Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso | InformativeBD

Sawadogo O. Michel, Some Koussao, Ouedraogo M. Hamed, Tiama Djakaria, Tiendrebeogo Fidèle, Soro Monique, Tonde Wendmanegda Hermann, and Sawadogo Mahamadou, from the different institute of Burkina Faso. wrote a Reseach Article about, Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso. Entitled, Phenotypic evaluation of six cassava families (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from seed in Burkina Faso. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Phenotypic markers are important in plant genetic characterisation studies. They are used in the present study to assess the phenotypic structuring of cassava genotypes obtained by biparental crossing. The plant material studied consists of 56 cassava genotypes from the third generation of vegetative reproduction following germination of seeds from six families resulting from crosses. To evaluate these genotypes, an Alpha lattice experimental design was used with three replicates and three blocks per replicate. Blocks I and II each contained 19 genotypes and block III 18 genotypes. Data was collected on 10 qualitative traits on leaves, stems and roots. All the variables evaluated presented several modalities. The frequencies showed that: the green-purple color (41%) was dominant for the apical leaf color characteristic. Stems color were predominantly light brown (30%). Green color (57%) was most common in the petioles. Genotypes showed more dichotomous ports (44%). In addition, the relative Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) was very high for all characters within genotypes (H’=0.90) and families (H’=0.66). The most polymorphic traits between genotypes were flowering ability (H’=1), stem color (H’=0.99), tuberous root texture (H’=0.97), apical leaf color (H’=0.96) and branching type (H’=0.93). The same index showed high intra-family diversity, family VI (H’= 0.83), family II (H’= 0.76), family IV (H’=0.69), family I (H’= 0.61), family III (H’= 0.53) and family V (H’= 0.52) showing high internal variability. ACH was used to structure the genetics into three phenotypic groups. This observed diversity can be used for cassava breeding in Burkina Faso.

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Introduction

Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766) is a perennial shrub 1 to 5 m high (Allem, 2002; Alves, 2002). It belongs to the class Dicotyledones, family Euphorbiaceae, genus Manihot and species Manihot esculenta Crantz (Isendahl, 2011; Soro, 2022). It has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=36 and a highly heterozygous genome (Alves, 2002). It is one of the most important tuberous root crops, highly valued for its starch content in tropical countries (N'Zué et al., 2014). Cassava is grown all over the world, particularly in West Africa (Agré et al., 2015). Cassava can be grown in areas with rainfall ranging from 500 mm to 8000 mm (François, 1989). Depending on the variety, production can be spread over a long period of the year, making the tuberous roots available when needed (François, 1989).

In recent years in Burkina Faso, climate variability has made farming very difficult. Crop diversification is very important to ensure food self-sufficiency. Tuber and root crops such as cassava can therefore be used to help achieve sustainable food security. In Burkina Faso, cassava production was estimated at around 17,081.25 tonnes in 2022 (FAOSTAT, 2024). As in all African countries, almost all cassava production in Burkina Faso is used for human and animal consumption (Amani et al., 2007). The tuberous roots are eaten raw or in the form of local dishes: boiled roots, grilled roots, placali, con'godê, attiéké and gari (Guira et al., 2017). In view of its food and nutritional potential, the quantities of cassava produced remain below national market demand, which in 2017 was estimated at around 124,917 tonnes of fresh tubers (Soro et al., 2022). In Burkina Faso, the major constraints to large-scale production are linked to several factors, namely: the long production cycle of six to 9 or even 12 months, the unsuitable quality of the soils used for its cultivation, which results in low root yields, the lack of suitable varieties, and the very narrow genetic base of cassava (Gmakouba et al., 2018). In order to meet consumer needs, production must be increased, and this requires efficient production technology based on the use of improved cassava varieties.

Exchanges of genetic material between producers mean that they end up with duplicates of the same cultivar (Soro et al., 2022). The reproduction of cassava, which is generally done by cuttings, leads to the spread of its bio-aggressors, which become more and more numerous and infest new fields. Studies carried out by Tiendrébéogo et al. (2009, 2012) reported the presence of Cassava Mosaic Diseases (CMD) in certain areas of Burkina Faso. Cassava is often grown under rainfed and irrigated systems in Burkina Faso. This is due to the earliness of the rains in relation to the length of the vegetative cycle and the poverty of the arable land, which means that average yields in farming areas are low, less than or equal to 15t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2024). In response to this situation, a great deal of research has been carried out by INERA through the introduction and evaluation of six (06) improved varieties, catalogued and popularised, TMS 4(2) 1425; TMS 91/02312; TMS 92/0067; TMS 92/0325; TMS 92/0427; TMS 94/0270) with potential yield (40/ha) (Gmakouba, 2018; Soro, 2022; MASA, 2014). But of these, only TMS 94/0270, commonly known as V5, is the most widely produced for its very good attiéké quality. To meet this challenge, new cassava varieties need to be developed, with a view to broadening the genetic base so as to obtain varieties that are tolerant to FGD, rich in beta-carotene, and with yields of up to 40 tonnes per hectare. It is therefore essential to assess the agro-morphological diversity of this cassava collection (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in order to better exploit the potential of these genotypes. This study was therefore carried out with the overall aim of determining the structure of the 56 genotypes obtained by biparental crossing. Specifically, the aim was (i) to determine the variability of genotypes through phenotypic traits and (ii) to identify the traits that best discriminate between genotypes and families.

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