Cell Cycle Insights: Comparing Mitoticages in Bangladeshi Brassica Varieties St | InformativeBD

Susmita Saha, from the institute of Bangladesh and Kazi Nahida Begum, from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research article about, Cell Cycle Insights: Comparing Mitoticages in Bangladeshi Brassica Varieties St. entitled, A comparative analysis on mitotic interphase and prophase among twelve varieties of Brassica L. from Bangladesh: Brassicaceae. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Brassica L. is an agronomical and economical important crop belonging to Brassicaceae family. The research was conducted to interrelate interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome of Brassica L. varieties. In the current analysis, the nature of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome of twelve BARI varieties of Brassica L. was investigated based on orcein-staining properties. In the interphase nuclei only ‘Diffuse type’ and ‘Simple Chromocenter type’ were found in Tori-7, Dawlat, BS-11, BS-14 and SS-75, Rai-5, BS-6, BS-7, BS-8, BS-10, BS-12, BS-15, respectively. Considering prophase chromosome among these studied twelve varieties, ‘Continuous type’ showed in Dawlat, Rai-5, BS-7, Bs-8, BS-11, BS-14 while BS-6, BS-10, BS-12 and BS-15 observed ‘Interstitial type’ and ‘Gradient type’ showed in Tori-7, and SS-75. Therefore, the orcein staining property of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome can provide essential information as cytological implement to discriminate the twelve analyzed Brassica L. varieties.

Read more : Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

Brassica L. is one of the most commercially important genus of Brassicaceae family which wildly distributed throughout the world. This genus mainly originated from close regions of Himalaya and then dispersed from Asia to European-Mediterranean territory (Downey and Robelen, 1989). About contrasting 37 species includes into the genus Brassica L. with divergent agronomic traits as vegetable and oilseed crops (Jahan et al., 2013). On the basis of divergent morphological characteristics and genetic diversity six interlinked species are found in the genus Brassica L., of which three amphidiploids species (B. carinata, B. juncea and B. napus) are evaluated from three diploid species, (Brassica campestris, B. nigra, and B. oleracea) (Nagahara, 1935). Among these six varieties, the four most widely cultivated species are Brassica campestris L., B. juncea (L.) Czern and Coss., B. napus L., and B. carinata Braun for oilseed and vegetables (Rakow, 2004).

Generally, the genus Brassica L. can be categorized into three groups: rapeseed, mustard and cole. Rapeseed-mustard is well known for edible oil and protein whereas cole is consumed as vegetables. As oil seed Brassica L. achieves second largest contributor role in global oil production after soybean (Raymer, 2002). Mustard oil is not only used for as cooking oil but also marinate food stuffs and salad dressings. Moreover, as an edible oil Brassica L. is worthier for human health due to the presence of linoleic acid (omega 3 fatty acid) and alpha linoleic acid (omega 3 fatty acid) (Mollika et al., 2011).

Brassica L. is an excellent source of potassium, phenolics, dietary fiber, vitamins A, C and E as well as a renewable resource in the petro-chemical industry (Zhang et al., 2006).

The oil meal of Brassica L. has a quality value in beef and poultry ration as a protein supplement. According to Luciano and Holley (2009), the mustard has antibacterial and antifungal properties considering the substance similar to glucosinolate.

Brassinosteroids have a great influence to control both prostate and breast cancer which are highly distributed in pollen and seed of B. campestris and B. napus (Wachsman et al., 2012).

Due to the commercial values of Brassica L., a large number of tremendous investigations have been occurred for morphological, physiological and biochemical improvement in worldwide as well as Bangladesh (Zhang, 1996; Chen et al., 2001; Hu et al., 2001; Khan et al., 2002; Xiao et al., 2004; Liu, 2007; Mollika et al., 2011; Akbar and Begum, 2020; Paul et al., 2020). But still it is essential to know the cytological and cytogenetical information of a species because it plays a significant role to relevant its evolution and diversification (Ropiquet et al., 2008). Based on previous literature, researchers were concentrating to reveal the chromosomal information and molecular analysis of Brassica L. throughout the world (Takamine, 1916; Du et al., 1993; Olin-Fatih 1994; Cheng et al., 1995; Fukui et al., 1998; Kulak et al., 2002; Snowdon 2007; Fang et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2018). On account of small size chromosome, only chromosome number and classical cytogenetical information is insufficient for characterization of species or varieties (Begum and Alam, 2016). In such cases, the feature of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome act as key cytological tool to characterization of any specimens. Therefore, the current investigation has been approached to reveal the nature of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosome of mitotic cell division using orcein staining that should provide convenient information for disguising twelve BARI varieties of Brassica L., because this information is not available in the contemporary scientific literatures.

