Fishing Gears and Their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems in Barpeta District, Assam | InformativeBD

Chiranjit Baruah, from the institute of India. Runu Swargiary, from the institute of India. Hangsha Barman, from the institute of India. Himanga Das, from the institute of India . and Khan Mahammad Khalid, from the institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Fishing Gears and Their Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems in Barpeta District, Assam. Entitled, Fishing gears, catch composition and their effects on aquatic bodies of Barpeta District, Assam, India. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Different types of fishing gears used in some localities of Barpeta district, Assam, India were studied. The various fish species caught by the gears and the effects of the gears on habitats of fishes were also studied. It was found that twenty different fishing gears were used by the fishermen of the study area. Among the active gears, there were 3 types of nets, 3 active traps, 3 impaling gears (spears and spikes) and 2 types of hooks and lines. The passive gears included 3 types of gill nets and 2 types of lift nets; 3 types of bamboo traps and 1 barrier. The fishing gears of the study area excluding the surrounding nets and gill nets do not seem to have any detrimental effects on the habitats of fishes or other aquatic organisms.

Read more : Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize at Gazetted and UngazettedEntry Points in Kenya | InformativeBD

Introduction

Human food and nutrition is greatly dependent on fisheries and aquaculture, which is also the fastest growing food production industry in the world (Elvarasan, 2018). Inland fishery has a great contribution towards individuals, society and environment. It contributes over 40% of the total world’s finfish production, providing food for millions of people worldwide (Lynch et al., 2016).

It is seen that freshwater habitats of fish are facing adverse effects of erfishing, destruction and pollution (Yin et al., 2022). In addition, use of destructive fishing gears indiscriminate fishing of juvenile and brood fishes during breeding season also pose a threat to fish diversity (Malakar and Boruah, 2017; Sayeed et al. 2014). Fishing gears like small mesh gill nets and seine nets are destructive to brood fishes, juveniles, fries and fingerlings may lead to loss of fish population. Indiscriminate capture of wild fish populations also has harmful effects on fish biodiversity. The dragging effect of fishing nets also destroys the river bed (Laxmappa and Bakshi, 2014; Kokate et al., 2016; Mia et al., 2017). Reduction of DO due to decomposition of crops due to flood, turbidity, erosion, progressive siltation, destruction of breeding, nursery, grazing fields are some of the natural causes of decline of fish population (Mia et al., 2017). Anthropogenic activities like changing land use practices, increasing population, agricultural expansion and pollution are also increasingly affecting river basins and riverine ecosystems (Mohite and Samant, 2013). It was found that abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gears may contribute significantly to the plastic pollution of Rivers (Nelms et al., 2021).

Various methods are used by people to catch and aggregate fishes (Sharma et al., 2015). There are many fishing gears which are used in Assam (Pravin et al., 2011; Islam et al., 2013; Baruah, 2014; Purkayastha and Gupta, 2014; Sharma et al., 2017; Jabeen and Soren, 2021; Basumatary and Khangembam, 2023; Borah, et al., 2023). The study was conducted in Barpeta district of Assam, India. Barpeta district has many fishery resources including natural and culture ponds, beels (lakes), rivers and also many swamps and marshy areas. The fishery sector plays a major role in the local economy of the region (Rajbongshi et al., 2016).

Fishermen use different gears and methods depending on species and environmental and ground conditions. The fishing gears also differ in structure, materials used for construction, capture process and methods of operation. Fishing gears may also have some detrimental effects on the habitats of fishes (Boopendranath, 2009). The present study was done to know the various types of fishing gears used by the fishermen, their local names and the composition of catch and the effects of fishing gears on aquatic water bodies of the study area.

Reference

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Basumatary N, Khangembam BK. 2023. Traditional fishing gears and methods of the Bodo tribes of Kokrajhar, Assam. Fishery Technology 60, 25–36.

Boopendranath MR. 2009. An overview of fishing gears and their design and construction. In: Handbook of Fishing Technology (Meenakumari B, Boopendranath MR, Pravin P, Thomas SN, and Edwin L, Eds). Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin: 31-66.

Borah GA, Nasreen S, Dutta PK. 2023. A study on ichthyofaunal diversity and fishing gears used in the wetlands areas nearby Nimati Ghat, Jorhat, Assam. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 20(3), 1015-1021.

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Islam MR, Das B, Baruah D, Biswas SP, Gupta A. 2013. Fish diversity and fishing gears used in the Kulsi River of Assam, India. Annals of Biological Research 4(1), 289-293.

