Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in Southern Benin | InformativeBD

Azonwakin Rodrigue Akotegnon, Euloge Oscar Manhognon Faton,  Fatoumata Bah, Kenneth Zougou, Eudoxie Sidoine Kai Assou,  Clémentine Michodjehoun, Steven Chokki, Assirius Kotomale, and Alphonse Sezan, from the different institute of Benin. wrote a Reseach Article about, Growth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in Southern BeninGrowth Performance of Rabbits Fed with Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in Southern Benin. Entitled, Effects of Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves on the growth performance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in southern Benin. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Our study aims to analyze the effect of adding Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves to the diet of rabbits on their zootechnical parameters. This study was conducted on 16 weaned rabbits aged 8 weeks, divided into four groups and fed different diets, including either commercial feed alone or commercial feed supplemented with Ipomoea aquatica or Leucaena leucocephala leaves. We measured growth parameters, feed utilization, and carcass characteristics. The results showed that the addition of Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves significantly improved (p<0.001) the rabbits’ growth rate. The group fed with commercial feed and Ipomoea aquatica leaves exhibited the best feed conversion ratio. Although the diets showed significant differences, there was no significant difference in carcass yield, even though the group receiving commercial feed with Ipomoea aquatica leaves had a higher yield. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that adding Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves to rabbit diets can enhance their zootechnical performance. 

Read more : Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract | InformativeBD

Introduction

Proteins are essential for growth, reproduction, immunity, as well as the maintenance and development of bones in humans. They play a key role in the overall functioning of the body (Elmadfa and Meyer, 2017; Wu, 2016). The rabbit farming industry is an important sector for the economies, both rural and urban, of many countries (Oseni and Lukefahr, 2014). It provides high-quality animal proteins to a growing population and contributes to improving the livelihoods of local producers (Lebas et al., 1997). However, feed costs represent a significant portion of the total production costs for rabbits, posing a major challenge for breeders (Gidenne et al., 2010).

In this context, several studies have explored the incorporation of low-cost, nutrient-rich plant byproducts into animal feed. Among them, the leaves of Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala have been successfully used in the feeding of various animal species, such as poultry, ruminants, and pigs (Pascual et al., 2003; Koné et al., 2020). Research by Defang et al. (2014) showed that incorporating 20% Leucaena leucocephala into the diet improves feed intake and digestibility in rabbits. 

To assess the potential effects of incorporating Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves into rabbit feed, a study was conducted under the title: "Effects of Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala Leaves on the Growth Performance of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Southern Benin." This research aims to evaluate the potential benefits for local producers, including reducing production costs, improving feed quality, and optimizing rabbit growth.

The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of incorporating Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves on the growth parameters of rabbits. More specifically, it involves analyzing the feed consumption associated with these leaves, as well as their effect on growth rate and meat production in rabbits fed these diets.

Reference

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Akpo Y, Kpodekon M, Djago Y, Youssao I. 2016. Effet de l’Ipomoea aquatica sur les performances de croissance des lapereaux et la qualité organoleptique de la viande de lapin. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 10(1), 367–375. http://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v10i1.29

Defang HF, Keambou TC, Manjeli Y, Teguia A, Pamo TE. 2014. Influence de la farine des feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala sur les performances de croissance des lapereaux. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(4), 1430–1437. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i4.11

Defang HF, Keambou TC, Manjeli Y, Teguia A, Pamo TE. 2014. Influence de la farine des feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala sur les performances de croissance des lapereaux. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(4), 1430–1437. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i4.21

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Fomunyam RT, Kana JR. 2016. Performance des lapins nourris avec des rations contenant des niveaux croissants de feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Applied Animal Research 44(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1031778

Gidenne T, Lebas F, Fortun-Lamothe L. 2010. Feeding behaviour of rabbits. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-692-0

Koné M, Kpodekon M, Mensah GA. 2020. Effet de l’incorporation des feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala et d’Ipomoea aquatica sur les performances zootechniques des lapins au Bénin. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010001

Konmy G, Kpodekon M, Mensah GA. 2020. Effet de l’incorporation des feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala et d’Ipomoea aquatica sur les performances zootechniques des lapins au Bénin. Journal of Animal Science Research 12(3), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1234/jasr.v12i3.5678

