied between stand ages which revealed a wider width in harvestable (>5yo) and thicker wall in non-harvestable (<5yo), respectively. In addition, gall rust severity revealed a significant relationship between elevation and teliospore characteristics that correspond to the survival and prevalence of the fungus. This study provides substantial information and input in understanding the pathogen characteristics and survival under field conditions.

Read more : Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Popular Philippine Herbal Teas | InformativeBD

Introduction

Falcata [Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin] is widely planted exotic species in the Philippines typically established in monoculture/intercropping systems which contribute approximately 70% of the country’s log production, particularly in Mindanao (Santos et al., 2010; FMB-DENR, 2021). The species is native to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Australia and is known for its fast-growing characteristics and short cycle (Krisnawati et al., 2011). It is utilized in the production of pulp, lightweight packaging materials, paper, veneer, plywood, and furniture including as a source of wood for light construction and as a species for soil conservation strategies because of its nitrogen-fixing potential (Doloriel, 2023; Alipon et al., 2021; Marasigan et al., 2023).

Gall rust caused by Uromycladium falcatarium Doungsa-ard, McTaggart, Geering & R.G. Shivas has been a major problem in Falcata plantations. The fungus produces teliospores that are dispersed by wind causing severe damage to all growth stages of Falcata, from seedlings to mature trees resulting in stunted growth and severe cases, death (Rahayu et al., 2010; Widyastuti et al., 2013). The fungus has been prevalent in the country with slight occurrence at low elevations and severe infection at higher elevations consequently resulting in susceptible Falcata plantations at increasing elevations favoring the disease development (Lacandula et al., 2021; Rahayu et al., 2020; Tulod et al., 2023). However, the complex characteristics of the fungus remain a major concern in managing the disease in Falcata plantations.

The fungus U. falcatarium from U. tepperianum causing gall rust in Falcata was reclassified based on its teliospore wall morphology, host genus, and DNA sequence data (Doungsa-Ard et al., 2015). Likewise, morphological characteristics of an organism are influenced by several factors including host specificity, environmental condition, genetic diversity, geographical isolation, and even human activities. Obligate parasites like rust fungus are known to infect plants where they interact and co-evolve (Chowdhury et al., 2022), where the age of the host plant may influence the fungal infection. Several studies confirmed the influence of increasing elevations on the severity of gall rust disease in Falcata and the information on the morphological classification of the fungus was used only for taxonomic identification with limited information on the morpho-changes as influenced by elevations. Hence, this study aimed to assess the teliospore morphological-quantitative variations and severity of U. falcatarium across elevations and stand ages of falcata plantations.

Reference

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Doungsa-ard C, McTaggart AR, Geering AD, Dalisay TU, Ray J, Shivas RG. 2015. Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on Paraserianthes falcataria in south-east Asia. Australasian Plant Pathology 44, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.09.

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Krisnawati H, Varis E, Kallio MH, Kanninen M. 2011. Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen: ecology, silviculture, and productivity. Cifor, 2011.

Lacandula RL, Rojo MJ, Puno GR, Casas JV. 2021. Geospatial analysis on the influence of biophysical factors on the gall rust prevalence in falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) plantation in Gingoog City, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 11(4). 

Lelana NE, Wiyono S, Giyanto, Siregar IZ, Anggraeni I. 2022. Phylogenetic and morphological characteristics of Uromycladium falcatariae, the fungal pathogen that causes gall rust epidemics of Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia. Journal of Phytopathology 170(9), 598–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13123.

Marasigan OS, Razal RA, Carandang WM, Alipon MA. 2023. Physical and mechanical properties of stems and branches of falcata [Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & JW Grimes] grown in Caraga, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science 151(2), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.02.03.

Palma RA, Tiongco LE, Canencia OP, Boniao RD, Florida EJ, Dagonio JY. 2021. Gall rust disease incidence of falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) in falcata–based agroforestry systems in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 449(1), 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/449/1/012035.

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Rahayu S, See LS, Shukor NAA, Saleh G. 2010. Environmental factors related to gall rust disease development on Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & JW Grimes at Brumas Estate, Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16(6), 7485–7499. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1606_74857499.