Jabeen F, Soren AD. 2021. Fishing crafts and gears of the river Manas in Assam, India. In: Advances in Scientific Approach for Sustainable Development (Barthakur M, Borthakur MK, Eds.). AkiNik Publications, 172-184.

Kokate AA, Bhosale BP, Metar SY, Chogale ND, Pawar RA, Nirmale VH. 2016. Indigenous fishing crafts and gears of Krishna river with respect to Sangli district of Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4(6), 434-438.

Laxmappa B, Bakshi RR. 2014. Types of fishing gears operating and their impact on Krishna river fishery in Mahabubnagar district, T.S. India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2(1), 30-41.

Lynch AJ, Cooke SJ, Deines AM, Bower SD, Bunnell DB, Cowx IG, Nguyen VM, Nohner J, Phouthavong K, Riley B, Rogers MW, Taylor WW, Woelmer W, Youn SJ, Beard TD. 2018. The social, economic, and environmental importance of inland fish and fisheries. Environmental Reviews 24(2), 115-121.

Malakar M, Boruah S. 2017. Diversity and present status of fish species in three floodplain wetlands of Central Assam, India. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 1(11), 54-59.

Mia M, Islam MS, Begum N, Suravi IN, Ali S. 2017. Fishing gears and their effects on fish diversity of Dekar Haor in Sunamgonj District. Journal of Sylhet Agricultural University 4(1), 111-120.

Mohite SA, Samant JS. 2013. Impact of environmental change on fish and fisheries in Warna River Basin, Western Ghats, India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences 2(6), 61-70.

Nelms SE, Duncan EM, Patel S, Badola R, Bhola S, Chakma S, Chowdhury GW, Godley BJ, Haque AB, Johnson JA, Khatoon H, Kumar S, Napper IE, Niloy MNH, Akter T, Badola S, Dev A, Rawat S, Santillo D, Sarker S. 2021. Riverine plastic pollution from fisheries: Insights from the Ganges River system. Science of the Total Environment 756, 143305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143305.

Pravin P, Meenakumari B, Baiju M, Barman J, Baruah D, Kakati B. 2011. Fish trapping devices and methods in Assam – A review. Indian Journal of Fisheries 58(2), 127-135.

Purkayastha P, Gupta S. 2014. Traditional fishing gears used by the fisherfolk of Chatla floodplain area, Barak Valley, Assam. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 13(1), 181-186.

Rajbongshi MK, Das J, Dutta RK. 2016. Water quality assessment of capture and culture fishery in Barpeta District, Assam, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4(5), 516-520.

Sayeed MA, Hashem S, Salam MA, Hossain MAR, Wahab MA. 2014. Efficiency of fishing gears and their effects on fish biodiversity and production in the Chalan Beel of Bangladesh. European Scientific Journal 10(30), 294-309.

Sharma B, Rout J, Swain SK. 2017. Traditional fishing gadgets used by fishermen of Barak Valley, Southern Assam, North East India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 5(5), 1555-1560.

Sharma P, Sarma J, Sarma D, Ahmed S, Phukan B, Baishya S, Kashyap D, Dutta MP, Deka P, Hussain IA. 2015. An indigenous fish aggregating method practiced along the Kolong River in Nagaon District of Assam. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 1(1), 112-117.

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Source : Fishing gears, catch composition and their effects on aquatic bodies of Barpeta District, Assam,India 

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Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize at Gazetted and Ungazetted Entry Points in Kenya | InformativeBD