Kouassi P, N’Dri Y. 2019. Impact de l’utilisation de Leucaena leucocephala dans l’alimentation des monogastriques en zone tropicale. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 30(2), 4783–4792. https://doi.org/10.35759/JAPS.2019.30.2.10

Lebas F, Coudert P, de Rochambeau H, Thébault RG. 1997. The rabbit: Husbandry, health and production. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5874-1

Nguemfo EL, Teguia A. 2015. Utilisation des feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala comme source de protéines dans l’alimentation des lapins en zone tropicale humide. Tropicultura 33(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.25518/2295-8010.1001

Ognika G, Kouadio JH. 2021. Étude comparative de l’utilisation de différentes sources protéiques végétales dans l’alimentation des lapins au Congo. African Journal of Agricultural Research 16(5), 789–798. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2021.12345

Oseni SO, Lukefahr SD. 2014. Rabbit production in low-input systems in Africa: Situation, knowledge and perspectives – A review. World Rabbit Science 22(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2014.1348

Pascual JJ, Cervera C, Blas E. 2003. Recent advances in rabbit nutrition: Emphasis on alternative feeds. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936693.0000

Seng M, Ven S. 2023. Supplementation of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) on the utilization of Mimosa pigra and Leucaena leucocephala leaf for in vitro fermentation. Veterinary World 16(1), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.215-221 

Soulemane M, Adama T. 2018. Valeur nutritionnelle des feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala et d’Ipomoea aquatica dans l’alimentation des ruminants. Revue Africaine de Nutrition Animale 7(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.4314/rana.v7i2.9

Tchoumboue J, Boukila B. 2017. Effets de l’incorporation de différentes proportions de feuilles de Leucaena leucocephala dans la ration des lapins en croissance. Livestock Research for Rural Development 29(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrrd.2017.09.176

Wu G. 2016. Dietary protein intake and human health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.71

Xochipelli T. 2021. Composition chimique et valeur nutritive de différentes plantes fourragères tropicales. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 15(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.4038/jta.v15i1.9012

Source : Effects of Ipomoea aquatica and Leucaena leucocephala leaves on the growth performance of rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus) in southern Benin 

 

 

 

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Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract | InformativeBD

Shahin Aziz, Md. Morshed Alam, and Sharika Farhana, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Reseach Article about, Phytochemical and Spectroscopic Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme Leaf Extract. Entitled, Ethanolic Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract: UV, FTIR spectroscopy and phytochemical screening. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

One significant medicinal herb is Clerodendrum inerme. The plant is referred to locally as “bonjol” in Bangladesh. The current study examines the ethanolic seed extract of this plant using UV and FT-IR spectroscopy as well as phytochemical screening. The plant has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant qualities.  A group of phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids glycosides, phytosterols, etc. are all present in the extract according to phytochemical screening. Carbonyl group (ketone), α,β unsaturated amides,  lactams, sulfur compounds, nitro compounds, flavones, fistins, quercetins,  Sodium Salts of Quercetin 5′ Sulfonic Acid, myricetins, chalcones,  flavonoids (anthocyanin type) are  detected by UV and Fourier Transform and  Infra-Red  spectroscopy of the plant’s ethanolic leaf extract. The bioactive compounds mentioned above primarily contribute to the plant’s therapeutic properties.

Read more : Physico-Chemical Assessment of Gambhiri River in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Bangladesh, Clerodendrum inerme (C. inerme) is referred to locally as "bonjol." This plant is a member of the Verbenaceae family. The C. inerme tree is a hardy, straggling shrub that grows to a height of 3–4 meters. It is an evergreen mangrove plant with closely spaced, nearly spherical, glossy, deep green leaves. It is a multipurpose plant that may be cultivated as a bonsai or as topiary. The plants typically grow in warm climates like Bangladesh, Malaysia, Vietnam, China, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines (Brickell et al., 1997). Numerous indigenous medical systems and folk remedies have mentioned C. inerme (Neeta et al., 2007). In addition to homeopathy and electropathy, the plant's therapeutic properties have been documented and are used by herbalists, traditional healers, and members of Bangladeshi medical systems, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. These plants have a significant impact on the nation's population's health (Somasundram et al., 1986). Because C. inerme loves the sun, it should be placed in a sunny area. The plant has significant therapeutic potential in many parts. This plant's leaves and roots are used to treat skin conditions and rheumatism (Kothari et al., 2006). Ayurvedic medicine uses several portions of the C. inerme plant to treat tumors, beri-beri, veneral infections, rheumatism, and skin conditions. The leaf juice is administered orally to treat tetanus, which is characterized by leg rigidity and muscle soreness. Additionally, rheumatism and skin conditions are treated using the leaves and roots (Manoharan et al., 2006). Cattle with rhematic discomfort and arthritis are given a fine paste produced from the extract of pounded leaves with pepper asafeotida (Kaushik et al., 1999). To treat fever, a leaf is mashed in water and its juice is consumed orally (Harish et al., 2011). For disorders that are susceptible, the roots are recommended. The free sugars are extracted from the dried flowers (Krishnan Marg, 2001). In dogs, its extracts have hypotensive effects. In mice, the methanolic extract of C. inerme leaf extracts exhibited antispasmodic properties (Neeta et al., 2007). 

