Taxonomic Analysis of Gastropod Snail Occurrence in Agroecosystems | InformativeBD

Javaria Altaf, from the institute of Pakistan. Naureen Aziz Qureshi , from the institute of Pakistan and  Muhammed Javed Iqbal Siddiqui, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a research article about, Taxonomic Analysis of Gastropod Snail Occurrence in Agroecosystems. Entitled, Taxonomic studies on the occurrence of the snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the agroecosystem. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

Gastropods have a very important position in our ecosystem as pest, intermediate host, food source and as bioindicators for environmental quality but the taxonomic work regarding snail species has not been carried out in this part of the world after 19th century. Total 19290 snails were collected from agro ecosystem of Faisalabad for theirtaxonomic characterization. The identification of the specimens was made on the basis of number of whorls, coiling of the shell, umbilicus, shape, colour, shape of the aperture, presence or absence of operculum, height (mm), diameter (mm) and the diameter of the aperture (mm) using vernier caliper. Microscopic identification was done by using recent identification keys and diagrammatic description provided in them. We found snails belonging to 2 orders 7 families 9 genera and 15 species. This is a baseline study to get the basic information about the malacofaunna of Faisalabad which will be important in various applied fields. However, new sibling species might be proposed of Zooctecus insularis after molecular characterization.

Read more : Burkholderia cepacia: ACase Report from the University Hospital of Befelatanana Laboratory |InformativeBD

Introduction

Land snails are generally considered as typical herbivores, fungivores and detrivores (Burch and Pearce, 1990) that show intraspecific competition at weak levels (Cain, 1983, Barker and May hill, 1999). Annual litter input of about 0.5% per year can be consumed by land snail communities (Mason, 1970). They are designated as serious pests of ripening fruits i.e. tomatoes and strawberries as they are grown near the ground. However, they also depend on foliage and fruit of some trees like citrus (Flint, 2003).

It has an important position in the food webs of different ecosystems as snails are mostly consumed by fish, water fowl, crayfish, leeches and sciomyzid flies (SWCSMH, 2006). Most of the studies on the land snails have been carried out approximately a century before in the Indian subcontinent. Hutton (1842) collected and studied the land snails of neighborhood of Bolan pass, from Suliman range and the hills of south laying west to Indus. According to the Blanford and Godwin (1908), in the areas of Saw at, Dir or Chitral no terrestrial snails have been observed except Petraeus snails, while in the Kuram valley only very few species were found. They worked chiefly on the conchological side of the families Testacellidae and Zonitidae of Indian subcontinent.

Pokryszko et al. (2009) collected 3500 dry shells and described 22 species out of which 12 were new species from 77 localities. The specimens were preserved in alcohol. The shell variations in most species were described and nine species were illustrated with Figs of detailed reproductive system. In the Northern area of Pakistan there is highest diversity of Pupilliods due to wetter climate and wider altitudinal range. Ten out of twenty two species were considered to be endemic to Pakistan, while the distribution of the rest of species was extended to other regions i.e. Asia, Europe and Holarctic.

Pupilloid fauna showed great diversity of Palaearctic/Holarctic influence on general. Recently researches have been conducted on the biodiversity of soil macro inverteberate in the low and high input fields of wheat and sugarcane in District Faisalabad (Rana, 2012; Siddiqui, 2005) with the major focus on impact of chemical on the diversity of different macroinverteberates. Rana (2000) studied the ecological distribution of earthworm species along some water bodies in the agro ecosystem of Faisalabad Division. Khanum (2010) studied the taxonomy of the plant nematodes of sugarcane fields. 

Very less work has been done with reference to the taxonomy and ecology of snails in the agro ecosystem. Previously Ali (2005), Altaf (2006) and Rahman (2011) have attempted to study the diversity of snails in agro ecosystem of Faisalabad which has augmented the previous information of the malacofaunna in Faisalabad. The work of the Ali (2005) and Altaf, (2006) was just about the sugarcane fields and wheat fields near Gutti village area; however Rahman (2011) covered only few villages of Faisalabad focusing only one family of snails. The diversity index was found highly significant in agricultural fields however the results were non-significant in case of ditches. It can be concluded that due to environmental degradation and water pollution the snail diversity is non significant, in ditches however in the agro ecosystem it is a pest (Altaf et al. 2016).

This study is focuses mainly on the taxonomic account of the different species found in the agro ecosystem of Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Reference

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Rahman MSU. 2011. Biodiversity of the Snails From the Agro-Ecosystem of Tehsil Faisalabad City. B. S Thesis, Government College University, Faisalabad.