Reference

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Jahan N, Bhuiyan SR, Talukder MZA, Alam MA, Parvin M. 2013. Genetic diversity analysis in Brassica rapa using morphological characters. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 38(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i1.15185

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Paul M, Islam T, Hoque MI, Sarker RH. 2020. Analysis of genetic diversity in oilseed Brassica germplasm through ISSR markers and isozyme profiling. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49(1), 147-158.

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Article source : A comparative analysis on mitotic interphase and prophase among twelve varieties of Brassica L. from Bangladesh: Brassicaceae  

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Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts | InformativeBD

David Mugendi, from the institute of Kenya. Caleb Mireri, from the institute of Kenya and Jacob Kibwage, from the institute of Kenya. wrote a Research article about, Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts. Entitled, Assessment of heavy metals concentration in mud cuttings of reserve pit 7 in Twiga 1 well pad South Lokichar Basin relative to acceptable levels in drinking water. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and EnvironmentalSciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Mud cuttings forms the largest volume of the waste generated during petroleum oil and gas drilling. Most often they are stored in reserve pits before final disposal which mostly is being spread in agricultural farms after incineration or being buried with shallow soil in reserve pits. Barite (Barium Sulphate) often added as a weighting agent to drilling muds to counteract pressure in the geological formations being drilled inhibiting well blow out contain elevated levels of heavy metals. These heavy metals contaminate the mud cuttings during the drilling process and if poorly managed these cuttings can leach out and contaminate underground water ecosystems. X-ray Florence machine was used to determine the heavy metals concentrations in the mud cuttings. The heavy metals concentration detected in the reserve pit was in the order of Iron> Calcium> potassium> lead> Manganese> Copper andd Nickel with their average values being 70.74ppm, 62.57ppm, 8.14ppm, 4.58ppm, 1.58ppm, o.21ppm and 0.05ppm respectively. The results indicated that heavy metals such as Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Lead (Pb) concentration levels in the mud cuttings were all above World Health Organization (WHO), and United State Environmental Agency (USEPA), recommended levels for consumption water posing a potential danger to human and animal health in case of exposure.

Read more : Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts | InformatriveBD

Introduction

Oil exploration activities results in generations of waste materials that are potential pollutants to water ecosystems (Namuyondo, 2014). The drilling stage of oil exploration leads to a lot of waste materials generation. According to (Mbithe, 2016) these waste materials entails the drilling fluids contaminated drill cuttings, that if poorly managed, may end up polluting the water bodies and other ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the mud cuttings sampled from Twiga 1wellpad.The findings would help in guiding proper management of the cuttings averting possible pollution to the water ecosystems in the study area.

Mud cuttings forms the largest volume of the waste material generated from exploration drilling. According to Neff et al. (2000), mud cuttings comprise of minor rock debris formed when the drilling bit cuts into the rock and extends the hole. These small rock materials are generally uneven with flake structure and do vary in texture, size, and shape depending on the nature of the drill bit and the parent rock material (Balgobin, 2012).The formed cuttings are pumped out of the well by the drilling mud running inside the drill string down the drill pipe(Vaughan 2012). Devold (2013) explains that the drilling mud exists via the perforations in the drilling bit and suspends the mud cuttings and is carried to the surface through the annulus and eventually do sediment by gravity in the reserve pit. Mud cuttings account for the most significant percentage of the drilling waste materials, and therefore proper management strategies are very crucial for sustainable environmental management (Onwukwe & Nwakaudu, 2012). Mud cuttings gets contaminated by the drilling muds during exploration drillings. The structure of contemporary drilling mud can be quite multifaceted and can vary extensively, not only from one spatial area to another but also from one depth to another of a given well (Shadizadeh & Zoveidavian 2010). Mbithe (2016) observes that, there are three types of drilling muds the water-based, the oil based and the synthetic based fluids. Behnamanhar (2014) records that the water-based fluids can be prepared with saline or freshwater and are the ones used in most cases. They are a bit affordable and mostly used in upper sections of well drilling. In case of drilling of water sensitive formations, oil-based fluids form the best choice, also in cases of high temperatures or to prevent the bit corrosion (Katarina et al., 2006).Synthetic-based fluids do not have polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, they are less toxic, decompose faster, and they bio accumulate less as compared to the oil-based muds(Neff et al., 2000). The fluids performs various functions during the exploration activities, and key among them is transporting the mud cuttings away from the drill face, lubricating the drill bit and balancing the hydrostatic pressure (Gbedebo, 2010).