According to reports, its leaves are active in the cardiovascular system and have been demonstrated to have antibacterial properties. They also suppress intestinal motility and increase uterine motility in rats. Neolignans, sterols, diterpenes, iridoids, flavonoids, and triterpenes are the plant's primary constituents (Richa et al., 2005); (Heneczkowski et al., 2001). Tested on female rats and rabbits, organic extracts of C. inerme demonstrated substantial uterine stimulant activity as well as strong antihemolytic activity in human adults (0.02-2.0 mg/mL) with phospholipase inhibition (0.05-1.5 mg/mL) (Somasundram et al., 1986). By altering calcium transport in isolated rat liver inflammation, flavonoid glycosides of C. inerme demonstrated a decrease in inflammation. Experiment's outcomes were similar to those of the positive control, indomethacine (Kalyanasundaram et al., 1985). Because C. inerme contains a bitter component, reports of its antimalarial properties have been made. Additionally, at 80 and 100 ppm concentrations of petroleum ether and ether extracts, C. inerme reduced the growth of Ades aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex pipiens larvae (Masuda et al., 1999); (Mehedi et al., 1997). Numerous indigenous medical systems have utilized it as an antioxidant drug (Sharma et al., 1979). With an ED50 value of 16 µg/mL, dried, aerial portions of C. inerme demonstrated strong antiviral activity against the Hepatitis B virus (George et al., 1949). Antifungal activity against a range of fungal species, including Microsporum gypseum, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichothecium roseum, was demonstrated by essential oil extracted from the plant's leaves (Rajasekaran et al., 2006). Additionally, alcoholic extracts of C. inerme's leaves and flowers shown antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Manoharan et al., 2006). According to certain researchers, C. inerme's ethyl acetate extract has antibacterial properties against human infections. Other biological activities, like an antihaemolytic action, have been documented for it (Shanmugam et al., 2008). It has been demonstrated that the plant's leaf extract possesses insecticidal qualities against mosquitoes. Numerous plant-based solvent extracts have been studied for their ability to repel mosquitoes. Investigating the dry powder of leaf material as a source of insecticidal qualities against mosquito larvae was therefore deemed fruitful. 

The impact of powdered sun-dried C. inerme leaves on A. aegypti larvae in their fourth instar (Richa et al., 2005). Indian traditional healers utilize it to treat a number of illnesses, including cancer. It modulates antioxidant defense pathways and lipid peroxidation to achieve its chemopreventive effect (Harwood et al., 2005). 500 mg/kg body weight of C. inerme's aqueous leaf extract taken orally dramatically reduced the development of tumors and histopathological abnormalities. During DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis, oral administration of C. inerme preserved the levels of red blood cell osmotic fragility, cell surface glycol conjugates, blood and tissue lipids, and membranebound enzyme activity (Rajasekaran et al., 2006; Bohm, 1998; Caius, 1986).

Numerous phytoconstituents have been identified from different plant sections. 3-Epicaryoptin, which was extracted from the leaves, inhibits the growth of houseflies and mosquitoes and has antifeedant properties. The hexane extract of C. inerme's aerial parts included three novel neoclerodane diterpenoids: inermes A, inermes B, and 14,15-dihydro-15b-methoxy-3-epicaryoptin.

It has also been possible to isolate 14, 15-Dihydro15-hydroxy-3-epicaryoptin as an epimeric combination (Cooke, 1958).