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Widyastuti SM, Harjono H, Surya ZA. 2013. Initial infection of Falcataria moluccana leaves and Acacia mangium phyllodes by Uromycladium tepperianum fungi in a laboratory trial. Jurnal of Manajemen Hutan Tropika 19, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.19.3.187.

Source : Morpho-quantitative analysis and severity assessment of Uromycladium falcatarium across elevation gradients and stand ages of falcata plantations in Mindanao, Philippines

 

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Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Popular Philippine Herbal Teas | InformativeBD

Amanda Villaggi, Victoria Carranza,  Ariana Defrancesco, Judy Kristel V. Bayalas, Rollan Paul Parakikay, Jose Rene L. Micor,  and Elmer-Rico E. Mojica, from the different institute of the United States and  Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Popular Philippine Herbal Teas. Entitled, A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of selected Philippine herbal teas. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Tea ranks as the second most consumed beverage worldwide, surpassed only by water. With an annual production of approximately 2.5 million metric tons of dried tea, its popularity has surged in recent years, largely due to its recognized health benefits, particularly as a rich source of potent antioxidants. This study focused on evaluating the total phenolic content of seven commercial herbal tea samples from the Philippines using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Additionally, antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays, and the findings were correlated to the phenolic content. The results revealed that mango tea showed the highest phenolic content followed by pito-pito tea. In terms of antioxidant efficacy, the pito-pito tea showed the lowest IC50 value in the DPPH assay, while mango had the lowest IC50 value in the ABTS assay, followed closely by pito-pito. A correlation was found between the phenolic content and the antioxidant activities of the teas.

Read more : Fishing Gears and Their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems in Barpeta District, Assam | InformativeBD

Introduction

Tea, one of the world’s most popular beverages, holds profound cultural and historical significance across various societies. With over 2 billion cups consumed daily, tea is produced in more than 60 countries, demonstrating its universal appeal. Traditionally, tea is made from the dried leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, celebrated for its numerous health benefits. Green tea, for instance, is known to boost the immune system and improve cardiovascular health, while black tea has been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes (Khan and Mukhtar, 2007). However, as awareness of the potential negative effects of caffeine has grown, many people have turned to herbal teas as a caffeine-free alternative that still offers a variety of health benefits.

Unlike traditional tea, herbal teas are not derived from the Camellia sinensis plant. Instead, they are made from a blend of ingredients known as tisanes, which include leaves, bark, nuts, fruits, and other botanical elements. These herbal blends are prized not only for their flavor but also for their medicinal properties. Often crafted with specific health outcomes in mind, herbal teas can help boost the immune system, provide antioxidants, or promote relaxation (Serafini et al., 2011). For example, chamomile tea is well-regarded for its calming effects, while peppermint tea is commonly used to alleviate headaches and improve digestion (McKay and Blumberg, 2006).

The global rise in the popularity of herbal teas has coincided with a growing interest in natural antioxidants, which play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s balance by neutralizing harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) linked to degenerative diseases (Bocci and Valacchi, 2013). Recent studies have highlighted a preference for natural antioxidants like those found in herbal teas over synthetic ones as these have been associated with toxicity and carcinogenicity (Pokorny, 2007). This trend underscores the increasing demand for healthier, plant-based alternatives in both dietary and medicinal contexts. 

In the Philippines, a country rich in biodiversity, herbal plants have long played a vital role in traditional medicine and are deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of the nation. Although many of these plants are not indigenous to the region, they have been used for centuries for their medicinal properties, contributing to a rich historical legacy. Philippine herbal teas, such as those made from guava, mango, guyabano, pito-pito, malunggay, and ampalaya, have gained popularity for both their health benefits and cultural significance. These teas are typically prepared by brewing or boiling plant materials in water, and are often enhanced with sweeteners or spices to improve their flavor. A growing body of literature emphasizes the importance of understanding the benefits of various Philippine herbal products to ensure their safe and effective use (Maramba-Lazarte, 2020), particularly in light of ongoing research into remedies for diseases like COVID19, diabetes, and hypertension.