Joseph Oduor Odongo, from the institute of Kenya. Paul O. Angi’enda, from the institute of Kenya. Bramwel Wanjala, from the institute of Kenya. Catherine Taracha, from the institute of Kenya. and David M. Onyango, from the institute of Kenya. wrote a Research Article about, Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus in Imported Maize at Gazetted and Ungazetted Entry Points in Kenya. Entitled, Molecular characterisation of Aspergillus flavus on imported maize through gazetted and ungazetted points of Entries in Kenya. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Maize is a vital staple crop in Kenya, serving as a primary source of food and feed. Contamination of maize (Zea mays) by Aspergillus flavus  and the subsequent production of aflatoxins pose significant threats to food safety and human health. The risk of A. flavus contamination on imported maize at both gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry has not been extensively studied. The primary objective of this study was to examine the genotypic, phenotypic, and aflatoxigenic traits of A. flavus biovars derived from imported maize at Gazetted and Un-gazetted Points of Entries in Kenya. Furthermore, the study sought to establish the phylogenetic relationships among the identified A. flavus strains. A total of 600 imported maize samples were tested for aflatoxin contamination using the Total aflatoxin ELISA test. Out of 600 samples, 4.17% tested positive and were further subjected to morphological and molecular studies.  The morphological analysis revealed the presence of 13 biovars of A. flavus. Micro-morphologically, variations were observed in spore color, size, structure, conidiophore structure, and vesicle shape. The specific primers Calmodulin (CaM), the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA was successfully amplified in 10 out of the 13 biovars that were presumed to be A. flavus, confirming their positive identification as A. flavus. A single band of approximately 700 bp, which corresponds to the expected size of the ITS region in Aspergillus flavus, was observed in 10 out of the 13 biovars. This indicates the presence of A. flavus DNA in those biovars. The amplification of the ITS region provides a specific molecular marker for the identification of A. flavus. These findings highlight the significance of aflQ (ordA) and aflD (nor-1) genes as reliable markers for evaluating the aflatoxigenic potential of A. flavus biovars. Regarding aflatoxigenicity, DV-AM   method was used, and qualitative analysis was conducted. Out of the 13 biovars of A. flavus biovars tested, 23.08% exhibited aflatoxigenicity, while the remaining 10 biovars did not show any aflatoxigenicity. These findings indicate the presence of both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus among the imported maize samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Taxon 31 (AY495945.1 Aspergillus flavus biovar 92016f aflR-aflJ intergenic region partial sequence) and Taxon 32 (NR 111041.1 Aspergillus flavus ATCC 16883 ITS region from TYPE material). This genotypic and phenotypic characterization provides valuable information for understanding the diversity and potential toxigenicity of A. flavus strains on imported maize. This study contributes to the understanding of the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. flavus on imported maize in Kenya.

Read more : Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens in Infected Shing Fish (Heteropneustesfossilis) from Freshwater Ponds in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Introduction

Maize plays a central role in the food security and livelihoods of Kenyan populations. It serves as a staple food crop for a significant portion of the population, contributing to both dietary needs and income generation. Moreover, maize is an essential component of livestock feed, supporting the growth of the domestic livestock industry. In sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, maize is ranked third in importance among cereal crops, following rice and wheat (Shiferaw et al., 2011). The cultivation and trade of maize have a considerable impact on regional economies and food systems. Maize (Zea mays) is often contaminated by Aspergillus fungal species during pre- and post-harvest practices, storage, and transportation. Studies by Horn (2007) showed that Aspergillus species are commonly found in the soil, which acts as a source of primary inoculum for infecting developing maize kernels during the growing season. Aspergillus flavus is distributed globally with a high frequency of occurrence in warm climates which favor the growth of the fungus (Cotty et al., 1994).

Understanding the population structure and genetic diversity of A. flavus is crucial for diversification of effective management strategies. Different strains of A. flavus may have varying levels of aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, which can influence the severity of contamination in maize (Abbas et al., 2013). Additionally, certain strains may exhibit resistance or susceptibility to control measures, such as biological control agents or fungicides. Therefore, identifying specific strains or groups within the A. flavus population can aid in the selection of appropriate control strategies to minimize aflatoxin contamination. Moreover, the genetic diversity of A. flavus may also have implications for host-pathogen interactions and disease development. Different strains may exhibit variations in their ability to infect maize kernels, colonize host tissues, and compete with other microorganisms in the maize ecosystem (Atehnkeng et al., 2014). Understanding these interactions can help in the development of resistant maize varieties and cultural practices that can limit fungal growth and subsequent aflatoxin production. The population structure and genetic diversity of A. flavus strains isolated from maize play a significant role in aflatoxin contamination and disease development. The existence of multiple strains within the A. flavus population highlights the need for comprehensive investigations to characterize their phenotypic and genotypic traits. Such studies will provide insights into the factors influencing aflatoxin production, the design of effective control strategies, and the development of resistant maize varieties to minimize the health and economic risks associated with aflatoxin contamination. Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus flavus, are of great concern due to their ability to produce aflatoxins, potent carcinogens and toxins that contaminate various agricultural commodities, including maize. The accurate identification and characterization of Aspergillus species is crucial for assessing their potential to produce aflatoxins and understanding their impact on food safety.