In order to learn more about the functional groups found in the different secondary metabolites of this significant medicinal plant, the current study aimed to analyze the ethanolic extract of C. inerme leaf using UV and FT-IR in conjunction with phytochemical screening. This will help others understand why this plant's leaves are used medicinally (Fig. 1).

Reference

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Cooke T. 1958. Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta 1, 1–120. https://doi.org/10.5962

Durry CH. 2010. Ayurvedic useful plants of India. 2nd ed. Asiatic Publishing House, Delhi, 184.

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George M, Pandalai KM. 1949. Investigations on plant antibiotics, Part IV. Further search for antibiotic substances in Indian medicinal plants. Indian Journal of Medical Research 37, 169–181.

Gupta SP, Siddhant S, Gopal G. 2010. Clerodendron inerme: An update of its indigenous uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 8(1), 203–212.

Harish SR, Murugan K. 2011. Biochemical & genetic variation in the mangrove associate Clerodendron inerme (L.) Gaertn. under different habitats of Kerala. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 2(4), 553–561.

Harwood LM, Moody CJ. 1989. Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and practice. Wiley-Blackwell, 122–125. ISBN: 0-632-02017-2.

Heneczkowski M, Kopacz M, Nowak D, Kuzniar A. 2001. Infrared spectrum analysis of some flavonoids. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica – Drug Research 58(6), 415–420.

Kaushik P, Dhiman AK. 1999. Medicinal plant and raw drugs of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Publication, Dehra Dun, 126–127.

Kothari A, Harish P, Shrivastava N. 2006. Ex situ conservation method for Clerodendrum inerme: A medicinal plant of India. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(5), 415–418. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB05.319

Krishnan Marg KS. 2001. The wealth of India. National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi 2, 67–68.

Manoharan S, Kavitha K, Senthil N, Renju GL. 2006. Evaluation of anticarcinogenic effects of Clerodendron inerme. Singapore Medical Journal 47(12), 1038–1043.

Masuda T, Yonemori S, Oyama Y, Takeda Y, Tanaka T, Andoh T, Shinohara A, Nakata M. 1999. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of environmental plants: Activity of the leaf extracts from seashore plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 1749–1754. DOI: 10.1021/JF980864S

Mehdi H, Tan GT, Pezzuto JM, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR, El Feraly FS. 1997. Cell culture assay system for the evaluation of natural product-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus activity. Phytomedicine 3, 369–377. DOI: 10.1016/S0944-7113(97)80011-6

Neeta S, Tejas P. 2007. Clerodendrum and healthcare: An overview. Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(1), 142–150. http://internationaljournalofresearch.org

Rajasekaran A, Ponnusamy K. 2006. Antifungal activity of Clerodendrum inerme (L). Turkish Journal of Biology 30, 139–142. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235706085

Richa P, Ram KV, Gupta MM. 2005. Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 66, 643–648. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.11.007

Saraswathi MN, Karthikeyan M, Kannan M, Rajasekar S. 2012. Terminalia belerica Roxb – A phytopharmacological review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences 3(1), 96–99. http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/68054

Shahin A, Koushik S, Nasim S, Shamim A, Abdullah AM. 2014. Phytochemical and elemental screening on leaves and flowers of Catharanthus roseus: An important medicinal plant in Bangladesh. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 12(4), 1328–1336.

Shanmugam M, Kannan K, Subramanian B, Kashinathan R. 2008. Clerodendron inerme protects cellular integrity during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5(2), 213–222. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v5i2.31276

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Source : Ethanolic Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract: UV, FTIR spectroscopy and phytochemical screening 

 

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Physico-Chemical Assessment of Gambhiri River in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan | InformativeBD