This study focuses on six popular Philippine-based herbal teas, examining their potential health benefits by analyzing their polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how these locally sourced herbal teas contribute to health and well-being, aligning with the global trend of turning to natural, plant-based remedies for maintaining health and preventing disease.

Reference

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Luo Y, Peng B, Wei W, Tian X, Wu Z. 2019. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of polysaccharides from guava leaves. Molecules 24, 1343. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071343.

Maramba-Lazarte CC. 2020. Benefits of mainstreaming herbal medicine in the Philippine healthcare system. Acta Medica Philippina 54(1). DOI: 10.47895/amp.v54i1.1078.

McKay DL, Blumberg JB. 2006. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research 20(7), 519-530. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1900.

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Source : A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of selected Philippine herbal teas

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Fishing Gears and Their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems in Barpeta District, Assam | InformativeBD

Chiranjit Baruah, from the institute of India. Runu Swargiary, from the institute of India. Hangsha Barman, from the institute of India. Himanga Das, from the institute of India . and Khan Mahammad Khalid, from the institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Fishing Gears and Their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems in Barpeta District, Assam. Entitled, Fishing gears, catch composition and their effects on aquatic bodies of Barpeta District, Assam, India. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Different types of fishing gears used in some localities of Barpeta district, Assam, India were studied. The various fish species caught by the gears and the effects of the gears on habitats of fishes were also studied. It was found that twenty different fishing gears were used by the fishermen of the study area. Among the active gears, there were 3 types of nets, 3 active traps, 3 impaling gears (spears and spikes) and 2 types of hooks and lines. The passive gears included 3 types of gill nets and 2 types of lift nets; 3 types of bamboo traps and 1 barrier. The fishing gears of the study area excluding the surrounding nets and gill nets do not seem to have any detrimental effects on the habitats of fishes or other aquatic organisms.

Read more : Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize at Gazetted and UngazettedEntry Points in Kenya | InformativeBD

Introduction

Human food and nutrition is greatly dependent on fisheries and aquaculture, which is also the fastest growing food production industry in the world (Elvarasan, 2018). Inland fishery has a great contribution towards individuals, society and environment. It contributes over 40% of the total world’s finfish production, providing food for millions of people worldwide (Lynch et al., 2016).

It is seen that freshwater habitats of fish are facing adverse effects of erfishing, destruction and pollution (Yin et al., 2022). In addition, use of destructive fishing gears indiscriminate fishing of juvenile and brood fishes during breeding season also pose a threat to fish diversity (Malakar and Boruah, 2017; Sayeed et al. 2014). Fishing gears like small mesh gill nets and seine nets are destructive to brood fishes, juveniles, fries and fingerlings may lead to loss of fish population. Indiscriminate capture of wild fish populations also has harmful effects on fish biodiversity. The dragging effect of fishing nets also destroys the river bed (Laxmappa and Bakshi, 2014; Kokate et al., 2016; Mia et al., 2017). Reduction of DO due to decomposition of crops due to flood, turbidity, erosion, progressive siltation, destruction of breeding, nursery, grazing fields are some of the natural causes of decline of fish population (Mia et al., 2017). Anthropogenic activities like changing land use practices, increasing population, agricultural expansion and pollution are also increasingly affecting river basins and riverine ecosystems (Mohite and Samant, 2013). It was found that abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gears may contribute significantly to the plastic pollution of Rivers (Nelms et al., 2021).

Various methods are used by people to catch and aggregate fishes (Sharma et al., 2015). There are many fishing gears which are used in Assam (Pravin et al., 2011; Islam et al., 2013; Baruah, 2014; Purkayastha and Gupta, 2014; Sharma et al., 2017; Jabeen and Soren, 2021; Basumatary and Khangembam, 2023; Borah, et al., 2023). The study was conducted in Barpeta district of Assam, India. Barpeta district has many fishery resources including natural and culture ponds, beels (lakes), rivers and also many swamps and marshy areas. The fishery sector plays a major role in the local economy of the region (Rajbongshi et al., 2016).