Gene sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for the accurate identification and classification of Aspergillus species. In recent years, numerous studies have utilized gene sequencing data to characterize Aspergillus biovars from different sources. By comparing the genetic sequences of specific genes, such as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, researchers can determine the species and genetic diversity within a population. In addition to genetic characterization, a polyphasic approach is commonly employed to identify and characterize Aspergillus biovars. This approach combines morphological and molecular analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biovars. Morphological characteristics, such as colony color, texture, spore color, size and structure, conidiophore structure and vesicle shape are observed and recorded. These characteristics help in differentiating between various Aspergillus species and subgroups. Furthermore, molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of specific genetic markers, allow for a more precise identification of aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus biovars. These methods target genes associated with aflatoxin production, such as the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster genes, to determine the potential of a biovar to produce aflatoxins. The combination of gene sequencing and polyphasic approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure, and aflatoxinproducing potential of Aspergillus species, particularly A. flavus. This information is essential for risk assessment, development of effective control strategies, and ensuring the safety and quality of imported maize and other agricultural commodities.

This study contributed to the understanding of the population dynamics and potential risks associated with A. flavus in imported maize. Given the prominence of maize in Kenya, research efforts focusing on this crop are crucial. The genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize assumes particular significance in the Kenyan context. A thorough understanding of the genetic diversity and potential for mycotoxin production in A. flavus populations is essential for developing effective control strategies and mitigating the health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination. Gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry play a crucial role in facilitating the importation of maize. However, the risk of A. flavus contamination in imported maize has not been thoroughly investigated, warranting a comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic characterization of this fungus. Understanding the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. flavus on imported maize is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it allows for the identification of specific genetic traits and phenotypic features associated with higher aflatoxin production, thus enabling the development of targeted control strategies. Secondly, it provides insights into the diversity of A. flavus biovars present in imported maize and their potential for aflatoxin contamination. This knowledge can contribute to risk assessment and management strategies aimed at preventing or minimizing aflatoxin contamination in the domestic maize supply chain.

Genotypic characterization involves studying the genetic makeup of A. flavus biovars to determine their relatedness, genetic diversity, and potential for toxin production. Several molecular techniques have been used for genotyping A. flavus, including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (Abdallah et al., 2018). These methods have provided valuable insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of A. flavus, highlighting the presence of distinct genotypes in different geographic regions (Klich et al., 2015). Phenotypic characterization involves studying the observable traits and behaviors of A. flavus, such as growth patterns, conidiation, and mycotoxin production. Phenotypic characterization is essential for understanding the pathogenicity and virulence of A. flavus strains on imported maize. Researchers have observed variations in colony morphology, growth rate, and sporulation among different A. flavus biovars (Calvo et al., 2016). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the production of mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins, by certain A. flavus strains (Chang et al., 2019). Phenotypic characterization provides valuable information for risk assessment and identifying high-risk A. flavus biovars in imported maize. The genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize plays a crucial role in assessing the potential health risks associated with mycotoxin contamination. By combining genotypic and phenotypic data, researchers can identify highly toxigenic A. flavus strains and evaluate their prevalence in imported maize.

This information is essential for implementing targeted control measures, such as crop management strategies, post-harvest interventions, and storage practices, to minimize mycotoxin contamination and ensure food safety (Li et al., 2020). Investigating A. flavus on imported maize specifically at gazetted and ungazetted points of entry in Kenya is crucial. Gazetted points of entry are official border checkpoints designated for the importation of agricultural products, while un-gazetted points of entry refer to informal channels through which goods, including maize, are smuggled into the country. Analyzing both types of entry points can provide a comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with A. flavus contamination in imported maize, as well as the efficacy of control measures implemented at official checkpoints. In this study, we aim to conduct a detailed genotypic and phenotypic characterization of A. flavus on imported maize at both gazetted and un-gazetted points of entry in Kenya. We will analyze the genetic diversity, aflatoxin production capability, and other phenotypic traits of A. flavus biovars obtained from imported maize samples. By doing so, we hope to gain insights into the potential sources and pathways of A. flavus contamination in imported maize and develop targeted strategies to ensure the safety and quality of imported maize in Kenya.

Reference

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Atehnkeng J, Ojiambo PS, Ikotun T, Sikora RA, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. 2014. Evaluation of atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(2), 378-387.

