Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents | InformativeBD

Maryam Yousaf, from the institute of Pakistan. Salman Ahmad, from the institute of Pakistan and Romana Anjum, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents. Entitled, Management of Tomato Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci with different bio-agents. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Tomato is an important fruit providing all essential nutrients. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), causing wilting in tomato plants. The mode of survival of this fungus is vascular; so not easy to control and identify at the beginning stage. Many chemicals are present in markets to control this disease but are expensive and are also causing hazardous effects on the lives of the people and the environment. Hence, there is a need to apply biological strategies to control this disease. In this experiment, six biological agents Fusicola incarnatum,Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium equisetti, Alternaria alternate and Nigrospora oryzae have been tested in vitro; among them, T. viride and F. incarnatum were found best to inhibited FOL, while after the application of bioagents T. viride and F. incarnatum in vivo. The present results showed that T. viride and F. incarnatum can control FOL.

Read more : Starting Strong: Optimizing Micropropagation Protocols for Sugarcane US-718 | InformativeBD

Introduction 

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is a member of Solanaceae family. It is mostly available all over the world (Pritesh et al., 2011). It was found 1st time in Mexico and Perue (Verma et al., 2018). Tomato production in the world is 130 million tons while its area is about 160 thousand hectares. The crop is cultivated in Pakistan on 63 thousand hectors and production is 95279 kg/ha (FAO, 2018).

Tomato is essential in our food as salads, cooked with vegetables like tomato puree, sauces, and is used in making ketchup. It is providing important vitamins like A and C (Abdullah et al., 2013). Tomatoes are a good source of lycopene, which prevents cancer, heart disorders and age-related disorders (AVRDC, 2003). Tomato is very necessary to our lives because it has important amino acids, glucose, fructose, and minerals which include Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Cu and S. It is an important source of proteins, minerals, fibers and carbohydrates, which have following ratios 1.9 g, 0.6 g, 0.7 g and 3.7 g per 100 g of edible portion, respectively (Nikhate, 2012).

FOL is a very devastating fungus and its widespread is all over the world. This fungus causes tomato wilt in tomato (Abdallah et al., 2016) and losses due to this disease are 10 to 50% in tomato (Ghazalibiglar et al., 2016). This fungus is not easy to handle due to its mode of survival in the vascular system. It is the reason why the effectiveness of fungicides is less against this fungus (Verma et al., 2018). Among all soil-borne fungi, FOL plays a significant role in causing diseases in plants due to its saprophytic nature which enables it to survive for a longer time on the organic matter (Fravel et al., 2003).

Different chemicals are being used for the control of pests and pathogens, but these chemicals are very costly and dangerous for the environment (Song et al., 2001). The extreme use of chemicals causes effects on the non-target population, makes the pathogens resistant which enables them to live many years and thus remains a continuous threat for the crops (Bawa 2016).

For the last two decades, biological methods for the control of plant diseases have been very common (Omar et al., 2016) and considered as safe strategy; because, chemicals affect humans as well as animals leading towards ecological troubles (Banerjee et al., 2016).

Biological control is safe as well as effective for the control of diseases in plants. Trichoderma spp. are found in soil all over the world, their mode of living is free and highly compatible with roots, soil and foliar atmospheres. This fungus is famous due to having antibiotic properties against different pathogenic fungi (Omar et al., 2016). Trichoderma spp. compete with the fungal pathogens for nutrition and parasitism, degrade their cell wall, and produce resistance in the plants (Taghdiet al., 2015). The objective of the current research was to investigate the potential of different fungal antagonists against FOL in vitro and in vivo.

Reference

Abdullah A. 2013. Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. Neem Products and Carbendazim against Fusarium Wilt of Tomato in pot condition. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research 3, 73-80.

Akköprü A, Demir S. 2005. Biological control of Fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium xysporum f.sp. lycopersici by AMF Glomus intraradices and some rhizobacteria. Journal of Phytopathology 153, 544-550.

Alwathnani HA, Perveen K. 2012. Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by antagonist fungi and cyanobacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 1100-1105.

Akhtar T, Shakeel Q, Sarwar G, Muhammad S, Iftikhar Y, Ullah MI, Hannan A. 2017. Evaluation of fungicides and biopesticides for the control of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Pakistan Journal of Botony 49, 769-774.

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Aydi Ben, Abdallah R, Jabnoun Khiareddine H, Nefzi A, Mokni Tlili S, Daami Remadi M. 2016. Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt and growth promotion of tomato plants using endophytic bacteria isolated from Solanum elaeagnifolium stems. Journal of Phytopathology 164, 811-824.

Banerjee S, Kanti T, Narayan R. 2016. Identification and product optimization of amylolytic Rhodococcus opacus GAA 31 . 1 isolated from gut of Gryllotalpa africana. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 14, 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.005.

Bawa I. 2016. Management strategies of Fusariumwilt disease of tomatoincited byFusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.): A REVIEW. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences Technology & Engineering 2, 2488–9849.

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Villani A, Proctor RH, Kim HS, Brown DW, Logrieco AF, Amatulli MT, Susca A. 2019. Variation in secondary metabolite production potential in the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex revealed by comparative analysis of 13 genomes. BMC genomics 20(1), 314.