Fishermen use different gears and methods depending on species and environmental and ground conditions. The fishing gears also differ in structure, materials used for construction, capture process and methods of operation. Fishing gears may also have some detrimental effects on the habitats of fishes (Boopendranath, 2009). The present study was done to know the various types of fishing gears used by the fishermen, their local names and the composition of catch and the effects of fishing gears on aquatic water bodies of the study area.

Reference

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Laxmappa B, Bakshi RR. 2014. Types of fishing gears operating and their impact on Krishna river fishery in Mahabubnagar district, T.S. India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2(1), 30-41.

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Pravin P, Meenakumari B, Baiju M, Barman J, Baruah D, Kakati B. 2011. Fish trapping devices and methods in Assam – A review. Indian Journal of Fisheries 58(2), 127-135.

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Rajbongshi MK, Das J, Dutta RK. 2016. Water quality assessment of capture and culture fishery in Barpeta District, Assam, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4(5), 516-520.

Sayeed MA, Hashem S, Salam MA, Hossain MAR, Wahab MA. 2014. Efficiency of fishing gears and their effects on fish biodiversity and production in the Chalan Beel of Bangladesh. European Scientific Journal 10(30), 294-309.

Sharma B, Rout J, Swain SK. 2017. Traditional fishing gadgets used by fishermen of Barak Valley, Southern Assam, North East India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 5(5), 1555-1560.

Sharma P, Sarma J, Sarma D, Ahmed S, Phukan B, Baishya S, Kashyap D, Dutta MP, Deka P, Hussain IA. 2015. An indigenous fish aggregating method practiced along the Kolong River in Nagaon District of Assam. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 1(1), 112-117.

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Source : Fishing gears, catch composition and their effects on aquatic bodies of Barpeta District, Assam,India 

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Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize at Gazetted and Ungazetted Entry Points in Kenya | InformativeBD

Joseph Oduor Odongo, from the institute of Kenya. Paul O. Angi’enda, from the institute of Kenya. Bramwel Wanjala, from the institute of Kenya. Catherine Taracha, from the institute of Kenya. and David M. Onyango, from the institute of Kenya. wrote a Research Article about, Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize at Gazetted and Ungazetted Entry Points in Kenya. Entitled, Molecular characterisation of Aspergillus flavus on imported maize through gazetted and ungazetted points of Entries in Kenya. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Maize is a vital staple crop in Kenya, serving as a primary source of food and feed. Contamination of maize (Zea mays) by Aspergillus flavus  and the subsequent production of aflatoxins pose significant threats to food safety and human health. The risk of A. flavus contamination on imported maize at both gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry has not been extensively studied. The primary objective of this study was to examine the genotypic, phenotypic, and aflatoxigenic traits of A. flavus biovars derived from imported maize at Gazetted and Un-gazetted Points of Entries in Kenya. Furthermore, the study sought to establish the phylogenetic relationships among the identified A. flavus strains. A total of 600 imported maize samples were tested for aflatoxin contamination using the Total aflatoxin ELISA test. Out of 600 samples, 4.17% tested positive and were further subjected to morphological and molecular studies.  The morphological analysis revealed the presence of 13 biovars of A. flavus. Micro-morphologically, variations were observed in spore color, size, structure, conidiophore structure, and vesicle shape. The specific primers Calmodulin (CaM), the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA was successfully amplified in 10 out of the 13 biovars that were presumed to be A. flavus, confirming their positive identification as A. flavus. A single band of approximately 700 bp, which corresponds to the expected size of the ITS region in Aspergillus flavus, was observed in 10 out of the 13 biovars. This indicates the presence of A. flavus DNA in those biovars. The amplification of the ITS region provides a specific molecular marker for the identification of A. flavus. These findings highlight the significance of aflQ (ordA) and aflD (nor-1) genes as reliable markers for evaluating the aflatoxigenic potential of A. flavus biovars. Regarding aflatoxigenicity, DV-AM   method was used, and qualitative analysis was conducted. Out of the 13 biovars of A. flavus biovars tested, 23.08% exhibited aflatoxigenicity, while the remaining 10 biovars did not show any aflatoxigenicity. These findings indicate the presence of both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus among the imported maize samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Taxon 31 (AY495945.1 Aspergillus flavus biovar 92016f aflR-aflJ intergenic region partial sequence) and Taxon 32 (NR 111041.1 Aspergillus flavus ATCC 16883 ITS region from TYPE material). This genotypic and phenotypic characterization provides valuable information for understanding the diversity and potential toxigenicity of A. flavus strains on imported maize. This study contributes to the understanding of the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. flavus on imported maize in Kenya.