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Source : Molecular characterisation of Aspergillus flavus on imported maize through gazetted and ungazetted points of Entries in Kenya 

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Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens in Infected Shing Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Freshwater Ponds in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Mohammad Zakerin Abedin, from the institute of Bangladesh. Rubait Hasan, from the institute of Bangladesh. Md. Sadiqur Rahman, from the institute of Bangladesh. Laila Jarin, from the institute of Bangladesh. Rasheda Yasmin Shilpi, from the institute of Bangladesh . Rokibul Islam, from the institute of Bangladesh. and Md. Ataur Rahman, from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research Article about,  Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens in Infected Shing Fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Freshwater Ponds in Bangladesh. entitled, Detachment, distinguishing proof of bacterial pathogens from infected Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) cultured in freshwater ponds in Bangladesh. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine (IJBB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biomolecules. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Among the local fishes, Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis) is one of the most demandable, popular and highly valuable fish in Bangladesh. A total of 84 clinically infected shing fishes were directly collected by a cultivator from their own ponds between April 2019 and December 2019. In total, eighty four fish-based ponds, 58(69.1%) were in Mymensingh region and the rest 26(30.9%) were in Netrakona districts in Bangladesh. Out of 84 infected fish samples, 74(88.1%) were infected with pathogenic bacteria and 10(11.9%) were with normal flora. A total of 74 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated and among the isolates Aeromonas spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus spp, Citobacter spp, and Vibrio spp, appeared to be the main pathogen in the diseased fishes. Among the isolated species of bacteria distribution of the largest pathogens Aeromonas species was 38 (51.4%), and second the largest Pseudomonas spp was 15(20.3%). The rest of isolates were distributed as Staphylococcus spp 7(9.4%), Citobacter spp 4(5.4%), Vibrio spp 3(4.1%) and only 7(9.4%) others namely Bacillus spp, Edwardsiella spp, Enterococcus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Klebsiella spp in infected H. fossilis. The cultivation of shing (H. fossilis) fishes is dramatically increased all over the country. However, bacterial diseases may influence to decrease the production in ponds water. In this work, bacterial pathogens were sensitive against Ciprofloxacin (77%), Cotrimoxazole (97.3%), and Enorfloxacin (97.8%). All the strains showed resistant to 74/74(100%) Amoxicillin, and 63/74(85.1) erythromycin. The intermediate sensitive against Colistin was 35.1% and Doxycycline was 22.9% respectively. 

Read more : Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium |InformativeBD

Introduction

Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) is an indigenous air-breeding catfishes of South-East-Asia which is locally named as Shing in various parts of Bangladesh. Shing (H. fossilis) is extremely wellknown and exceptionally important fish species in Bangladesh. In viewpoints, it isn't just perceived for its delightful taste and market esteem but at the same time is profoundly respected for being restorative and healthful. Due to high demand and market price, it is cultured in farms with high stocking density. Despite the fact that Shing (H. fossilis) culture has incredible potential in Bangladesh, different illnesses of Shing causes genuine financial misfortunes in view of their high mortality under cultivating conditions. Generally, different species of cultivated and freshwater fishes are infected by Aeromonas spp in Bangladesh (Sarker et al., 2000). Moreover, Rashid et al. (2008) distinguished A. hydrophila from epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) influenced shing (H. fossilis). Once upon a time, shing was bounteously accessible in the vast water of Bangladesh, yet by and by, it is undermined due to abuse and different environmental changes in its regular natural surroundings. Despite the fact that, new approach of fry and fingerlings of shing fishes has been developed in recent years, but obscure diseases of shing (H. fossilis) cause great economic losses because of their high mortality rate. In any case, the production of H. fossilis is identified with their aquaculture credits which incorporate capacity to withstand taking care of pressure, ailment opposition, high development rate, fruitfulness and attractiveness (Anyanwu et al., 2014).

Microscopic organism associated to produce infections in fish species have been accounted in various locale of Bangladesh and the revealed microbes were Aeromonas hydrophila (Ahamad et al., 2013), Flavobacterium columnare in columnaris infection (Declercq et al., 2003), Edwardsiella spp in edwardsiellosis (Mohanty and Sahoo, 2007), Aeromonas salmonicida in run of the mill furunculosis and Psudomonas species (Austin, 2011). The dangerous microbes such as Pseudomonas species, Aeromonas species, Staphylococcus species, Flavobacterium species, Citobacter species Edwardsiella species, and Vibrio species that live in every pond causing perilous, bacterial disease, for example, ulcer, blade decay and tail spoil of fishes. In Bangladesh, there is minimal accessible literature about bacterial infected shing fishes and antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the isolates that have not been accounted for to gather enough information on pond cultured shing fish diseases. Therefore, the current study was embraced to isolate and identify bacteria from the infected pond cultured shing (H. fossilis) and observe their antibiotic affectability against various anti-infection agents.

