Floral Flavonoids: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Power of Tamarix africana | InformativeBD

Abdelhamid Khabtane,  Azzeddine Zeraib,  Laiche Aouidane,  Wahiba Kara Ali,  Fatima Zohra Belguidoum, and  Chabane Rahmoune, from the different institute of Algeria, wrote a Research article about, Floral Flavonoids: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Power of Tamarix Africana. Entitled, In vitro evaluation of the anti-microbial activity and the anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoids extracted from the flowers of the Tamarix africana Poir. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The aim of this work is to determine the quantity, the quality, the antimicrobial activity and the antioxidant power of various extracts of the flavonoids obtained from the flowers of Tamarix africana Poir. The quantification of the extracts obtained was revealed in high yield of the flavonoids with respectively: the methanoic extracts (26.31%), the extracts of the aqueous phase (19.29%), the extracts of ethyl acetate (0.87%), the extracts of petroleum ether (0.18%). The qualitative study, using the thin-layer chromatography (TLC), showed the dominance of Flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones and 3-glycosidic Anthocyanidins. The study of microbial activity revealed an important bactericidal power for the extracts of the aqueous phase on Gram + bacteria with a disc of inhibition of 24±1mm on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 and 20±1mm on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, For the antifungal activity all the extracts gave important effects on Podosphaera leucotrichia (apple powdery mildew), with a maximum disc inhibition of 20±1mm for the ethyl acetate extracts, on the other hand alone The ether extracts of the petrol which showed an inhibitory effect on Penicillium sp. The antioxidant study, expressed as a percentage of DPPH, showed a high efficiency of the various extracts; In particular that of the ethyl acetate extract which inhibits oxidation and traps the free radicals at 100%, which demonstrating the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of certain types of cancer.

Read more : Tracking Tomato Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The resistance developed by pathogenic organisms to antibiotics, the spread of many carcinogenic diseases and the excessive use of pesticides polluting ecosystems are reasons that have pushed research towards the exploitation of medicinal plants used Since antiquity using the healing power of their secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. (Benabdallah, 2016).

Among these plants are the Tamarix species from the Tamaricaceae family, of which Algeria has more than 15 species of this genus (Khabtane and Rahmoune, 2012). View the use of these plants in traditional medicine in some cases of cancer, diarrhea, hair loss, etc. (Khabtane and Rahmoune, 2010); many studies are carried out on biological activity (antibacterial effect only), neglecting the fungicidal effect, as well as the antioxidant power of the different parts of the Tamarix species such as (Ksouri 2009, Wang, 2009 Saıdana, 2008, Parmar et al., 1994 and ...)

On this vision, our work aims at: the quantitative and qualitative determination of the various extracts of the flavonoids obtained from the floral part of Tamarix africana Poir. The determination of the bactericidal effect and the fungicidal effect which is applied for the first in this work against a fungal species known for its detrimental effects on the production of apple trees (Podosphaera leucotrichia) and finally to put the accent on the antioxidative power of the extracts obtained.

To assess the antimicrobial activity we chosed five species of pathogenic bacteria that are: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. for the Fungi We chosed two species: Podosphaera leucotrichia (powdery mildew of apple) which constitutes a threat to the to the arboriculture of apple tree which characterizes the region Khenchela and Penicillium sp.

At the end of the in vitro determination of the antioxidant power we applied the method of Blois (Ben Mansour, 2015), (Biswas 2014), where the free radical DPPH unstable has a dark violet coloration, when it is reduced and the coloration becomes pale yellow

Reference 

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Ben Mansour A, Porter EA, Kite GC, Simmonds MS, Abdelhedi R, Bouaziz M. 2015. Phenolic profile characterization of Chemlali olive stones by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 63, 1990-1995.

Benabdallah A, Rahmoune C, Boumendjel M, Aissi O, Messaoud C. 2016. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of six wild Mentha species (Lamiaceae) from Northeast of Algeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6, 760-766.