Devold (2013) notes that drilling muds are composed of four components. These are the liquids which could be oil or water-based; the reactive solids which are the density and viscosity part of the system and they are often bentonite clays. The solids, which are inert in nature act as a weighting agent to sustain pressure in the well, and Barite (Barium Sulphte) which has elevated levels of heavy metals is the main agent used. Additives are used to control the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the drilling muds. They include the lime and caustic soda to control PH and other conditioning reagents that consist, starches, emulsifiers, lubricants, organic polymers, surfactants detergents lignite materials and salts (Mbithe, 2016). Many additives found in the drilling muds are toxic. Poor disposal of the drilling mud contaminated mud cuttings can lead to water pollution with heavy metals (Al-haleem Saeed et al., 2013). This is evidenced by studies done globally that have shown poor reserve pit waste management contaminates underground water. In Mexico, the New Mexico Environmental Bureau, since its inauguration in the mid-1980s, has documented more than 6,700 cases reserve pits causing water and soil contamination in the state with 557 of those cases resulting into groundwater contamination (Anderson, 2003). This observation was also made by Balgobin (2012) who noted that heavy metals and hydrocarbons from poorly managed mud cuttings had contaminated both underground water and surface water in Niger Delta in Nigeria. The most frequently found selected heavy metals have customarily been Barium from Barite used as the density control material and Chromium from chrome-lignosulfonate deflocculates. According to Zoveidavianpoor et al., (2012), Barite comprises of Barium Sulfate (BaSO4), and it is generally crashed to tiny size symmetrical particles pre its use as a weighting agent in the fluid. Due to the contaminations in the Barites, other metals will also be generally present. Higher levels of Lead, Copper, Nickel and Zinc drill waste have been found relative to the commonly occurring metals. Barite has a high level of impurities,considered as the primary source of the mentioned heavy metals contamination in the drilling mud.

Another significant component of the heavy metal pollutants is the Chromium, which is a component of mud additives, principally Chrome-based deflocculates. The hexavalent form of Chromium used as a gel thinner, a stabiliser for high temperature, a biocide and a corrosion inhibitor is quite toxic (Mbithe, 2016). Lower concentrations of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Zinc have been detected in drilling muds (Rourke & Connolly, 2003). According to Conant & Fadem (2012) heavy metals do not stay confined within the waste material generated from the drilling activities but in most cases leach out into the underground water and the soil. The significant distress over their occurrence in an environment arises because they cannot be broken down to non– hazardous forms and so their pollution in any given biome remains a potential permanent threat (Adesodun, 2007). Bassey et al. (2013) indicated that the most hazardous heavy metals to both animals and humans health are Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Copper, Zinc, and Chromium.The Government of Kenya has ventured into commercial oil exploration for the very first time in history, little research has been done on drill cuttings generation, their management and their potency in water and other ecosystems pollution in the oil fields. Lack of actual studies in Kenya comes amidst many documented negative effects caused by waste materials generated from oil exploration as observed by Plänitz & Kuzu (2015), Ajugwo (2013), Agwu et al. (2016) and Kadafa & Ayub (2012). Management of environment in the oil fields varies from one country to another depending on the surrounding ecosystems. Understanding specific concentration of heavy metals in mudcuttings from Twiga 1 wellpad in Lokichar basin in Kenya is critical for it will enhance their sustainable management.This information is not available due to the limited number of researches that have been done in the area before. The identified research gaps justifies the importance of this study

Reference

Adesodun JK. 2007. Distribution of heavy metals and hydrocarbon contents in an alfisol contaminated with waste-lubricating oil amended with organic wastes.

