Cornelio S. Casilac Jr.,
and Adrian M. Tulod, from the different institute of the Philippines.
wrote a research article about, Biophysical Factors Affecting Height and
Diameter Structures of Falcata (Falcataria falcata) in Agusan del Norte,
Philippines. Entitled, Biophysical factors influencing the Height and Diameter
structures of Falcata (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin) in Agusan
del Norte, Philippines. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences.
under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences |
INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
This study aims to
support private tree farmers in making knowledgeable management decisions in
their falcata plantation. The effect of biophysical factors on the height and
diameter structures of 6-year-old Falcata (Falcataria falcata) at various
elevations (0-200 m asl, 201-400 m asl, and 401-600 m asl) in Agusan was
investigated in this study. Fifteen (15) 20 m x 20 m plots were created at each
sampling site a total of 45 plots were established. In this study, the height
and diameter structures of 6-year-old falcata were measured and analyzed.
Results indicate that elevation, temperature, relative humidity, and soil
potassium are key factors influencing the height and diameter structures of
6-year-old falcata trees. The mean height and diameter were highest in the
middle elevation, or within 201-400 m asl, and lowest in the higher elevation,
or 401-600 m asl. The temperature has a negative and significant relationship
with the height and diameter structures of 6-year-old falcata, and tree spacing
had a negative relationship with height.
Introduction
Falcataria falcata (L.)
Greuter & R. Rankin) is a huge tree with a first branch reaching a height
of up to 20 meters. Falcata trees can reach 100 cm in diameter, have a
spreading flat crown, and form a wide umbrella-shaped canopy when growing in
the open, with the buttress being tiny or absent (Krisnawati et al., 2011).
Tree growth patterns in forest stands vary between locations and individual
trees due to both internal and external variables. Environmental variables vary
concerning elevation within a species geographical range, resulting in regional
diversity in site conditions that may limit growth (Barry, 1992). A higher
growth rate boosts a species competitive ability and survival in favorable
conditions (Vitasse, 2009).
The elevational
gradient plays an important role in a tree or stands growth since trees have
different ecological and physiological requirements for survival. Understanding
how tree growth responds to environmental gradients is crucial for
comprehending the ecology of species distribution and forest ecosystems, as
well as for predicting future ecosystem services, as stated by Rapp et al.
(2012). The growth and mortality rates of trees can be influenced by the
elevation, as each species has an optimal altitude level for planting
suitability. Some authors suggest that tree growth may decline with elevation
(Coomes and Allen, 2007; Leigh, 1975; Bruijnzeel and Veneklaas, 1998; Girardin
et al., 2010)
Pathogens (Mallett and
Volney, 1999), insects (Rhoades and Stipes, 1999), competition with other trees
(Nowak and McBride, 1991; Rhoades and Stipes, 1999), and competition with other
vegetation are all biotic variables linked to lower tree growth rates in
ecosystems (Close et al., 1996). Gall rust appears to be more common in falcata
species at higher elevations. Anino (1991) emphasizes that minor infections
occur at lower elevations of 250 meters above sea level, while major infections
occur at elevations of 275 to 500 meters above sea level. Severe instances were
discovered at elevations ranging from 400 to 600 meters above sea level (Lacandula
et al., 2017).
There is a need to
investigate the influence of biophysical factors on the height and diameter
structures of the falcata at different elevation because the knowledge of how
this plant responds are of paramount significance in understanding its ability
to respond to climate change. In the Philippines, falcata is one of the most
important species for industrial tree plantations (ITPs). Despite the
importance of the species, there is no empirical data about its height and
diameter structures concerning different elevations.
The study hypothesized
that the height and diameter structures of 6-year-old falcata will decline with
elevation. More specifically, the hypothesis suggests that the height and
diameter structures of the species will reduce at higher elevations due to
their vulnerability under such conditions.
Reference
Adams HD,
Guardiola-Claramonte M, Barron-Gafford GA, Villegas JC, Breshears DD, Zou CB,
Troch PA, Huxman TE. 2009. Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree
mortality: implications for regional die-off under global-change-type drought.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 7063-7066.
Anino E. 1994.
Commercial plantation establishment, management, and wood utilization of Paraserianthes
falcataria by Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines Resources,
Inc. In Proceedings of a workshop on Albizia and Paraserianthes species,
Bislig, Surigao del Sur, Philippines (131-139 P).
Anino E. 1991 Control
of rust disease of falcata (Parasirianthes falcataria (L.) Forsberg) in
Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines. Phil. Lumberman. 37
Anonymous.1993. Gall
Rust Disease on F. moluccana Plantation in Sabah, Malaysia. Annual Report of
SSB Company, Sabah. Malaysia (Unpublished).