Reference

Abedin MZ, Rahman MS, Hasan R, Shathi JH, Jarin L, Sifat Uz Zaman M. 2020. Isolation, identification, and antimicrobial profiling of bacteria from aquaculture fishes in pond water of Bangladesh. Am. J.Pure Appl. Sci 2(3), 39-50.

Abedin MZ et al. 2020. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Bacteria Isolated from Cultured Pangas Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) and Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) Fishes. J Marine Biol Aquacult 6(1), 7-12.

Ahamad B, Punniamurthy D, Kumar NS et al. 2013. Outbreak of bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia in freshwater carps in Thanjavur region of Tamil Nadu. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Current Perspectives in Biological Sciences 21-151.

Ahmed SM, Shoreit AAM. 2001. Bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia in Oreochromis niloticus at Aswan fish hatcheries. Assiut Vet. Med. J 89, 200.

Anshary H, Kurniawan RA, Sriwulan S, Ramli R, Baxa DV. 2014. Isolation andmolecular identification of the etiological agents of Streptococcosis in Niletilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in net cages in Lake Sentani, SpringerPlus Papua, Indonesia 3, 627.

Anyanwu MU, Chah KF, Shoyinka VS. 2014. Antibiogram of aerobic bacteria isolated from skin: Lesions of African catfish cultured in Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2, 134-141.

Austin B. 2011. Taxonomy of bacterial fish pathogens. Veterinary Research 42, 20.

Declercq AM, Haesebrouck F, Broeck WVD, Decostere PBA. 2003. Columnaris disease in fish: A review with emphasis on bacterium-host interactions. Veterinary Research 44, 27.

Hossain MMM, Rahman MA, Mondal S et al. 2011. Isolation of some emergent bacterial pathogens recovered from capture and culture fisheries of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Res. Publ. J 6, 77-90.

Ikpi G, Offem B. 2011. Bacterial infection of mudfish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) fingerlings in tropical nursery ponds. Reviews in Biology of Tropics 59, 751-759.

Mohanty BR, Sahoo PK. 2007. Edwardsiellosis in fish: A brief review. Journal of Biosciences 32, 1331-1344.

Rashid MM, Hasan MA, Mostafa K, Islam MA. 2008. Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from EUS affected shing Heteropneustes fossilis from a fish farm of Mymensingh. Progress. Agric 19(1), 117-124.

Sarkar MJA, Rashid MM. 2012. Pathogenicity of the bacterial isolate Aeromonas hydrophila to catfishes, carps and perch. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ 10, 157-161.

Sarker MGA, Chowdhury MBR, Faruk MAR. 2000. Uddin M.N. and Islam M.J. Effect of water temperature on the infectivity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates. Bangladesh J. Fish 23(2), 99-105.

Truong TH, Areechon NS, Wasde MS. 2008. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacteria isolated from Tra Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) cultured in pond in Vietnam. Na.t Sci 4, 54-60.

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Source : Detachment,distinguishing proof of bacterial pathogens from infected Shing (Heteropneustesfossilis) cultured in freshwater ponds in Bangladesh 

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Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium | InformativeBD

R. Venkateshwari,  from the institute of India. R. Krishnaveni, from the institute of India. F. J. Jelin, from the institute of India. P. Bhuvaneswari, from the institute of India. T. Shanmuga Vadivu, from the institute of India. and G. Annadurai, from the institute of India.  wrote a Research Article about, Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium. Entitled, Citrus aurantium bark, seeds, and leaves were used to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticle and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been proposed as an eco-friendly and cost-effective substitute for chemical and physical methods. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using the peel extract of Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed, and to determine the possible phytochemical constituents’ presence in the plant extracts that might be responsible for the synthesis. Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extraction was followed by phytochemical studies of secondary metabolites, FTIR analysis confirmation of functional groups analysis. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through bio-reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles using Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy (Bark, Leaf and Seed), SEM (Bark and Leaf), XRD (Bark, Leaf and Seed) and FTIR (Bark Leaf and Seed). The FTIR analysis of the extract revealed the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amine, and phenyl with similar functional groups. The synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has displayed the characteristics of a UV-Vis spectroscopy band peak from 400–420 nm. The XRD analysis also confirmed that the nanoparticles synthesized are crystalline in nature. Based on the findings of this study, it is understood that the variety of natural compounds that are present in plant extracts of Citrus aurantium  Bark, Leaf and Seed can act as both reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It is, therefore, concluded that Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extract can be potentially used for the large production of silver nanoparticles for several applications.