Suresh Kumar, Bharati Veerwal,  Anita Kumari, Himanshu Garwa, and Poonam Sherry, from the different institute of India. wrote a Reseach Article about, Physico-Chemical Assessment of Gambhiri River in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Entitled, Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of Gambhiri River in Chittorgarh City of Rajasthan. This research paper published by the Journalof Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Water is vital to life and the environment but over the past few decades, it has been getting worse and worse due to pollution, climate change, and over-extraction. It’s really important to look at water quality when the main focus is on sustainable development and keeping humanity at the forefront. A study on the physico-chemical parameters of Gambhiri River, Chittorgarh city of Rajasthan was conducted from January 2022 to December 2022. Six sampling sites were selected and the physico-chemical parameters were determined using standard methods and procedures (IS: 3025; APHA: 4500, 1992). The results revealed that the mean of readings of six sites for various physicho-chemical parameters were, like for water temperature it was (27.10 °C), pH (7.70), Total Dissolved Solids (448.69 mg/l), Turbidity (8.69 NTU), Electric Conductivity (832.97µS/cm), Total Hardness (204.17mg/l), Chloride (92.43mg/l), Alkalinity (214.72mg/l), Nitrate (14.43mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (6.79mg/l), Biological Oxygen Demand (3.57mg/l), Phosphorus (0.09mg/l) and Sulphate (27.71mg/l). The overall result showed that site (S4), i.e., Keer Khera was a more polluted area and the minimum polluted river water area was recorded at the site (S1), i.e., reserve police line among all the studied sites.

Read more : Seasonal Variation in Mollusc Diversity in Bagoue Region, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Water is an essential component of life and thus responsible for the healthy survival of all living beings. Rivers are a key source of drinking water and irrigation. However, modern civilization, industrialization, urbanization, and population growth have significantly degraded the quality of surface water. This polluted surface water can negatively impact groundwater, and since water is a crucial part of our ecosystem, any disruption caused by contaminants can have harmful effects on the entire ecosystem (Chauhan et al., 2020).

Pollutants in the water can affect the quality of water and because of this; it can also affect the biological species and human health. Anthropogenic activities like discharges of domestic waste, polluted wastes from the sewage treatment plants, plastic materials, bottles, polythene, disposal of personal care products and household chemicals, improper disposal of car batteries, waste materials from construction activities, mining activities, and pilgrim activities make water polluted and lead to a worsening of the quality of water of the rivers (Heydari and Bidgoli, 2012).

The health of human beings is directly related to water availability and quality. The river basin has long been a major water source for various uses and provides fertile land, which is conducive to the growth of densely populated urban areas because of its favorable conditions (Mouri et al., 2011). In the last few decades, the growing population and the consequent increase in industrial activities have contributed in creating many environmental problems, mainly those related to the conservation of ground and surface water. Pure drinking water is currently accepted as a basic right of human beings. Water helps to improve the circulation of oxygen throughout the body. Insufficient water content in the human body results in severe dehydration, which is often accompanied by seizures, kidney failure, and swelling in the brain. The composition of water changes a lot due to residues. These waste materials produce harmful effects on organisms inhabiting and residing in these areas. This has also impact on the human body as studied by Tiburtius et al. (2004).

Freshwater ecosystems are inland water of the world, including lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. The study of freshwater ecosystems includes an examination of their physical and chemical composition, the plant, animal, and microbial populations that comprise them, and the relationship among these components (Tundisi and MatsumuraTundisi, 2003).

A systematic analysis of the relationship between water quality parameters helps to evaluate the water's overall quality, measure the relative concentration of different pollutants in the water, and provide the information needed to implement fast water quality management programs (Dash et al., 2006). Strict monitoring and observation of the water bodies provide important information for the management of the river basin. These quality checks of water can help conserve pure quality water for future generations and species.

The Gambhiri River water is utilized for agriculture, drinking, and other domestic purposes.

The quality of drinking water must be tested at regular intervals since the population can suffer from a range of waterborne illnesses as a result of the usage of polluted drinking water.

The existing basic information on the physicochemical characteristics of river water will be useful for further ecological assessment and river quality monitoring. In our study, we compared the physicochemical parameters of water with water quality standards to validate the current water quality condition of the Gambhiri river of Chittorgarh, Rajasthan.

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Source: Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of Gambhiri River in Chittorgarh City of Rajasthan   

 