Baribault TW, Kobe RK,
Finley AO. 2012. Tropical tree growth is correlated with soil phosphorus,
potassium, and calcium, though not for legumes. Ecological Monographs 82(2),
189–203.
Barry RG. 1992.
Mountain climatology and past and potential future climatic changes in mountain
regions: a review. Mt Res Dev 12, 71–86.
Briffa KR,
Schweingruber FH, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Shiyatov SG, Vaganov EA. 1998. Reduced
sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes.
Nature 391, 678–682.
Braza RD. 1997. Gall
rust disease of Paraserianthes falcataria in the Philippines. Forest,
Farm, & Community Tree Research Reports 2, 61-62.
Bruijnzeel LA,
Veneklaas EJ. 1998. Climatic conditions and tropical montane forest
productivity: the fog has not lifted yet. Ecology 79, 3–9.
Charomaini M, Suhaendi
H.1997. Genetic variation of Paraserianthes falcataria seed sources
in Indonesia and its potential in tree breeding programs. In: Zabala, N. (ed.),
International workshop on Albizia and Paraserianthes species, 151–156.
Proceedings of a workshop held November 13–19, 1994, Bislig, Surigao del Sur
Clark DA, Clark DB.
1992. Life history diversity canopy and emergent trees in Neotropical rain
forest. Ecological Monographs 62, 315-344.
Close RE, Nguyen PV,
Kielbaso JJ. 1996. Urban vs. natural sugar maple growth: Stress symptoms and
phenology in relation to site characteristics. J. Arboric. 22, 144-150.
Coomes DA, Allen RB.
2007. Effects of size, competition and altitude on tree growth. Journal of
Ecology 95, 1084-1097. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01280.x
Djogo APY. 1997. Use of
Albizia and Paraserianthes species in small-scale farming systems in Indonesia.
In: Zabala, N. (ed.), International workshop on Albizia and Paraserianthes
species, 27–36. Proceedings of a workshop held November 13–19, 1994, Bislig,
Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports
(Special Issue). Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas, USA
Hedge V, Chandran MDS,
Gadgil M. 1998. Variation in bark thickness in a tropical forest community of
Western Ghats in India. Functional Ecology 12, 313–318
Krisnawati H, Varis E,
Kallio M, Kanninen M. 2011. Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen:
Ecology, silviculture and productivity. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 1-11p.
Lacandula L, Rojo MJ,
Casas J, Puno GR. 2017. Geospatial Analysis on the Influence of Biophysical
Factors on the Gall Rust Prevalence in Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria L.
Nielsen) Plantation in Gingoog City, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and
Environmental Science 11( 4), 18-24.
Leigh EG. 1975. Structure
and climate in tropical rainforest. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6, 67-86
Lelana NE, Wiyono S,
Giyanto G, Siregar IZ. 2018. Cultivation Practices and Its Correlation to The
Severity of Gall Rust Disease on Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby
& JW Grimes. JPHT 15(1), 29-41.
Mallett KI, Volney WJA.
1999. The effect of Armillaria root disease on lodgepole pine tree growth. Can.
J. For. 29, 252-259.
Nowak DJ, McBride JR.
1991. Comparison of Monterey pine stress in urban and natural forests. J.
Environ. Management 32, 383-395.
Palma RA, Tiongco LE,
Canencia OP, Boniao RD, Florida EJ, Dagonio JY. 2020. Gall rust disease
incidence of Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) in
Falcata-based agroforestry systems in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. IOP Conf.
Series: Earth and Environmental Science 449 (2020), 012035. DOI:
10.1088/1755-1315/449/1/012035
Rahayu S, See LS,
Shukor NAA, Saleh G. 2018. Environmental factors related to gall rust
disease development of Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby and Grimes
at Brumas Estate, Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia Appl. Eco. Envi. Res. 16, 7485-99
Rhoades RW, Stipes RJ.
1999. Growth of trees on the Virginia Tech campus in response to various
factors. J. Arboric. 25, 211-215.
Roth I. 1981.
Structural patterns of tropical barks. Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy Volume 9.
Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin. 609p.
Wright SJ, Yavitt JB,
Wurzburger N, Turner BL, Tanner EVJ, Sayer EJ, Santiago LS, Kaspari M, Hedin
LO, Harms KE; Garcia MN, Corre MD. 2011. Potassium, phosphorus or nitrogen
limit root allocation, tree growth, or litter production in a lowland tropical
forest. Ecology 92(8), 1616-1625.
Source : Biophysical factors influencing the Height and Diameter structures of Falcata (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin) in Agusan del Norte, Philippines
%20in%20full.JPG)
0 comments:
Post a Comment