Read more :  Population Density of Blue-Tailed Bee-Eaters in Hanumanahalli Village, Karnataka |InformativeBD

Introduction

Due to their potential and potential applications in a variety of fields, including biomedicine, nanomedicine, agriculture, and biosensors, there has been an increase in interest in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles such as zinc, silver, platinum, and gold in recent years (Tijjani Mustapha et al., 2023; Pirtarighat et al., 2019). Due to their high stability and low chemical reactivity compared to other metals, silver nanoparticles have been studied more than any other nanomaterial. Because of their unique and promising qualities, they are frequently employed as larvicidal, antibacterial, and anticancer agents (Tijjani Mustapha et al., 2023; Mustapha et al., 2022). Nonetheless, two distinct approaches are frequently used to synthesize them: the chemical and physical approaches. Typically, chemical or physical techniques such as micelle synthesis, sol process, chemical precipitation, hydrothermal method, pyrolysis, and chemical vapour deposition are used to create nanomaterials (Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013; Leela and Vivekantandan, 2008). Certain techniques are simple and allow for the regulation of crystallite size through the restoration of the reaction environment. However, there are still issues with the product's overall stability and getting monodisperse nanosize using these techniques (Kowshik et al., 2002; Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013). Furthermore, it has been discovered that a large number of conventional techniques are capitalintensive and inefficient in their use of materials and energy (Klaus-Joerger et al., 2001; Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013).

A green method has recently been proposed to replace the methods that harm the environment, such as chemical and physical ones. The biological method also referred to as the green synthesis technique or method makes use of bacteria, fungi, and plants. Using plant extracts from different plant parts, including the peel, stem, leaf, root, and fruit, several studies have reported the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Charusheela Ramteke et al., 2013; Atharbi et al., 2018; Ayodele et al., 2020; Kokila et al., 2015). A flowering plant in the Rutacea family is called Citrus aurantium. The terms "bitter orange" and "key lime" are frequently used to describe them (Khan Pathan et al., 2012; Nur et al., 2016). It is one of the most widely used citrus species in Malaysia, where it is mostly utilized in traditional medicine and food. Its 3–5 m tall, spiky stem is its main feature. The citrus plant is spherical in shape, with leaves that are 3–5 cm thick and 5–9 cm long (Nur et al., 2016; Daigy, 2009; Mandal et al., 2009). Traditionally, tulsi leaves have been used to treat a variety of infections. It has been stated that the antibacterial activity stems from the components of essential oils, primarily the eugenols. The goal of this study is to create silver nanoparticles using Tulsi leaf aqueous extract. Additionally, in an effort to maximize antimicrobial action, we try combining the natural antibacterial properties of Tulsi extract with silver metal (Raghunan et al., 2011; Dubey et al., 2010; Baret et al., 2009).

Even though there have been a number of studies on silver nanoparticles, more thorough research is still needed on the environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing plant extracts (GardeaTorresdey et al., 2003; Rafique et al., 2017). To our knowledge, no research has been done on the use of Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extract in the plant-mediated production of silver nanoparticle. Thus, identifying and characterizing the function of metabolites in the creation of silver nanoparticles constitutes the novelty of the current work. Considering the aforementioned, the purpose of this work was to use Citrus aurantium Bark, Leaf and Seed extract to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticle and to identify potential phytochemical constituents present in the plant extracts that could be involved in the synthesis of the silver nanoparticle.

Reference

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Amin M, Anwar F, Janjua MRSA, Iqbal MA, Rashid U. 2012. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through reduction with Solanum xanthocarpum L. berry extract: Characterization, antimicrobial and urease inhibitory activities against Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Mol. Sci 13, 9923-9941.

Ayodele M, Chikodiri V, Adebayo-Tayo BC. 2020. Green synthesis and cream formulations of silver nanoparticles of Nauclea latifolia (African peach) fruit extracts and evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Sustain. Chem. Pharm 15, 100197.

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Bar H, Bhui DK, Sahoo GP, Sarkar P, Pyne S, Misra A. 2009b. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Jatropha curcas. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 348, 212–216.

Charusheela R, Tapan C, Bijaya KS, Ram-Avatar P. 2013. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum for enhanced antibacterial activity. Journal of Chemistry 278925, 1-7.

Daizy P. 2009. Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au–Ag nanoparticles using edible mushroom extract. Spectrochimica Acta Part A 73, 374–381.

Deshpande R, Bedre MD, Basavaraja S, Sawle B, Manjunath SY, Venkataraman A. 2010. Rapid biosynthesis of irregular shaped gold nanoparticles from macerated aqueous extracellular dried clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) solution. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 79, 235–240.