Rana N. 2012. Biodiversity of Soil Macro invertebrates in Low and High Input Fields of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in District Faisalabad. PhD thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Rana SA, Rafique A, Qureshi JI. 2000. Ecological distribution of earthworms species along some water channels, water ditches, canals and river in the Agro-Ecosystem of Faisalabad Division. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences Vol. 10 (4), p. 126-130.

Siddiqui, MJI. 2005. Studies on the Biodiversity of Invertebrates in the Wheat Triticum aestivum Farm Agroecosystems of Punjab, Pakistan. Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

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Source : Taxonomic studies on the occurrence of the snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the agroecosystem

 

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Burkholderia cepacia: A Case Report from the University Hospital of Befelatanana Laboratory | InformativeBD

Zafindrasoa Domoina Rakotovao-Ravahatra, Rémy Narindra Milasoanjara , Benja Ramilitiana, Hoahy Rasoanandrasana , Mikkelsen Eliane Ranivoharisoa , Willy Franck Harilalaina Randriamarotia, and Andriamiadana Luc Rakotovao, from the institute of Madagascar. wrote a research article about, Burkholderia cepacia: A Case Report from the University Hospital of Befelatanana Laboratory. Entitled, Burkholderia cepacia: A case report in the laboratory of University Hospital of Befelatanana. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract 

Burkholderia cepacia has rarely been reported in Antananarivo. We present a case of a 49-year-old male with chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis-dependent, who was admitted to the hospital because of dyspnoea, deterioration of the general state and fever. His past medical history includes chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes and chronic global heart failure. Burkholderia cepacia was identified in blood culture. The Immuno-compromised state of the patient, the antimicrobial resistance of Burkholderia cepacia and the delay of positivity of blood cultures are discussed. 

 Read more : Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Saliva |InformativeBD

Introduction

Chronic renal failure is a public health problem worldwide. In 2015, more than 353 million people or 5% of the world's population suffer from chronic renal failure (Ramilitiana et al., 2016). The survival and quality of life of these patients depend on the continued good functioning of dialysis access sites. Bloodstream infection is the leading cause of hospitalization and the second most common cause of death among patients receiving regular hemodialysis. Controlling infection in these patients is a challenge for healthcare staff because hemodialysis is an invasive procedure with an inherent infection risk. Furthermore, catheters are often manipulated during hemodialysis sessions, and patients receiving hemodialysis are immunodeficient. Bloodstream infection is caused by the nosocomial infections in the majority of cases (Gauna et al, 2013). Among the germs involved, B. cepacia (B. cepacia) is an aerobic, glucose– non-fermenting, gram-negative bacillus that mainly affects immunocompromised and hospitalized patients as well as those with chronic affection diseases (Lee et al, 2015). Patients with cystic fibrosis and dialysis-dependent patients are particularly vulnerable. Clinical manifestations are varied and run the gamut from asymptomatic colonization to necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis (Zuckerman and Seder, 2007). It is often resistant to multiple antibiotics and has been shown to grow in penicillin medium. It is known to contaminate intravenous fluids, bronchoscopes and urinary catheters (Long et al, 2012). The isolation of the etiologic agent and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility profile are important for achieving better prognoses. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria is a wellrecognized problem. Therefore, surveillance studies are important for the monitoring of the emergence of these microorganisms, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing hemodialysis (Gauna et al, 2013).

This study aims to demonstrate a case of B. cepacia sepsis in a dialysis-dependent patient who had endocarditis with past medical history of hypertension and diabetes.

Reference

Alvarez-Lerma F, Maull E, Terradas R, Segura C, Planells I, Coll P, Knobel H, Vázquez A. 2008. Moisturizing body milk as a reservoir of Burkholderia cepacia:outbreak of nosocomial infection in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Crit Care 12, R10.

Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK, Dimopoulos G, Grammatikos AP Falagas ME. 2009. Therapeutic options for Burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33, 394-404.

Baul SN, De R, Mandal PK, Roy S, Dolai TK., Chakrabarti P. 2018. Outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia infection: a systematic study in a hematolo-oncology unit of a tertiary care hospital from eastern India. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 10, e201805.

Bayram M, Babalik M, Bakan ND, Dongel I. 2011. Community-acquired Burkholderia cepacia pneumonia: a report of two immunocompetent patients. Tuberk Toraks 59, 380-383.

Comité de l’antibiogramme de la Société Française de microbiologie : recommendations CA-SFM. 2013. Accessed 15 March 2019 on the website http://www.sfm-microbiologie.org/

Durham SH, Lee AE, Assanasen C. 2012. Burkholderia cepacia septicemia in a pediatric oncology patient: a pharmacotherapy challenge. Ann Pharmacother 46, e16.