Biswas N, Saha S, Ali MK. 2014. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4, 792-798.

Bonina F, Lanza M, Montenegro L, Puglisi C, Tomaino A, Trombetta D, Castelli F, Saija A. 1996. Flavonoids as potential protective agents against photo-oxidative skin damage. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 145, 87-94.

Celiktas OY, Hames Kocabas, EE, Bedir, E, Vardar Sukan F, Ozek T, Baser KHC. 2007. Antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts and essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, depending on location and seasonal variations. Food Chem 100, 553-559.

Huang G, Jiang J, Dai D. 2008. Antioxidative and antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of Artemisia anomala S. Moore. African Journal of Biotechnol. 7, 1335-1338.

Ishtiaq S, Ahmad M, Hanif U, Akbar S, Mehjabeen, Kamran SH. 2014. Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of different fractions of Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (Vill.) Brenan. Asian Pac J Trop Med 7, 342-347.

Khabtane A, Rahmoune C. 2010. Contribution à de l’étude de l’effet du biotope sur la richesse floristique et variabilité morphologique chez le Tamarix sp. dans les zones aride de la région de khenchela, thèse du Magister, Université de Constantine, Algérie181-190.

Khabtane A, Rahmoune C. 2012. Effet du biotope sur la diversité floristique et le polymorphisme phénotypique des groupements à Tamarix africana Poir. dans les zones arides de la région de Khenchele (Est Algérien), Journal of Agriculture and Environnent for International Development 106, 123-137.

Ksouri R, Falleh H, Megdiche W, Trabelsi N, Mhamdi B, Chaieb K, Bakrouf A, hristian Magné C, Abdelly C. 2009. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the edible medicinal halophyte Tamarix gallica L. and related polyphenolic constituents. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, 2083-2091.

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Rasooli I, Fakoor MH, Yadegarinia D, Gachkar L, Allameh A, Rezaei MB. 2008. Antimycotoxigenic characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis and Trachyspermum copticum L. essential oils. International J of Food Microbiology 122, 135-139.

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Saıdana D, Mahjoub MA, Boussaada O, Chriaa J, Cheraif I, Daami M, Mighri Z, Helal AN. 2008. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatile compounds of Tamarix boveana (Tamaricaceae). Microbiological Research 163, 445-455.

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Article source :  In vitro evaluation of the anti-microbial activity and the anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoids extracted from the flowers of the Tamarix africana Poir

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Tracking Tomato Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan | InformativeBD

Adnan Ahmad,  Muhammad Ashfaq, Tariq Mukhtar, Saad Imran Malik, Irfan Anwer, Muhammad Ahsan, and Tazeem Riaz, from the different institute of Pakistan, wrote a Research article about, Tracking Tomato Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan. Entitled, Detection of natural infection and reaction of tomato lines to potato virus Y in Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important solanaceous crop worldwide including Pakistan. In Pakistan the successful production of tomato is hampered due to many viral diseases including PVY which causes havoc and colossal yield losses. For management of plant viruses, accurate and proper identification of plant viruses and resistance sources is very significant. In present study, a total of 595 tomato samples with symptoms like mosaic, vein chlorosis and mild mottling were collected from tomato fields in Pakistan. All symptomatic samples were screened for the presence of Potato virus Y by DAS-ELISA using virus specific polyclonal antiserum (Bioreba AG, Switzerland). Among symptomatic samples, 104 were positive for PVY infection, of which, only eight were further screened for the presence of PVY by RT-PCR using primer pair PVYPK-F/R, that resulted in amplification of 1050 bp fragments. A total of 1050 nucleotides were obtained by sequencing each amplicon comprising a full length coat protein gene including 300 bases of UTR. The sequences of two isolates were submitted to Genbank under accession number KX816568 and KX816570. The isolate AARTPK (KX816568) was used in screening of 11 tomato cultivars. The cultivars; Kalam, NSC-92, Yaqui were found resistant (R), Rio-grandi as moderately resistant (MR) and Super-SPC and Giant-cluster as moderately susceptible (MS). Similarly, the response of BSS-30 and Gala was recorded as susceptible (S) and of Junny-2144, CKD-267 and Jagular as highly susceptible (HS). The identified resistant cultivars can be used as genetic source in developing resistant varieties against PVY in future.