Dubey SP, Lahtinen M, Sillanpaa M. 2010. Green synthesis and characterizations of silver and gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rosa rugosa. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 364, 34–41.

Gardea-Torresdey JL, Gomez E, Peralta-Videa JR, Parsons JG, Troiani H, Jose-Yacaman M. 2003. Alfalfa sprouts: A natural source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 19, 1357–1361.

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Gurunathan S, Raman J, AbdMalek SN, John PA, Vikineswary S. 2013. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neojaponicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. Int. J. Nanomedicine 8, 4399-4413.

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Khan Pathan R, Gali PR, Pathan P, Gowtham T, Pasupuleti S. 2012. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Citrus aurantifolia and its phytochemical screening. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis 2, S328–S331.

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Kokila T, Ramesh PS, Geetha D. 2015. A biogenic approach for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using peel extract of Citrus sinensis and its application. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res 7(2), 804-813.

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Pirtarighat S, Ghannadnia M, Baghshahi S. 2019. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the plant extract of Salvia spinosa grown in vitro and their antibacterial activity assessment. J. Nanostructure Chem 9, 1–9.

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Source : Citrus aurantium bark,seeds, and leaves were used to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticleand their antimicrobial activity was evaluated 

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Population Density of Blue-Tailed Bee-Eaters in Hanumanahalli Village, Karnataka | InformativeBD

Krishna Kumar, from the institute of India.  And Dr. A. Shwetha, from the institute of India.  wrote a Research Article about, Population Density of Blue-Tailed Bee-Eaters in Hanumanahalli Village, Karnataka. Entitled, Population density of Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) birds in different zones of Hanumanahalli Village, Gangavathi Taluk, Karnataka, India. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study investigates the population density of Blue-tailed bee-eater birds in different zones of Hanumanahalli village, Gangavathi Taluk. We chose this location due to its diverse ecosystems, making it suitable for both resident and migratory bird activities like breeding and nesting. The Blue-tailed bee-eater, a summer migratory bird, regularly visits the area to construct sand nests along riverbanks, benefiting from the presence of suitable loamy soil. Data collection occurred from January 2020 to December 2022, with weekly surveys conducted. The primary objective was to determine the Percentage of population density of Blue-tailed bee-eater birds in the different zones. The survey revealed distinct population pattern across the zones, with riverine areas, croplands, and urban areas having highest, optimum, and lowest percentages, respectively. The variations in population distribution are attributed to factors such as food availability (insects, especially bee-eaters), suitable loamy soil for nesting, and the need for protection from human-related disturbances in their habitats.

Read more : Nesting Behavior and Parental Care of Asian Paradise Flycatcher in West Bengal | InformativeBD

Introduction

Our planet teems with a diverse array of organisms, ranging from tiny microorganisms like viruses and bacteria to magnificent macroorganisms such as plants and animals, forming the tapestry of biodiversity (Dhindsa and Saini, 1994; Hosetti, 2008).

Among these, avifaunal diversity, which encompasses the variety of bird populations, plays a vital role in maintaining ecological equilibrium by enriching flora and fauna. Bird populations and ecosystem pollution share an intriguing relationship, as estimating bird densities offers insights into the abundance of other species within the ecosystem (Wilson and Comet, 1996; Blake, 2007; Hosetti, 2001).

Among the fascinating avian species, Merops philippinus, widely known as the Blue-tailed beeeater, stands out. These captivating birds belong to the Meropidae family and are renowned for their vivid plumage and unique feeding habits. Found across various regions in Asia, the Blue-tailed beeeater is a migratory wonder, embarking on seasonal journeys in response to changing environmental conditions (Inskipp et al., 1995).

Their diet primarily consists of insects, particularly bees, wasps, and other flying insects. Breeding seasons for these bee-eaters vary across their range, and they exhibit a remarkable nesting behavior. Creating their nests through burrowing into sandy or loamy soil banks, typically in proximity to water sources, these birds exhibit a preference for colonial nesting behavior, assembling into vibrant and interactive breeding colonies. 

As they embark on their migratory journeys, these enchanting avian migrants often grace the study area, completing their breeding cycle within this locale.

This inquiry unveils noteworthy insights into the population density trends of Blue-tailed Bee-eater birds across various zones within Hanumanahalli Village, located in Gangavathi Taluk, within the state of Karnataka

Reference

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Source : Population density of Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) birds in different zones of Hanumanahalli Village, Gangavathi Taluk, Karnataka, India

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