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Seasonal Variation in Mollusc Diversity in Bagoue Region, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Kouadio Behegbin Habib Herbert, Aman Jean Baptiste, and Memel Jean Didié, from the different institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Reseach Article about, Seasonal Variation in Mollusc Diversity in Bagoue Region, Côte d’Ivoire. Entitled, Diversity of molluscs in the Bagoue region (Côte d’ivoire): Influence of seasons. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Côte d’Ivoire finds itself lacking in animal proteins despite the multiple efforts made to achieve food self-sufficiency for its population. Indeed, natural resources capable of guaranteeing food security are under pressure from humans (destruction of forests and wildlife and action of bush fires). Thus, our work was carried out in the Bagoué region in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. From January 2018 to December 2019 (2 years), we inventoried 7 species of mollusks divided into 5 families according to the two well-defined dry and rainy seasons. To carry out our work, the Bagoué region was divided into six zones. We demarcated quadrats of 200 m² in three villages chosen in each zone. To do this, we searched in the ground, the litter, on the leaves and tree trunks and then on the trees. The identification of molluscs was carried out using morphological criteria. Our study recorded 5089 ± 47.97 Achatina fulica (324 ± 9.13 in dry season and 4765 ± 38.84 in rainy season), 1794 ± 17.18 Laristes varicus (144 ± 1.02 in dry season and 1650 ± 15.97 in rainy season), 991 ± 22.45 Archachatina ventricosa (40 ± 2.2 in dry season and 951 ± 20.25 in rainy season), 968 ± 9.87 Limicolaria flammea (9 ± 0.99 in dry season and 959 ± 19.86 in rainy season), 444 ± 2.39 Gabbiella africana (432 ± 41.12 in dry season and 309 ± 38.21 in rainy season), 271 ± 1.44 Limacus flavus (12 ± 10.11 in dry season and 254 ± 23.28 in rainy season) and 187 ± 1.21 Mytilis edulis (36 ± 11.20 in dry season and 151 ± 21.02 in rainy season). At the end of our study, it appears that in the natural environment, the 7 species of molluscs collected vary according to the seasons. The populations of Bagoué, through their activities (bush fires, deforestation, slash-and-burn cultivation) have a considerable impact on the biotope. These activities could be a danger to the survival of molluscs. Thus, we suggest raising awareness among populations on environmental protection, strengthening measures for the protection and conservation of animal and plant species.

Read more : Assessing Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Levels in Drinking Water of San Francisco,Agusan del Su | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The degradation of natural ecosystems is accentuated by the aridity of the climate which has become a worrying phenomenon in humid tropical zones (Thiombiano, 2005). Despite this aridity, animal and plant species survive there. Ivory Coast, particularly in the Bagoué region in the north, in the savannah district, is at the heart of this daily degradation. For Achard et al. (2002) and Anonymous (2014), the Ivorian forest has experienced rapid degradation. It increased from 16.5 million hectares in 1960 to 4 million in 2000 and then to 2.97 million hectares in 2014. According to Brooks et al. (2002) this deforestation results in the degradation and loss of natural habitats. This is the main cause of the massive disappearance of species such as molluscs in these environments. The diversity and distribution of these molluscs are determined by environmental factors, namely air humidity, temperature, litter thickness, altitude, soil type (Bruggen, 1969; 1995; Peake, 1978; Tattersfield, 1990; Welter-Schultes, 2000), the type of habitat (Cameron et al., 2007; Memel et al., 2009; Oke and Chokor, 2009; Tattersfield et al., 2001) and the availability of food resources (Memel, 2009). Little work has been devoted to the ecology and diversity of molluscs in Côte d’Ivoire. The oldest work carried out took place at Mount Nimba in the west of Côte d’Ivoire. Forcart (1953) studied the Veronicidae. Gaillard (1954) worked on the genus Curvella. Binder (1963; 1976) and Van Mol (1970) worked on Urocyclidae. Lamotte and Roy (2003) also studied these mollusks. The most recent work was carried out by (Memel, 2009) on the Achatinidae family within the Banco National Park. In the Yapo classified forest, (Amani, 2018) worked on the biodiversity and ecology of Gastropod molluscs. At the National Floristic Center of Abidjan Cocody (N’dri, 2021) carried out work on the biodiversity and ecology of terrestrial gastropod molluscs. The choice of the Bagoué region is justified by the fact that it is subject to anthropogenic pressures such as the collection of snails by populations, bush fires, field work, trampling by livestock and the long dry season. In addition, this study can contribute, for vulnerable species such as Molluscs (Lydeard et al., 2004; Régnier et al., 2015), or Invertebrates in general (Cardoso et al., 2011), to their better taken into account in conservation strategies, particularly in the context of current issues linked to the massive erosion of biodiversity (Barnosky et al., 2011; Pimm et al., 2014). Knowledge of the mollusks of this region could strengthen its conservation.