Agbonifo PE. 2015. The Dilemma in Nigerian Petroleum Industry Regulations and Its Socioeconomic Impact on Rural Communities in the Niger Delta 2(5), 84-92.

Agwu OE, Akpabio JU, Akpabio MG. 2016. Exploration and production Industry in Nigeria 198-212.

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Al-haleem AA, Awadh SM, Saeed EA. 2013. Environmental Impact from Drilling and Production of oil Activities : Sources and Recommended Solutions. International Conference on Iraq Oil Studies, Irani Jourll Science 11-12.

Al-haleem AA, Saeed EA, Abdulwahab DA. 2013. On-Site Disposal and Burial of Pit Wastes (Two Southern Iraqi Oil Fields) 11-12.

Bakke T, Klungsøyr J, Sanni S. 2013. Environmental effects of produced water and drilling waste discharges from the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry. Marine Environmental Research 92, 154-169.

Balgobin A. 2012. Assessment of toxicity of two types of mud cuttings from a drilling rig on the Trinidad East coast using Metamysidopsis insularis.

Bassey FI, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Tsafe AI. 2013. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils around Cassava Processing Mills in Sub-Urban Areas of Delta State, Southern Nigeria 1 C. M. A. 21(2), 96-104.

Conant J, Fadem P. 2012, 2008. A Community Guide to Environmental Health.

Devold H. 2013. Oil and gas production handbook an introduction to oil and gas production, transport, refining and petrochemical industry. Retrieved from https://library.e.abb.com/public/34d5b70e18f7d6c8c1257be500438ac3/Oil and gas production hand booked_web.pdf

Katarina S, Engineering P. 2006. Offshore_ Drilling_and_Environmental_Protection, 1-11.

Knez D, Gonet A, Fija J, Czekajjh L. 2006. Trends in the Drilling Waste Management 11, 80-83.

Mahurpawar M. 2015. Effects of heavy metals on human health. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah 2350(0530), 2394-3629.

Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor ASSR. 2012. World’s largest Science , Technology & Medicine Open Access book publisher Overview of Environmental Management by Drill Cutting Re-Injection Through Hydraulic Fracturing in Upstream Oil and Gas Industry

Mbithe M. 2016. Department of Chemistry Determination of selected Physico-chemical Parameters and heavy metals in Ngamia-5 Oil exploratory Well Reserve pit in Turkana County, Kenya.

Namuyondo E. 2014. Sustainability and Oil exploration in Uganda, the case of Uganda’s Albertine Region, 1-59.

Neff JM. 2008. Estimation of bioavailability of metals from drilling mud barite. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4(2), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2007-037.

Neff JM, McKelvie S, Ayers RCJ. 2000. Environmental Effects of Synthetic Based Drilling Fluids. U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service, 141.

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Ogwu FA. 2011. Challenges of Oil and Gas Pipeline Network and the role of Physical Planners in Nigeria Friday Adejoh Ogwu School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK. Forum E Journal, 10(June), 41-51.

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Article source : Assessment of heavy metals concentration in mud cuttings of reserve pit 7 in Twiga 1 well pad SouthLokichar Basin relative to acceptable levels in drinking water 

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Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts | InformatriveBD

Khalida Bahadar,  Anjum Munir, Shahzad Asad,  Madiha Zainab,  Qurat ul Ain,  Kokab Jabeen, and Alia Mushtaq, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Fighting Foliar Blight: Antifungal Power of Cadaghi Gum Plant Extracts. Entitled, Comparative antifungal study of cadaghi gum (Eucalyptus torelliana F) flowering buds, leaves and bark extracts against foliar blight pathogen in control conditions. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