Article source : Management of Tomato Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci with differentbio-agents 

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Radiation and Roots: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Seed Germination | InformativeBD

Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, from the institute of Pakistan.  Shar Muhammad, from the institute of Pakistan. Wazir Ali Metlo,  from the institute of Pakistan.  Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani,  from the institute of  Iraq. Haseenullah, from the institute of Pakistan.  Manzoor Ali Abro, from the institute of Pakistan. Muswar Ali Gadhi, from the institute of Pakistan. Naveed Wahid Awan, from the institute of Pakistan. and  Manzoor Ahmed Reki, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Radiation and Roots: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Seed Germination. Entitled, Efficacy of different essential oils, fungicides and biocontrol agents against Aspergillus niger the causal agent of fruit rot in Pomegranate. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Different essential oils, fungicides and biocontrol agents against Aspergillus niger the causal agent of fruit rot in pomegranate. The importance of survey and sampling were done and the pathogenicity test against Aspergillus niger was performed. The antifungal potential of different essential oils like Laung, Turpentine, Castus root, Neem, Gulab and Khashkhas was carried out at different doses i.e. 5% 10% and 15% find out the effective oil for the growth inhibition of Aspergillus niger effect of some fungicides viz., Melodyduo, Topsin-M, Prevail, Antracol, and Cabriotop against the causal pathogen by food poisoning method at 3 different concentration (100, 200, 300 ppm). Disease incidence was recorded in Killi Oryagi (40%) followed by Killi Murtath (20%), Killi Pattankot (18%) and Killi Zangiwal (14%). Minimum disease incidence was recorded in Killi Lashti (8%). Injection method of inoculation showed a higher percentage of rotting (7.0%) as compared to the cut method of inoculation (4.05%). Minimum colony growth of Aspergillus niger (0.10, 0.20 and 0.30%) examined Laung at the dosage Turpentine (57.33, 45.52 and 25.13%), Gulab (41.50, 35.50 and 29.50%), Castus root (65.57, 44.45 and 32.96%), Neem oil (45.00, 42.00 and 37.00%) Maximum colony growth of Aspergillus niger (49.00, 45.00 and 41.00%) was observed Minimum linear colony growth of Aspergillus niger as observed for Prevail (13.20, 4.72 and 0.25%) at various concentrations respectively followed by Topsin-M (28.50, 20.50 and 11.50%), Cabriotop (33.00, 26.50 and 13.50%), Antracol (49.84, 33.54 and 21.96%), Alliete (44.09, 32.65 and 22.83%) and maximum growth of fungus were determined under Melodyduo (57.16, 45.31 and 37.42%). The fungus growth was observed up to 90% under control.

Read more : Radiation and Roots: How Gamma Doses Influence Jatropha Seed Germination | InformativeBD 

Introduction 

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit of tropical, sub-tropical and arid regions. It belongs to the family Punicaceae the name pomegranate comes from a Latin word meaning apple with many seeds and is believed to the native of the middle East (Iran, Pakistan and adjoining countries) and spread to most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The yearly production of pomegranate in Pakistan is 50109 tons. Balochistan being the major producer counts for 65% of the entire production (Gross, 2007, da Silva et al., 2013). It believed to originate from the Middle East (Iran and adjoining countries) and spread to most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is widely cultivated in Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Spain, Afghanistan, and India and in some place of California, and Bulgaria. Approximately 7990 hactares land under pomegranate are cultivated in Balochistan during 2014-15, in Balochistan the main districts where pomegranate is cultivated are Loralai, Zhobe, Khuzdar, Kalat etc. (Aly et al., 2011). Pomegranate has a high medicinal value. Pomegranate seeds are used to make pomegranate seed oil, which has many positive health effects both internally and externally. It is a good source of vitamins B and C, antioxidant polyphenols, pantothenic acid and potassium and also reduces systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Pomegranate fights against many diseases like cancer, heart diseases, fertility problems and improves immunity, cholesterol level, bone health, arteries and also improves the dryness of skin and hair (TomásBarberán et al., 2013)Pomegranate has been used for ages in many civilizations for the prevention and treatment of a varied number of health maladies such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, dental plaque, dysentery, and to fight malaria parasites and intestinal infections. It is an important source of bioactive compounds such as Ellagitannins and the Punicalagin (Bharani & Namasivayam, 2016). Pomegranate has been described by the Holy Quran as the fruit of heaven and has been mentioned twice. Local varieties of pomegranate grown in Balochistan are Red Kandhari, Zalari, Bedana, Metha Anar, Sofaid Anar and Khata Anar. Pomegranate is being attacked by several insect pests and diseases. The diseases included Alternaria fruit rot, Aspergillus fruit rot, Botrytris fruit rot, are the major limiting factors in terms of yield losses both qualitatively and quantitatively. Among the above-mentioned diseases, fruit rot of Pomegranate caused by Aspergillus niger is one of the major post-harvest infections in which it may cause considerable losses in some cases up to 94% to the pomegranate growers. In Pakistan, this disease invariably appears every year in the pomegranate orchards causing significant yield and quality losses. The disease is more severe in the rainy season and fruit symptoms appeared in two forms; spherical depressed spots occurred in the scattered form on the pericarp only and black rot restricted to internal fruit tissues. Worldwide fruit rot of pomegranate caused by fungi A. niger, Aspergillus spp., B. cinerea, C. gloeosporioides, P. versicolor, Penicillium spp., Nematospora spp., Coniella spp., S. racemosum, P. granati and Rhizopus spp. (Bardas et al., 2009, Jamadar et al., 2011, Mirabolfathy et al., 2012, Sharma & Jain, 1978, Snowdon, 1990, Thomidis & Exadaktylou, 2011, Hebert & Clayton, 1963) essential oils viz. Terpentine Cstos root oil khashkhasoil neem oil and (Mint)were tested on A. niger in vitro condition. All the essential oils significantly inhibited the radial mycelia growth of the test pathogen (A. niger). (Munhuweyi et al., 2016) Five fungicides viz., carbendazim (0.05%), mancozeb (0.25%), companion (0.25%), copper oxychloride (0.3%) and captan (0.3%) against fruit spot and rot diseases of pomegranate were conducted. Bio-control agents like Trichoderma viride and other biocontrol agents were evaluated against aspergillus niger causing fruit rot of pomegranate. For this purpose, dual culture technique was used (Jain & Desai, 2018).