Read more : Next-Gen Wheat:Breeding for Drought, Disease Resistance, and Better Protein Quality |InformativeBD

Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the extensively cultivated solanaceous vegetables worldwide including Pakistan. Being a crucial part of our daily diet, it is 2nd most consumed vegetable after potato in Pakistan (Kamran et al., 2012). Beside an excellent source of vitamin A, B and C (Kothari et al., 2010), the tomatoes also contain minerals like iron, phosphorous and carotenoids having a high oxygenradical quenching and scavenging capability (Babalola et al., 2010). Because of low input costs, short duration crop and inelastic demand, the growers are attracted to cultivate tomato in Pakistan (Lohano and Mari, 2005; Tahir et al., 2012). A diverse range of tomato varieties and cultivars of various size, shape, quality and yield are grown globally (Georgiev et al., 1988). Adaptability to versatile environmental conditions makes tomato a successful crop worldwide (Tiwari et al., 2012). At present about 100 million tonnes of fresh tomatoes are produced on 3.7 million hectares worldwide (FAOSTAT, 2014).In Pakistan, the production of good quality tomatoes is favoured by diversified climatic conditions throughout the year (Chohan et al., 2016). With an annual production of 574,052 tons from an area of 58,196 ha, the Pakistan stands at 33rd position globally (Aslam et al., 2017). Per acre yield of tomato in Pakistan is hampered by several fungal (Iqbal and Mukhtar, 2014; Iqbal et al., 2014), viral (Ashfaq et al. 2014, 2015), bacterial (Tiwari et al., 2012) and nematode diseases (Kayani et al., 2017).Tomato is infected by more than 146 viruses worldwide, of which 27 are potyviruses, (Green and Kim, 1991). In Pakistan, among potyviruses, only Chilli veinal mottle virus (Ahmad and Ashfaq, 2017), has been reported to infect tomato crop.

The Potato virus Y (PVY) is a destructive potyvirus among tomato infecting viruses (Lorenzen et al., 2006). PVY has a wide hosts range, the virus is transmissible in approximately 120 species belonging to 5 families (Horvath, 1983). Solanaceous crops like Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Pepper (Capsicum anum), Tobacco (Nicotinia tobacum) and Tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum) are most affected crops (Shukla, et al., 1994).

The infected plants exhibit symptoms like mottling, chlorosis, necrosis, leaf drop and premature plant death. The virus infection can cause a yield loss up to 50% in tomato (Alam et al., 2013). Because furious nature and huge losses PVY is ranked at 5th position in term of economic damages worldwide (Gray et al., 2010). The transmission of Potato virus Y is attributed to aphids in non-persistent, stylet borne and non-circulative manner (Dombrovsky et al., 2005). Moreover, the virions are also thought to be transmitted by plant material with infection like cuttings, tubers and seed etc. (Revers and Gracia, 2015). Till now, five strains of PVY are known (Abbas et al., 2012), while some newly emerged recombinant strains have been recorded as well (Ali et al., 2010).

Management of plant viruses depends on proper identification, understanding of their ecology and epidemiology, and resistance sources. For proper identification of plant viruses, conventional methods like symptomology or serology are occasionally insufficient (Fauquet et al., 2003), as viruses may possess high levels of intraspecific variability and a number of species have serological association. Hence, the molecular detection has become essential for accurate identification of plant viruses (Danci et al., 2009). The knowledge on host virus interaction and their adoptability to different hosts are prerequisites to develop different environment friendly and sustainable management strategies. In case of plant viruses, development of resistant varieties is the only promising and reasonable approach of disease management, which requires desired resistant sources and continuous screening against the pathogen. Unfortunately, the information about resistance for plant viruses in available tomato germplasm is scanty in Pakistan, hence, the present research aimed to detect and identify natural infection of Potato virus Y in tomato, to develop and standardize the molecular techniques for detection of Pakistani PVY isolates and to assess the degree of resistance inavailable tomato varieties against Potato virus Y, So that the resistant cultivars can be used as a significant element in integrated disease Management approaches.