The present study objective was to evaluate and compare the utmost antifungal activity by screening different parts of Eucalyptus torelliana F. Muell. (Cadaghi) have been successively extracted in a variety of solvents against most hostile isolate of Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. In-vitro bioassay conducted with crude extracts at different concentrations (1%, 05% & 10%) for radial mycelial growth, inhibition zone and biomass production of B. sorokiniana. Inhibition of pathogen was check by food poison technique and well diffusion assay in seeded agar plates. Colony growth inhibition due to leaves extracted in ethanol (76%) and methanol components of flower buds (75%) had been found to get higher than both ethanol and methanol extracts of bark (58%). Likewise for aqueous ingredients bark and leaf proved higher inhibition (52% & 50%) compare to flower buds. The inhibition zone observed for flowering buds were 29.15±0.88; 27.40±1.25; 26.15±1.03 and 0.00±0.00mm at highest concentration (5.3mg/100μl) for methanol, ethanol, aqueous and control treatments respectively against B. sorokiniana. The highest decrease found in hyphae fresh and dry weight (0.026 & 0.02g) treated with flower bud methanol extract in contrast of aqueous extracts (2.28 & 2.23g). Length/width of extract treated conidia (30±2.88/20±1.91μm) and conidiophores (111±16.42/5.50±0.56μm) have been significantly decreased with respect of control treated conidia 77±0.54/25±0.15μm and conidiophores 141±1.69/7.33±0.44μm. The average numbers of septa within treated conidia were basically 2-6 in control 2-7 had been observed. Really small variations were seen in colony color, margin, texture and hyphae thickness in extract treated and control treatments.

Read more :  Fast-Track Forestry: Mass Propagation of Paulownia Using Stem and Root Cuttings |InformativeBD

Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is affected by different fungal disease e.g Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici), Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici), Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), Powdery mildew (Blumaria graminis f. sp. Tritici) Loose smut (Ustilago tritici), Downy mildew (Sclerophthora macrospora), Septoria tritici blotch (Septoria tritici) and Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum). Among these diseases, Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is of severe concern all around the world particularly to south Asia and south America due to its wide spread, occurrence and rising severity (Joshi et al., 2002). It causes seedling blight, root rot and spot blotch of wheat. An initially very small, dark brown lesion without chlorotic margin appears. After that, these lesions enlarge in oval to elongated blotches up to several centimeters, light brown to dark brown in colour and resulting death of the leaf. Fruiting bodies are generally observed on old lesions. Shriveled grain and black pointed seed results if infection reached to spikelet (Duveiller and Dubin 2002).

The ideal condition for the development of spot blotch are 85-100% humidity and 20-30⁰C temperature for a long duration of 12-24 hours specially when host leaves are wet either by rainfall, irrigation or dew. If conditions are best germination of conidia completed within four hours on host leaf surface and infects new host plant within 24 hours. Sources of inoculum for this disease are infected seeds; air, crop residues and soil also contain conidia that survive when temperature and humidity are appropriate. The host range of B. sorokiniana are mostly small grain cereals, like Triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa, Sorghum bicolor and a large number of wild grasses. Several plant species other than monocotyledons including Brassica compestris, Glycine max, Lens culinaris, Vigna radiata, Sesamum indicum, Vigna mungo and Pennisetum amaricanum are identified as the host of B. sorokiniana. Iftikhar et al. (2012) stated spot blotch of wheat to be of economic importance. This disease causes yield losses of 10-30% and these yield losses dependent on heat, late sowing and low fertilizers uses. Significant losses due to spot blotch disease in wheat crops were reported by Rattu et al. (2011) in Pakistan. According to them spot blotch disease prevalence on five commercial varieties of wheat i.e. Bhakkar-2001, Inqilab -91, Faisalabad-08, Lasani-08 and Seher-2006, was 100%, 14%, 10%, 5% and 3% respectively.