Reference

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Article source : Efficacy of different essential oils, fungicides and biocontrol agents against Aspergillus niger thecausal agent of fruit rot in Pomegranate

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Biocontrol of Black Pod Disease in Côte d'Ivoire: Cocoa Endophytic Bacteria | InformativeBD

Ouattara Adama, Coulibaly Klotioloma,  Konate Ibrahim, Gogbe Françoise, N’guessan Walet Pierre,  Acka Kotaix,  Kouame Norbert,  Tahi Mathias, Guiraud Brigitte,  Assi Maryse, Kone Daouda, N’guessan François, Tidou Abiba Sanogo, and Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, from the different institute of the Côte d’Ivoire and Morocco. wrote a research article about, Biocontrol of Black Pod Disease in Côte d'Ivoire: Cocoa Endophytic Bacteria. entitled, Biocontrol of black pod disease in Côte d’Ivoire through the selection of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) endophytic bacteria antagonist of Phytophthora spp. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM).  an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study aimed at selecting cocoa tree endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora spp. in view to produce a new biofungicide capable of controlling black pod disease. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy organs (roots, leaves and stems) of young nurseries of two clones NA32 and P7. These isolates were confronted in vitro with two Phytophthora species (Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya). Leaf and detached pod tests were carried out in a four-factor split-plot randomized experimental design. At total, 116 endophytic bacteria were isolated. These bacteria inhibited the radial growth of Phytophthora by 25.3±1.5 to 70.54±2.14%. Four isolates 48P, 60P, 23P and 18N were more effective in in vitro tests. The susceptibility index of the clone NA32 was reduced from 3.0 to 0.97 on leaf discs and from 7.57 to 1.27 on detached pods. These endophytic bacteria induced resistance to clone NA32 and increased the intrinsic resistance of clones PA150 and SCA6. Endophytic bacteria can be used for biocontrol of black pod disease. However, field trials are needed to confirm the stability of these laboratory results.

Read more :  Sustainable Natural Resource Management: Forests, Woodlands, and Wetlands | InformatoveBD

Introduction

Black pod disease is a major constraint for cocoa production, in West Africa and particularly in Côte d'Ivoire (Ploetz, 2016; Coulibaly et al., 2018). Control of this disease is therefore priority (Mpika et al., 2009). Several integrated control approaches have been suggested to eradicate this disease. Systemic contact and metalaxylbased copper fungicides have been commonly used (Pohe et al., 2013). Various agronomic control methods such as sanitary harvesting and use of resistant or tolerant varieties have been applied (Tahi et al., 2006; Albert et al., 2017). But, so far none of them have shown conclusive results. Biological control agents have been considered as an alternative approach to control various plant diseases (Tjamos et al., 2010). The exploitation of endophytes as biological control agents for plant diseases has attracted much interest in scientific research (Tondje et al., 2006). Indeed, their ability to colonize host plant tissues has made them valuable and effective for sustainable agriculture (Nur et al., 2016; Ouattara et al., 2019). They are considered as a tool to improve crop yield compared to other biological agents (Soylu et al., 2005; Nur et al., 2016). As internal colonizers of the root system, endophytes can compete within the vascular system, inhibiting pathogens to obtain both nutrients and space for their proliferation. Various endophytic bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas have strong antifungal activity to control Phytophthora diseases (Rika et al., 2014). This study aimed at selecting cocoa tree endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Phytophthora spp., in view to produce a new biofungicide capable of controlling black pod disease. In this study, the fungicidal effect of the endophytic bacteria was assessed on detached cocoa leaves and pods in the laboratory.

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Source : Biocontrol of black pod disease in Côte d’Ivoire through the selection of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) endophytic bacteria antagonist of Phytophthora spp. 

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