Reference

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Ahmad A, Ashfaq M. 2017. First report of chilli veinal mottle virus in tomato in Pakistan. Journal of Plant Pathology 99, 287-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v99i1.3792

Ahmad N, Khan MA, Khan NA, Binyamin R, Khan MA. 2011. Identification of resistance source in potato germplasm against PVX and PVY. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43, 2745-2749. http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/43(6)/17.pdf

Alam MJ, Ashraf KUM, Gupta SD, Emon MAK. 2013. Computational approach for the prediction of potential MHC binding peptides and epitope mapping in order to develop sero-diagnostic immunogenic against potato virus Y. International Journal of Computational Bioinformatics and In Silico Modelling 2, 186-198. http://bioinfo.aizeonpublishers.net/content/2013/4/bioinfo186-198.pdf

Ali MC, Maokac T, Natsuakid KT, Natsuakia T. 2010. The simultaneous differentiation of Potato virus Y strains including the newly described strain PVYNTNNW by multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Virological Methods 165, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.12.01

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Article source : Detection of natural infection and reaction of tomato lines to potato virus Y in Pakistan 

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Next-Gen Wheat: Breeding for Drought, Disease Resistance, and Better Protein Quality | InformativeBD

Lanouari Sanâa,  El Haddoury Jamal, Udupa Sripada Mahabala,  Henkrar Fatima, Nasser Boubker, and Bencharki Bouchaib, from the different institute of Morocco, wrote a Research article about, Next-Gen Wheat: Breeding for Drought, Disease Resistance, and Better Protein Quality. Entitled, The application of new breeding strategy for tolerance to drought, resistance to Hessian fly, resistance to rust and end-use quality of protein content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR. an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Genetic diversity in crop specie is essential to breed buffered genotypes capable to withstand under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. An approach called genotypic selection based on the widespread conventional selection with the use of information of the molecular markers can facilitate breeding strategy by providing effective achievement of biotic stress resistance reducing in mean time generation interval and investments in ecological-friendly crop production is reviewed. Also the phenotypic selection is an important step in breeding programs, and genetic variability increases the chances of obtaining variance in progenies. In this study, we present a practical validation of the breeding strategy to produce bread wheat lines derived from a three elite cultivar with superior dough properties and durable rust resistance. Molecular markers were used to screen a double hybrid population produced from a cross between the three varieties of bread wheat considered as donor parents: Dharwar, Annuello and Stylet crossed with six varieties considered as recurrent parents: Achtar, Aguilal, Merchouch, Baraka, Salama and Amal. Following the phenotypic selection was applied for the doubled haploid plants to select new genotypes for rust resistance, Hessian fly resistance, drought tolerance and grain protein content.

Read more : Decoding Plant Diversity: Modern Molecular Tools in Biodiversity Research | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Morocco, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) occupies, in both production and area, an important position, but the productivity is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Developing new wheat varieties using the breeding program is the most effective means to managing these stresses and improving the productivity (El Haddoury et al., 2012). The objectives of the breeding strategy used in this experiment is to develop new bread wheat variety with different quality, as rust resistance, Hessian fly (HF) resistance, drought tolerance and end-use quality of a gluten protein.

The HF, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has been recognized for several years as the major pest of wheat, that attack annually the most wheat-growing regions in Morocco. The damage caused by this insect can go up to the total destruction of culture, especially if the infestation coincides with the early stage of the plant (Lhaloui et al., 2005). To overcome this problem several methods are used but the genetic control, through the introduction of the resistance in varieties, is the most effective and economical approach for control the damage caused by this insect (Lhaloui et al., 2005; Nasrellah and Lhaloui 2006). So far, 34 major HF resistance genes have been identified, named and characterized (Liu et al., 2005; McIntosh et al., 2005; Chunlian et al., 2013).