Spot blotch is controlled generally by the application of agrochemicals. But, in recent years, there are rising concern associated with farming methods that are feasible both environmentally and economically. Natural plant products are important sources of new agrochemicals for the control of plant diseases (Kagale et al., 2004). Studies revealed that plants (oil & extracts) contain natural ingredients that are efficient against disease managements (Goussous et al., 2010). This disease management can be achieved by direct toxic effects of active ingredients. These natural substances can inhibit the mycelial growth or slow down the spore germination and generate the resistance induced by physiological changes in the plant, such as stimulation of pathogenesis-related enzymes, lignifications and phytoalexins (SchwanEstrada & Stangarlin, 2005). Garlic extract reduce germination of spores more than 50% and induced modifications in the morphology of hyphae and conidia of B. sorokiniana Perello et al. (2012). Therefore the objective of present study was to investigate the efficiency of Eucalyptus torelliana leaf, bark and flowering buds extracts against the management of spot blotch of wheat under in-vitro conditions.

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Elisabeth Bach E, Marcondes MCL, Patricio GF, Esquerdo KF, Cardoso V, Wadt NSY. 2012. Aqueous extract of leaves from Bauhinia variegate used in barley plants to protect against Bipolaris sorokiniana. Agriculture Research and Review1 (3), 71-79.

Elaissi A, Rouis Z, Ben Salem NA, Mabrouk S, Ben Salem Y, Bel Haj Salah K, Aouni M,  Farhat F, Chemli R, Harzallah-Skhiri F, Larbi Khouja M. 2012. Chemical composition of 8 eucalyptus species’ essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12, 81.

Goussous SJ, Abu-El-Samen FM, Tahhan RA. 2010. Antifungal activity of several medicinal plants extracts against the early blight pathogen (Alternaria solani). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 43, 1746-1758.

Hasan MM, Ahmed F, Islam MR, Murad KFI. 2012. In vitro effect of botanical extracts and fungicides against Bipolaris sorokiniana, causal agent of leaf blotch of barley. Journal of Agroforestry and Environment 6 (1), 83-87 ISSN 1995-6983.

Iftikhar S, Asad S, Rattu A, Anjum M, Fayyaz M. 2012. Screening of commercial wheat varieties to spot blotch under controlled and field conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany 44, 361-363.

Joshi AK, Chand R, Arun B. 2002. Relationship of plant height and days to maturity with resistance to spot blotch in wheat. Euphytica 123, 221-228.

Jeyaseelan EC, Tharmila S, Sathiyaseelan V, Niranjan K. 2012.  Antibacterial Activity of Various Solvent Extracts of Some Selected Medicinal Plants Present in Jaffna Peninsula. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive 3(4), 792-796.

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Sasode RS, Prakash S, Gupta A, Pandya RK, Yadav A. 2012. In vitro study of some plant extracts against Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola. Journal of Phytology 4(1), 44-46.

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Article source : Comparative antifungal study of cadaghi gum (Eucalyptus torelliana F) flowering buds, leaves and barkextracts against foliar blight pathogen in control conditions  

 

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Fast-Track Forestry: Mass Propagation of Paulownia Using Stem and Root Cuttings | InformativeBD

Anthony Antwi-Wiredu,  Patience Mansa Gakpetor, Reginald Tang Guuroh, Ebenezer Ofori and Daniel Aninagyei Ofori, from the institute of Ghana. wrote a Research article about, Fast-Track Forestry: Mass Propagation of Paulownia Using Stem and Root Cuttings. Entitled, Vegetative propagation technologies using stem and root cuttings of Paulownia (P. fortunei and P. elongata) tree species for mass production. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Paulownia is a multipurpose tree with high-quality wood features including machining qualities, rot resistance, fast growth, a good tree form, high yield, light wood weight and good potential for plantation and agroforestry. In 2012, Paulownia was introduced into Ghana under the FC/Industry plantations project for field trials at Asenanyo and Pra-Anum Forest Reserves. Recent field assessment depicted their inability to produce viable seeds for propagation. Thus, vegetative propagation techniques were investigated to possibly produce high-quality planting materials for large scale Paulownia (P. elongata and P. fortunei) plantations. Root and stem plant materials were collected from Pra-Anum Forest Reserve. They were treated with 0.0% (control), 0.1%, and 0.3% Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) levels and planted in polyethylene bags filled with loamy soils and kept under shade. Root cuttings were planted horizontally in a 2×3 factorial design with 10 cuttings per treatment replicated 4 times. Stem (bi-nodal leafless hardwood) cuttings were vertically planted in 2×4 factorial design, 10 cuttings per treatment at 3 replications. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used. The root cuttings of both species survived irrespective of IBA levels. A significant variation (P≤0.05) was observed in the survival rate (over 75%), sprouting and rooting abilities. The stem cuttings were not successful, though, they developed shoots and leaves at the initial stages. In conclusion, vegetative propagation of Paulownia particularly, root cutting is possible for the multiplication of planting materials for plantation establishment. It is ill-advised to use lignified brown stem/ hardwood cuttings for the propagation of Paulownia.