The general objective of this work is to determine the diversity of molluscs in the said region. It will be specifically:

1. To study the physicochemical conditions of the Bagoué region;

2. Make a qualitative (specific diversity) and quantitative (abundance) inventory of molluscs

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Assessing Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Levels in Drinking Water of San Francisco, Agusan del Su | InformativeBD

Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña,  Romeo M. Del Rosario, and  Angelo Mark P. Walag, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Reseach Article about, Assessing Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Levels in Drinking Water of San Francisco, Agusan del Su. Entitled, Physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in the drinking water of San Francisco, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Concerned about the safety of public drinking water supply, this study delved into the drinking water system in San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. There were two areas of concern in this study: the physicochemical properties which include alkalinity, conductivity, pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity; and the heavy metal contaminants which include cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, and nickel. The physicochemical properties and chemical contaminants present in both untreated and treated water were described based on their measured levels and were evaluated using the PNSDW 2017 and WHO-GDWQ. The findings showed that there is a decrease of levels in conductivity, TSS, turbidity, and manganese after the water treatment. The levels of total hardness at 303.02 mg/L fail to conform to the PNSDW 2017 and WHO-GDWQ standards while the rest of the physicochemical properties (alkalinity, conductivity, pH, salinity, TDS, total hardness, TSS, and turbidity) are under the maximum allowable level (MAL). The levels of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Manganese, and Nickel are lower than the MAL value of the PNSDW 2017 and WHO-GDWQ. Manganese, which has no health-associated risk but might affect water acceptability, is measured at 0.008 mg/L and is lower than the MAL at 0.4000 mg/L in both standards. Generally, the water is not acceptable for drinking due to high levels of total hardness. Other mandatory parameters for microbiological quality are recommended to determine the suitability of the drinking water for human consumption.

Read more : Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso | InformativeBD

Introduction

Drinking water quality is one of the greatest factors affecting human health. However, the quality of the drinking water in many nations, particularly those that are developing, is not ideal, and this has led to an increase in the number of waterborne illnesses (Li and Wu, 2019).

Water pollution (surface and ground) may be considered as a naturally induced change in water quality or conditions induced directly by man’s numerous activities which render it unsuitable for food, human health, industry, agriculture, or leisure per suit (Dix, 1981). Toxic chemicals in water pose the greatest threat to the safety of drinking water and their effects are enormous and can cause damage to human health, crops, and aquatic organisms.

Synthetic chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides as well as fertilizer runoffs from agricultural farmlands and industrial discharge have the potential to impact negatively on human health since they block vital metabolic processes in the body. Runoffs from domestic houses, solid waste dumps, and commercial establishments may contain detergents and nutrients, which causes algae blooms in water bodies leading to eutrophication. Human waste excreta may contain a concentrated population of bacteria, pathogenic bacteria in untreated sewage, and may cause acute gastrointestinal illness. This phenomenon has rendered most surface water bodies polluted (Anim et al., 2010; Osei and Duker, 2008; Asante et al., 2008).

In the Philippines, water contamination of the surface water is due to exposure of chemicals which has been rampant, especially in areas exposed to industrial processes, such as but not limited to mining, agricultural processing, manufacturing, farming, and aquaculture according to Philippine Environment Monitor (Jalilov, 2017). Caraga, the mining capital of the Philippines, has more than 15 mining companies distributed in the region. Two of the mining companies are specifically located in Agusan del Sur which might have been affecting the Magdiwata Watershed which supplies water to the Municipality of San Francisco, Agusan del Sur (PSA, 2020).

The river network of Magdiwata Watershed extends from various municipalities of the province and is vulnerable to chemical contaminations. Periodic assessment of Magdiwata river networks has been conducted by the San Francisco Water District to ensure that the public water is free from waterborne microbes and chemical contaminants. However, external assessment, surveillance and/or monitoring must be done also to validate the test findings of the local supplier. Additional and external assessments for public drinking water support the integrity of water quality management.

As such, this research assessed the physicochemical properties and heavy metal contaminants in the public water system of San Francisco, Agusan del Sur before and after water treatment. Additionally, the assessment findings were evaluated against the existing and recent local and international drinking water standards which provided a picture of its general usability for drinking and utility purposes.

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Source : Physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in the drinking water of SanFrancisco, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines 

 

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