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina, stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis and stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis are the major foliar diseases of wheat, resulting in yield loss all over the world (Kaur et al., 2008). The wheat cultivars become susceptible to rusts due to their narrow genetic base for resistance and the rapid rate evolution of the pathogen, making it necessary to search for new sources of resistance. So far, nearly 58 leaf rust and 40 stripe rust resistance genes have been identified and designated as Lr1 through Lr58 and Yr1 through Yr40, respectively (McIntosh et al., 2005; Kuraparthy et al., 2007).

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stress factor limiting crop yields around the world. The increase in global temperature, drought stress or water shortage is projected to have a growing impact on plants and crop production (Kiliç and Yağbasanlar, 2010). The ability of a cultivar to produce high and satisfactory yield over a wide range of stress and nonstress environments is very important (Ahmad et al., 2003). The response of plants to water stress depends on several factors such as developmental stage, severity of stress and cultivar genetic (Beltrano and Marta, 2008).

In this study, we present a practical validation of the breeding strategy to produce wheat lines derived from elite cultivars with several characteristics. Molecular markers were used to screen double hybrid (DHy) lines produced from a cross between three wheat varieties considered as donor parents: Dharwar, Annuello and Stylet crossed with six varieties considered as recurrent parents: Achtar, Aguilal, Merchouch, Baraka, Salama and Amal. Following the phenotypic selection (PS) was applied for the doubled haploid (DH) plants to select new genotypes with rust resistance genes, HF resistance genes, drought tolerance gene and grain protein content.

Reference

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Article source : The application of new breeding strategy for tolerance to drought, resistance to Hessian fly,resistance to rust and end-use quality of protein content in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) 

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Decoding Plant Diversity: Modern Molecular Tools in Biodiversity Research | InformativeBD

Shahid Ali Chand, Muhammad Zohaib Hassan, Umair Rasool Azmi,  Muhammad Ilyas,  Iqra Kanwal, Ghulam Mujtaba Atif,  Aqdas Hameed, Atif Haroon, Tayyaba Yasin, Muhammad Huzaifa Mahmood,  Muhammad Yousof Zahoor, and Muhammad Nabeel Aslam, from the  different institute of Pakistan, wrote a Review article about, Decoding Plant Diversity: Modern Molecular Tools in Biodiversity Research. Entitled, Review on use of recent molecular techniques to access biodiversity in plants. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Molecular tools developed in the past few years provide easy, less laborious means for assigning known and unknown plant taxa. These techniques answer many new evolutionary and taxonomic questions, which were not previously possible with only phenotypic methods. Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity studies. This review presents a basic description of different molecular techniques that can be utilized for DNA fingerprinting and molecular diversity analysis of plant species. DNA barcoding uses particular regions of DNA making helping in categorization and recognize unknown species. Researchers now interested to generate DNA barcodes designed for all living organisms and to build up data accessible to public to help in understanding of natural biodiversity of world. Cyclotides are peptides derived from plants with particular head to tail cyclic backbone that have three disulphide bonds by forming a cystine knot. Recent information about DNA barcoding can be used for detection of unidentified biological specimens to a taxonomic group, accurate detection of phytomedicinals, and in the biodiversity of living organisms.

Read more : Cleaning Leachate Naturally: Constructed Wetlands for Iligan City’s Landfill | InformativeBD

Introduction

Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity. DNA barcoding is especially used to determine the data base that identifies different species. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is PCR based procedure which is uses the random primers which bind to the nonspecific positions on the DNA and amplification of DNA and some molecular markers are also utilizes PCR primers comprising of nonspecific sequences in different length and size of nucleotides. Microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) Assortment arises through reproduction slippage, inadequate crossing over, modifications enhancement or disturbing the sequences of replications, although single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs originate through point mutations. Simple series replications are tandem repeats of small as 10 base pairs and DNA sequences that are useful markers for genomic mapping and Loss of heterozygosity of well-defined chromosomal loci. Single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs is type of genetic variations of different plant population in biodiversity. The nucleotides are associated at specific position but in SNPs the substitution of a single nucleotide to another nucleotide that distinguish the diversity of plants on genetic bases (Altschul et al., 1990).

The conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources require accurate identification of their accession. The emergence of DNA-based markers has changed the practice of species identification techniques(Ahmad et al., 2019).The dramatic advances in molecular genetics over the last few years have provided workers involved in the conservation of plant genetic resources with a range of new techniques for easy and reliable identification of plant species(Armstrong et al., 2005). Many of these techniques have been successfully used to study the extent and distribution of variation in species genepools and to answer typical evolutionary and taxonomic questions.

Many of these techniques have been successfully used to study the extent and distribution of variation in species gene-pools and to answer typical evolutionary and taxonomic questions. DNA barcoding is a practice with the purpose to discover the varieties based on species specific differences in short sequences of their DNA (Hebert et al., 2003). DNA barcoding utilizes principles of biochemistry, microbiology and biotechnology to recognize plant species in most efficiently detection method that is faster and accurate as compared to other traditional methods. This skill is now adopted in morphological characteristics, physiological conditions and allows species discovery without individual taxonomic information (Erickson et al., 2014). This has enabled research scientists especially in field of molecular biology to put efforts on DNA barcoding technique to estimate the herbal plant and related biological products accuracy (Hebert et al., 2003).

Sequencing based molecular techniques provide better resolution at intra-genus and above level, while frequency data from markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellites provide the means to classify individuals into nominal genotypic categories and are mostly suitable for intra-species genotypic variation study. This distinction is important to grasp for population studies, particularly when the diversity data are used as a basis for making decisions about conservation of plant resources. For instance, a recent study on Napier grass has showed that AFLP is incompatible with RAPD and morphological data; reregistration of all accessions of Napier grass based on DNA barcoding is suggested as a means to resolve the lingering problems regarding the identity of accessions. The main objective of this review is to provide a basic understanding of the recently developed molecular tools and their potential application in the conservation of plant resources (Olsvik et al.,1993).

The aims of the research are to access the biodiversity of different plants using molecular techniques and for the identification of different organisms. Molecular techniques such as Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA barcoding, Microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity studies. To access the different verities of plants and microorganisms these techniques evaluate the biodiversity between them. As in case of diseased plant to access the pathogen attack on susceptible plant and change in growth pattern of normal plant.These techniques are most necessity part of research on biodiversity and genetics that distinguish the next verities in future. Resistant verities of different plants having R gene that have high potential to resist the pathogen attack. These techniques play a significant role in RNA, DNA and Protein synthesis etc.

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Erickson DL, Jones FA, Swenson NG, Pei N, Bourg N, Chen W, Davies SJ, Ge X, Hao Z, Howe RW, Huang CL, Larson A, Lum S, Lutz JA, Ma K, Meegaskumbura M, Mi X, Parker JD, Fang Sun I, Wright J, Wolf AT, Ye W, Xing D, Zimmerman JK, Kress WJ. 2014. Comparative evolutionary diversity and phylogenetic structure across multiple forest dynamics plots: A megaphy logeny approach. Frontiers in Genetics 5, 358.

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Article source : Review on use of recent molecular techniques to access biodiversity in plants 

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Cleaning Leachate Naturally: Constructed Wetlands for Iligan City’s Landfill | InformativeBD