Read more : Frog Survival Under Pressure: Reproduction of Phrynobatrachus latifrons in Degraded Habitats |InformativeBD

Introduction 

Paulownia tree belongs to the monogenetic family Paulowniaceae of the Scrophulariaceae family. It is a deciduous tree that originated from East Asia. Its wood has a high economic premium due to the timber export value of billions of dollars. Paulownia tree is grown to serve numerous purposes ranging from reforestation and aesthetic purposes to the environmental protection due to its fast growth ability and beautiful large leaves, mauve flowers and aroma. The ability of the tree to grow rapidly makes it a favorable economic choice to harness large quantities of biomass (60-80ton/ha) within a short frame of time (Danciu et al., 2016). Also, the tree can be planted for soil reclamation, green manuring, fodder, herbal medicine and as a windbreak (Johnson, 2000). The tree is propagated by both sexual and asexual means. There are many merits associated with vegetative propagation of Paulownia making it the most effective means over seedling production. Seeds of Paulownia exhibit slow germination growth and slower growth of seedlings which is not the case of planting materials raised from root or shoot cuttings or rooted shoots from tissue culture (Bergmann and Moon, 1997). Paulownia trees have multiple uses including its application in a short-rotation woody crop plant, afforestation, mine site reclamation, managed plantations and intercropping systems (Bergmann and Moon, 1997, Wang and Shogren, 1992, Zhu et al., 1986, Carpenter, 1977). The leaves of Paulownia are also good for fertilizer and animal feeds, and their flowers used in honey production and wood for solid wood products (Zhu et al., 1986). Paulownia, can be used for the production of energy, wooden building materials, and paper pulp (Bergmann and Moon, 1997).

As an introduced tree species into Ghana planted at Asenanyo and Pra-Anum Forest Reserves, there was a need to increase the production level to cover a large area of land to reap the tremendous environmental and economic benefits it presents. The premier trial when the tree species was introduced into Ghana was carried out through sexual propagation. Therefore, there was a need to find the best alternative propagation methods to increase the number of planting materials and subsequently be used in the expansion of the area of cultivation. On that note, this purpose could only be realised through the use of vegetative propagation techniques. The experiment was to use stem and root cutting propagation technologies to ensure success in the rooting and sprouting potentials of Paulownia tree (P. elongata and P. fortunei) species in Ghana. The number of Paulownia planting materials would be increased for possible large-scale production in Ghana. Also, Paulownia clones of similar and high genetic traits would be maintained coupled with early maturity rate. An alternative mass macropropagation protocol for the tree species in Ghana was accomplished. The main objective was to determine the effective propagation of the two P. elongata and P. fortunei species through root cuttings and stem (bi-nodal leafless hardwood) cuttings. The specific objectives included determining the survival, sprouting and rooting abilities of root cuttings between the two Paulownia species as influenced by IBA levels; and the survivability, sprouting and rooting potentials of stem cuttings between the two Paulownia species as influenced by IBA combinations.

Reference

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Article source : Vegetative propagation technologies using stem and root cuttings of Paulownia (P. fortunei and P.elongata) tree species for mass production  

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Frog Survival Under Pressure: Reproduction of Phrynobatrachus latifrons in Degraded Habitats | InformativeBD

Tohe Blayda,  Alla Namingonan, and Assemian N’guessan Emmanuel,  from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research article about, Frog Survival Under Pressure: Reproduction of Phrynobatrachus latifrons in Degraded Habitats. Entitled, Reproduction parameters in Phrynobatrachus latifrons Ahl 1924, a frog in degraded areas of Banco National Park (Ivory Coast). This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study of the reproductive ecology of Phrynobatrachus latifrons at the fish farm of the Banco National Park showed that the smallest mature individual measures 12.5mm in males and 17mm in females. All individuals greater than 18.9mm in males and 24.26mm in females are mature. The size of first sexual maturity (L50) calculated is 15.37mm for males against 20.20mm for females. The sex ratio, with the exception of the small rainy season is in favor of the females. Absolute fertilitymuzzle-anus length and absolute fecundity/body weight ratios showed a low correlation. The breeding activities of P. latifrons occur in the dry season as well as in the rainy season.

