Effect of Colchicine on In-vitro Cultures of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) for Polyploid Development | InformativeBD

Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Nilan Suneth Dayarathna , Dandudeniye Gedara Harsha Manoj Kumara Dissanayake , Prathiba Aruni Weerasinghe, and Randeniya Mudiyanselage Erandi Madushika Kumari Randeniya,  from the different institute of the Sri Lanka. wrote a research article about, Effect of Colchicine on In-vitro Cultures of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) for Polyploid Development. Entitled, Study on the effect of colchicine on in-vitro cultures of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) approach to polyploid development. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Crop improvement possibilities in turmeric Curcuma longa (L.) are limited due to its triploid nature except for polyploidisation. Colchicine is a chemical that is used frequently to make plants polyploidy. Hence, this research aimed to study the effect of colchicine on the ability to induce polyploidisation of in-vitro turmeric cultures. The study consisted of two experiments: (1) assay on in-vitro culturing for callus induction and (2) assay on colchicine treatments and polyploidy screening. In experiment 1, turmeric rhizome buds were cultured on MS-solidified medium for callus induction with 100 mL coconut water, 2.5 and 4.5 mg L-1 2,4-D, 0.93 mg L-1 KIN, and without growth regulators. In addition, cell suspension culture was tested for callus induction with 4.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.93 mg L-1 KIN.  For polyploidy induction in experiment 2, in-vitro developed callus tissues were transferred to liquid MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20%) for 2 days. Then acetocarmine staining method and microscopic observation were attempted to count the chromosome number. Nucleus size; nucleus area (µmSq) and perimeter (µm) were referred using microscopic observation under 1000× magnification and BEL capture software. The results revealed that MS-solidified medium supplemented with coconut water was most effective in inducing callus. The nucleus area (371.225 µmSq) and perimeter (65.725 µm) of the cells in 0.05% colchicine for 2 days showed the highest results. It can be concluded that 0.05% colchicine concentration has an effect on nuclear size increment thereby possibly inducing polyploidization of turmeric.

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Introduction

Turmeric is regarded as the golden spice with innumerable health benefits. Turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa L. belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and genus Curcuma. Turmeric is cultivated most extensively in India, followed by Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In most tropical regions of Africa, America, and the Pacific Ocean Island, it is also grown on a modest basis. The world’s biggest producer, importer, and user of turmeric is India (Shrishail et al., 2013).

It has many cultivars due to its highly variable morphology and the wide range of chromosome numbers in the genus, with diploid, triploid, and tetraploid plants. Curcuma longa belongs to the triploid species (2n=3x=63), a rhizomatous perennial herb whose rhizome is used as one of the most common sources of spices in the world. Turmeric's unique flavour has made it popular for usage as a flavoring ingredient, cosmetic, textile dye, and other applications. Major active ingredients of turmeric include three curcuminoids; curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin , among curcumin is the main chemical component of turmeric with 0.3-8.6% (Phukan et al., 2022). 

Turmeric is a highly valuable plant in the world. Therefore, crop improvement is timely and important for turmeric, targeting high-yielding varieties and enhancing the quality and quantity of curcumin, with high oleoresin and essential oil content, to overcome the hybridisation barrier and enhance the fertility of the plant, pest resistance, environmental adaptability, and stress tolerance for biotic and abiotic stress (Forrester et al., 2020).

Turmeric is propagated by vegetative propagules that sustain the genetic makeup of the crop throughout the generations therefore; the genetic diversity is very low in turmeric. A spontaneous mutation is one way of generating genetic diversity (Ulukapi and Nasircilar, 2018). However, it is a very rare chance to happen (Oladosu et al., 2016). Also, there are many problems when considering conventional breeding of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and crop improvement (Dudekula et al., 2022). This is a monocotyledonous species, rarely flowering. It is classified as a sterile triploid plant (2n = 3x = 63) and cannot be used as parents for further breeding and to produce sterile flowers with no gametes. Therefore, having drawback of making inter-specific crosses (Ketmaro et al., 2012). Also, during the growing season (8-10 months) each rhizome can produce 10-25 lateral buds, but only 4-6 of them actively develop plantlets. Due to its nature, it has a limited genetic diversity and therefore, crop improvement and conventional breeding is difficult (Upendri and Seran, 2021). Thus a research was aimed to study the effect of colchicine on the ability to induce polyploidisation of invitro turmeric cultures.

Reference

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Source : Study on the effect of colchicine on in-vitro cultures of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) approach topolyploid development