Roger B. Dologuin Jr.,  Maria Sheila K. Ramos,  Jaime Q. Guihawan, Ruben F. and Amparado Jr., from the  different institute of Philippines, wrote a Research Article about, Cleaning Leachate Naturally: Constructed Wetlands for Iligan City’s Landfill. entitled, Subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland as potential landfill leachate treatment of the solid waste disposal facility of Iligan City, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The landfill leachate generated in Bonbonon is considered high strength (11,622mg/L BOD5), posing serious environmental risks. In this paper, an attempt was made to reduce specifically the BOD5 (~5,000mg/L) as finishing treatment with a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VCFW) planted with Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and Cattail (Typha latifolia), respectively to render the leachate as effluent amenable for disposal as required by the Philippine Clean Water Act. Raw and treated effluents were sampled and analyzed for various water quality parameters at specific hydraulic retention time (14, 21, 28 days, respectively). Pollutants were removed more effectively by vegetated cells than by the non-vegetated cells. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) removed more contaminants than Cattail (Typha latifolia), with an average of 99.32% BOD5 removal and average pH reduction to as low as 7.06 from the average original pH of 7.72. Turbidity reduction is less effective with VFCWs. The system was able to remove 100% of the lead (Pb). Hence, Constructed Wetlands (CWs) with subsurface-vertical flow proved to be a cost-effective phytoremediation treatment technology of the landfill leachate. It is indeed a promising treatment technology that Iligan City can implement to treat its high strength wastewater.

Read more : Fern Power: Natural Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Tropical Plant Extracts | InformativeBD

Introduction

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation and its impacts on the environment are of primary concern in our societies nowadays. MSW usually comes from domestic, commercial, and industrial solid wastes, which contain organic and inorganic compounds, including heavy metals (Jayawardhana et al., 2016; Mshelia et al., 2014). Improper solid waste management poses a serious risk of contamination to both groundwater and surface water quality (Aderemi et al., 2011). Generally, solid waste is disposed of through incineration, composting, landfilling, or any desired combination of these methods (Jayawardhana et al., 2016; Leton & Omotosho, 2004).

In Iligan City, the final disposal site for solid wastes is the Central Material Recovery and Composting Facility (CMRCF) situated in Sitio Bangko, Barangay Bonbonon, Iligan City. The CMRCF is generating leachate, and it was reported that leachates were made to overflow from a leachate pond towards a creek without proper treatment. As reported, the residents noticed black and brown effluent being carried by the flowing water to the nearby Dodiongan Falls (Arevalo, 2016). In addition, from the study of Ramos et al. (2017), the leachates from the same source were analyzed of BOD5, lead, chromium, and mercury contents and were found to be 52,000mg/L, 0.2084mg/L, 0.6575mg/L, and 0.1771mg/L, respectively. These values did not meet the water quality standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order (DAO) 2016-08, otherwise known as Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016. This leachate concentration is considered to be very strong wastewater and may pose health and environmental risks when released to the bodies of water (Pescod, 1992; USEPA, 2003). This study has been conducted in response to the alarming state of the river water quality and proposed a cost-effective treatment technology using native plant species.

A very promising technology for the treatment of landfill leachates is the use of constructed wetlands. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are natural, low-cost, eco-technological biological wastewater treatment technology designed to treat wastewater. It is a shallow basin filled with filter materials (substrate), usually made of layers of sand and gravel, and planted with vegetation tolerant to constant inundation. In Verticial Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCW), the wastewater is introduced into the system and flows vertically through the substrate. The wastewater is treated by means of microbiological degradation of organic matter and other physico-chemical processes occurring in the system. Moreover, the VFCWs are also being used to treat various types of wastewater, including phenol, dairy, livestock, and industrial wastewater (Kadlec & Wallac, 2009; Yalcuk & Ugurlu, 2008; UN-HABITAT, 2008).

In this study, landfill leachate was treated by a vertical flow constructed wetland systems. The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to determine the physical and biochemical characteristics of the wastewater in terms of turbidity, temperature, heavy metals (lead), pH, and 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) before and after the treatment; (2) assess the effect of hydraulic retention time to the physical and biochemical characteristics of the water samples; and (3) assess and compare the effects of the two species of hydrophytic plants to the physical and biochemical characteristics of the water samples.

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Article source : Subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland as potential landfill leachate treatment of the solid waste disposal facility of Iligan City, Philippines 

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