Read more : Plant-Based Protection: Rhizome Extract Pesticides for Healthier Glutinous Corn | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Amphibian ecology has been little studied in Africa (Channing, 2001). Nevertheless, nowadays, they are ranked the vertebrate ones the most threatened of extinction in the tropical forests (Rodrigues et al., 2004; Ernest et al., 2007). In Ivory Coast particularly, animal species such as elephants, bush pigs, buffaloes and panthers have disappeared (BELIGNE, 1994) due to deforestation, rapid population pressure and movements of human populations within most parks and nature reserves (Bakarr et al., 2001; Branch and Rödel, 2003).

Among the 11 parks and reserves in the country, the Banco National Park presents a remarkable characteristic because of its geographical position in full heart of Abidjan, the country's economic capital. This ecosystem is disrupted by logging, plantation creation and pollution (Lauginie, 2007).

These disturbances threaten the life of plant and animal communities, including amphibians, recognized among vertebrates, as being the most vulnerable to habitat destruction (Lips 1998, 1999; Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2000; Sala et al., 2000; Lips et al., 2003).

Phrynobatrachus latifrons is a very abundant frog species on the fish farm in this park (Assemien et al. 2006). The data associated with this species we have is related to the determinism of his croaking rhythm (Blayda et al., 2008) and his diet (Blayda et al., 2015). Also, knowledge of the parameters of its reproduction would allow us to better understand the biology of this species, which is a bio-indicator of the state of health of the environment.

Reference

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Blayda T, N’Goran GK, N’Guessan EA, Germain G. 2015. The puddle frog Phrynobatrachus latifrons ahl 1924 diet in the fish farm of the banco national park (Ivory Coast). Asian Journal of Biological and Medical Sciences 1(2), 14-22.

Blayda T, N’Guessan EA, N’Goran GK, Germain G, Rödel M-O. 2008. Déterminisme des Coassements des Anoures de la ferme piscicole du Parc National du Banco (Côte d’Ivoire). Sciences & Nature 5(1), 71-79.

Branch RW, Rödel M-O. 2003. Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo and cavally forests, western Ivory Coast, part II: trapping results and reptiles. Salamandra 39, 21-38.

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Lips RK, Reeve JD, Witters LR. 2003. Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America. Conservation Biology 17, 1078-1088.

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Lips RK. 1999. Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama. Conservation Biology 13, 117-125.

N’guessan EA, N’goran GK, Blayda T, Germain G, Rödel M-O. 2006. The anurans of the Banco National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, a threatened West African rainforest. Salamandra. 42(1), 41-51.

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Tohe B, Assemian NE, Kouame N, Gourene G, Rödel M-O. 2015. Diet of Two Sympatric Rocket Frogs (Amphibia, Anura, Ptychadenidae: Ptychadena) in the disturbed parts of West African Rainforest. International Journal of Innovative Engineering & Technology 2(10), 444-459.

Tohé B, Assemian NE, Kouamé NG. 2016. Reproduction of African Tigrine Frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis in Banco National Park (Ivory Coast). International Journal of Science and Research. ID: NOV152680, 2319-7064.

Wu C-S, Kam Y-C. 2005. Thermal tolerance and thermoregulation by Taiwanese Rhacophorid tadpoles (Buergeria japonica) living in geothermal hot springs and streams. Herpetologica 61, 35-46.

Yao KC, Tohe B, Dietoa YM, Gourene G. 2017. Variations of reproduction in Mascarene Grass Frog in Banco National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 5(1), 411-416.

Article source : Reproduction parameters in Phrynobatrachus latifrons Ahl 1924, a frog in degraded areas of Banco National Park (Ivory Coast)  

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