Read more : Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens in Infected Shing Fish (Heteropneustesfossilis) from Freshwater Ponds in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Introduction

Maize plays a central role in the food security and livelihoods of Kenyan populations. It serves as a staple food crop for a significant portion of the population, contributing to both dietary needs and income generation. Moreover, maize is an essential component of livestock feed, supporting the growth of the domestic livestock industry. In sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, maize is ranked third in importance among cereal crops, following rice and wheat (Shiferaw et al., 2011). The cultivation and trade of maize have a considerable impact on regional economies and food systems. Maize (Zea mays) is often contaminated by Aspergillus fungal species during pre- and post-harvest practices, storage, and transportation. Studies by Horn (2007) showed that Aspergillus species are commonly found in the soil, which acts as a source of primary inoculum for infecting developing maize kernels during the growing season. Aspergillus flavus is distributed globally with a high frequency of occurrence in warm climates which favor the growth of the fungus (Cotty et al., 1994).

Understanding the population structure and genetic diversity of A. flavus is crucial for diversification of effective management strategies. Different strains of A. flavus may have varying levels of aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, which can influence the severity of contamination in maize (Abbas et al., 2013). Additionally, certain strains may exhibit resistance or susceptibility to control measures, such as biological control agents or fungicides. Therefore, identifying specific strains or groups within the A. flavus population can aid in the selection of appropriate control strategies to minimize aflatoxin contamination. Moreover, the genetic diversity of A. flavus may also have implications for host-pathogen interactions and disease development. Different strains may exhibit variations in their ability to infect maize kernels, colonize host tissues, and compete with other microorganisms in the maize ecosystem (Atehnkeng et al., 2014). Understanding these interactions can help in the development of resistant maize varieties and cultural practices that can limit fungal growth and subsequent aflatoxin production. The population structure and genetic diversity of A. flavus strains isolated from maize play a significant role in aflatoxin contamination and disease development. The existence of multiple strains within the A. flavus population highlights the need for comprehensive investigations to characterize their phenotypic and genotypic traits. Such studies will provide insights into the factors influencing aflatoxin production, the design of effective control strategies, and the development of resistant maize varieties to minimize the health and economic risks associated with aflatoxin contamination. Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus flavus, are of great concern due to their ability to produce aflatoxins, potent carcinogens and toxins that contaminate various agricultural commodities, including maize. The accurate identification and characterization of Aspergillus species is crucial for assessing their potential to produce aflatoxins and understanding their impact on food safety.

Gene sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for the accurate identification and classification of Aspergillus species. In recent years, numerous studies have utilized gene sequencing data to characterize Aspergillus biovars from different sources. By comparing the genetic sequences of specific genes, such as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, researchers can determine the species and genetic diversity within a population. In addition to genetic characterization, a polyphasic approach is commonly employed to identify and characterize Aspergillus biovars. This approach combines morphological and molecular analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biovars. Morphological characteristics, such as colony color, texture, spore color, size and structure, conidiophore structure and vesicle shape are observed and recorded. These characteristics help in differentiating between various Aspergillus species and subgroups. Furthermore, molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of specific genetic markers, allow for a more precise identification of aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus biovars. These methods target genes associated with aflatoxin production, such as the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster genes, to determine the potential of a biovar to produce aflatoxins. The combination of gene sequencing and polyphasic approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure, and aflatoxinproducing potential of Aspergillus species, particularly A. flavus. This information is essential for risk assessment, development of effective control strategies, and ensuring the safety and quality of imported maize and other agricultural commodities.

This study contributed to the understanding of the population dynamics and potential risks associated with A. flavus in imported maize. Given the prominence of maize in Kenya, research efforts focusing on this crop are crucial. The genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize assumes particular significance in the Kenyan context. A thorough understanding of the genetic diversity and potential for mycotoxin production in A. flavus populations is essential for developing effective control strategies and mitigating the health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination. Gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry play a crucial role in facilitating the importation of maize. However, the risk of A. flavus contamination in imported maize has not been thoroughly investigated, warranting a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic characterization of this fungus. Understanding the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. flavus on imported maize is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it allows for the identification of specific genetic traits and phenotypic features associated with higher aflatoxin production, thus enabling the development of targeted control strategies. Secondly, it provides insights into the diversity of A. flavus biovars present in imported maize and their potential for aflatoxin contamination. This knowledge can contribute to risk assessment and management strategies aimed at preventing or minimizing aflatoxin contamination in the domestic maize supply chain.

Genotypic characterization involves studying the genetic makeup of A. flavus biovars to determine their relatedness, genetic diversity, and potential for toxin production. Several molecular techniques have been used for genotyping A. flavus, including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (Abdallah et al., 2018). These methods have provided valuable insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of A. flavus, highlighting the presence of distinct genotypes in different geographic regions (Klich et al., 2015). Phenotypic characterization involves studying the observable traits and behaviors of A. flavus, such as growth patterns, conidiation, and mycotoxin production. Phenotypic characterization is essential for understanding the pathogenicity and virulence of A. flavus strains on imported maize. Researchers have observed variations in colony morphology, growth rate, and sporulation among different A. flavus biovars (Calvo et al., 2016). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the production of mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins, by certain A. flavus strains (Chang et al., 2019). Phenotypic characterization provides valuable information for risk assessment and identifying high-risk A. flavus biovars in imported maize. The genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize plays a crucial role in assessing the potential health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination. By combining genotypic and phenotypic data, researchers can identify highly toxigenic A. flavus strains and evaluate their prevalence in imported maize.

This information is essential for implementing targeted control measures, such as crop management strategies, post-harvest interventions, and storage practices, to minimize mycotoxin contamination and ensure food safety (Li et al., 2020). Investigating A. flavus on imported maize specifically at gazetted and ungazetted points of entry in Kenya is crucial. Gazetted points of entry are official border checkpoints designated for the importation of agricultural products, while un-gazetted points of entry refer to informal channels through which goods, including maize, are smuggled into the country. Analyzing both types of entry points can provide a comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with A. flavus contamination in imported maize, as well as the efficacy of control measures implemented at official checkpoints. In this study, we aim to conduct a detailed genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize at both gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry in Kenya. We will analyze the genetic diversity, aflatoxin production capability, and other phenotypic traits of A. flavus biovars obtained from imported maize samples. By doing so, we hope to gain insights into the potential sources and pathways of A. flavus contamination in imported maize and develop targeted strategies to ensure the safety and quality of imported maize in Kenya.

Reference

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Source : Molecular characterisation of Aspergillus flavus on imported maize through gazetted and ungazetted points of Entries in Kenya 

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Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens in Infected Shing Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Freshwater Ponds in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Mohammad Zakerin Abedin, from the institute of Bangladesh. Rubait Hasan, from the institute of Bangladesh. Md. Sadiqur Rahman, from the institute of Bangladesh. Laila Jarin, from the institute of Bangladesh. Rasheda Yasmin Shilpi, from the institute of Bangladesh . Rokibul Islam, from the institute of Bangladesh. and Md. Ataur Rahman, from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research Article about,  Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens in Infected Shing Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Freshwater Ponds in Bangladesh. entitled, Detachment, distinguishing proof of bacterial pathogens from infected Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) cultured in freshwater ponds in Bangladesh. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine (IJBB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biomolecules. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Among the local fishes, Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) is one of the most demandable, popular and highly valuable fish in Bangladesh. A total of 84 clinically infected shing fishes were directly collected by a cultivator from their own ponds between April 2019 and December 2019. In total, eighty four fish-based ponds, 58(69.1%) were in Mymensingh region and the rest 26(30.9%) were in Netrakona districts in Bangladesh. Out of 84 infected fish samples, 74(88.1%) were infected with pathogenic bacteria and 10(11.9%) were with normal flora. A total of 74 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated and among the isolates Aeromonas spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus spp, Citobacter spp, and Vibrio spp, appeared to be the main pathogen in the diseased fishes. Among the isolated species of bacteria distribution of the largest pathogens Aeromonas species was 38 (51.4%), and second the largest Pseudomonas spp was 15(20.3%). The rest of isolates were distributed as Staphylococcus spp 7(9.4%), Citobacter spp 4(5.4%), Vibrio spp 3(4.1%) and only 7(9.4%) others namely Bacillus spp, Edwardsiella spp, Enterococcus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Klebsiella spp in infected H. fossilis. The cultivation of shing (H. fossilis) fishes is dramatically increased all over the country. However, bacterial diseases may influence to decrease the production in ponds water. In this work, bacterial pathogens were sensitive against Ciprofloxacin (77%), Cotrimoxazole (97.3%), and Enorfloxacin (97.8%). All the strains showed resistant to 74/74(100%) Amoxicillin, and 63/74(85.1) erythromycin. The intermediate sensitive against Colistin was 35.1% and Doxycycline was 22.9% respectively. 

Read more : Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium |InformativeBD

Introduction

Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is an indigenous air-breeding catfishes of South-East-Asia which is locally named as Shing in various parts of Bangladesh. Shing (H. fossilis) is extremely wellknown and exceptionally important fish species in Bangladesh. In viewpoints, it isn't just perceived for its delightful taste and market esteem but at the same time is profoundly respected for being restorative and healthful. Due to high demand and market price, it is cultured in farms with high stocking density. Despite the fact that Shing (H. fossilis) culture has incredible potential in Bangladesh, different illnesses of Shing causes genuine financial misfortunes in view of their high mortality under cultivating conditions. Generally, different species of cultivated and freshwater fishes are infected by Aeromonas spp in Bangladesh (Sarker et al., 2000). Moreover, Rashid et al. (2008) distinguished A. hydrophila from epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) influenced shing (H. fossilis). Once upon a time, shing was bounteously accessible in the vast water of Bangladesh, yet by and by, it is undermined due to abuse and different environmental changes in its regular natural surroundings. Despite the fact that, new approach of fry and fingerlings of shing fishes has been developed in recent years, but obscure diseases of shing (H. fossilis) cause great economic losses because of their high mortality rate. In any case, the production of H. fossilis is identified with their aquaculture credits which incorporate capacity to withstand taking care of pressure, ailment opposition, high development rate, fruitfulness and attractiveness (Anyanwu et al., 2014).

Microscopic organism associated to produce infections in fish species have been accounted in various locale of Bangladesh and the revealed microbes were Aeromonas hydrophila (Ahamad et al., 2013), Flavobacterium columnare in columnaris infection (Declercq et al., 2003), Edwardsiella spp in edwardsiellosis (Mohanty and Sahoo, 2007), Aeromonas salmonicida in run of the mill furunculosis and Psudomonas species (Austin, 2011). The dangerous microbes such as Pseudomonas species, Aeromonas species, Staphylococcus species, Flavobacterium species, Citobacter species Edwardsiella species, and Vibrio species that live in every pond causing perilous, bacterial disease, for example, ulcer, blade decay and tail spoil of fishes. In Bangladesh, there is minimal accessible literature about bacterial infected shing fishes and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the isolates that have not been accounted for to gather enough information on pond cultured shing fish diseases. Therefore, the current study was embraced to isolate and identify bacteria from the infected pond cultured shing (H. fossilis) and observe their antibiotic affectability against various anti-infection agents.

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Source : Detachment,distinguishing proof of bacterial pathogens from infected Shing (Heteropneustesfossilis) cultured in freshwater ponds in Bangladesh 

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