Gauna TT, Oshiro E, Luzio YC, Paniago AMM, Cury Pontes ERJ, Chang MR. 2013. Bloodstream infection in patients with end-stage renal disease in a teaching hospital in central-western Brazil. Revista da Socieda de Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 46, 426-432.

Ki HK, Kim SH, Han SW, Cheong HS. 2011. A case of native valve endocarditis caused by Burkholderia cepacia without predisposing factors. BMC Infectious Diseases 11, 114.

Lee KW, Lee ST, Cho H. 2015. Burkholderia Cepacia Causing Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in Children. Child Kidney Dis 19, 143-147.

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Ramilitiana B, Ranivoharisoa EM, Dodo M, Razafimandimby E and Randriamarotia WF. 2016. A retrospective study on the incidence of chronic renal failure in the Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology at University Hospital of Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar). Pan Afr Med J 23, 141.

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Souza AV, Moreira CR, Pasternak J, Hirata ML, Saltini DA, Caetano VC, Ciosak S, Azevedo FM, Severino P, Vandamme P, Magalhaes VD. 2004. Characterizing uncommon Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates from an outbreak in a haemodialysis unit. J Med Microbiol 53, 999-1005.

Zhou J, Chen Y, Tabibi S, Alba L, Garber E, Saiman L. 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, 1085-1088.

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Source : Burkholderia cepacia: A case report in the laboratory of University Hospital of Befelatanana

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Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Saliva | InformativeBD

Veenayohini Kumaresan, and Ganesh Punamalai, from the institute of India. wrote a research article about, Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Saliva. Entitled, Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Saliva. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

Probiotics, which are non-pathogenic microorganisms, interact with the gastrointestinal microbiota and offer various health benefits. These include boosting the host’s immune response, acting as antiallergic agents, and exhibiting antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Probiotics are also capable of restoring the disrupted microbiome in a dysbiotic gut. While they can be isolated from different environments, it is often recommended that probiotics intended for human use should be sourced from human origins. The present study shows the successful isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from saliva. The lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the collected saliva samples using MRS medium. The isolated bacterial strains were tested for hemolytic activity to verify their non-pathogenic nature. Further, the strains were partially identified by biochemical and microscopic observations; afterwards, the bacterial isolates, which showed non-hemolytic, were tested for their resistance potential against the standard antibiotics. The observed result shows that among the 94 individual isolates, only 12 showed non-hemolytic activity on the blood agar medium. Moreover, the isolated lactic acid bacteria belong to the Lactobacilli genus. The tested lactic acid bacterial strains almost showed resistant patterns against many tested antibiotics. The study’s findings demonstrate the variety of microbial species in human saliva. Given that these strains are derived from humans, they are likely to exhibit peak efficiency in applications related to food and pharmaceuticals designed for human consumption.

Read more : Population Size and Conservation Strategies for Rose-Ringed Parakeet in Maroua, Northern Cameroon |InformativeBD

 Introduction

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria, commonly referred to as LAB, are a group of microorganisms known for their potential health benefits. LABs are frequently found in fermented foods and are considered promising probiotic candidates due to their ability to produce lactic acid and antimicrobial components (Sandi et al., 2019). These bacteria are crucial in regulating intestinal microbial homeostasis, influencing nutrient availability, and modulating local and systemic immune responses (Hossain et al., 2016). The probiotic effects of LAB are attributed to various factors, including their ability to adhere to human cells, exclude pathogenic microbes, and exhibit immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic activities (Moroeanu et al., 2015). Studies have highlighted the significance of LAB, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, in conferring probiotic benefits (Sjofjan et al., 2021). LAB, such as Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus salivarius, are commonly associated with probiotic properties (Tamang and Lama, 2022). These bacteria are known for enhancing antimicrobial immune protection, thereby aiding in protection against microbial pathogens (Cross, 2002).

Consequently, the search for new bacterial strains with various inherent attributes has emerged to explore their potential utility in treating a wide range of disorders. For example, The application of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 10241 probiotic strain in a burn model has revealed its potential to hinder Pseudomonas aeruginosa's growth by stimulating phagocytosis of this pathogen by tissue phagocytes, reducing apoptosis, and ultimately promoting tissue repair (Valdéz et al., 2005). In recent years, the issue of antibiotic resistance has gained significant attention, leading to increased research on probiotics and their products as possible alternatives.

The use of probiotics can help in the fight against pathogens through various mechanisms, including competitive exclusion, boosting the function of the intestinal barrier, and producing antimicrobial compounds such as peptides (Fijan, 2016; Besser et al., 2019).Several Lactobacillus strains have demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of various multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens, including MRSA. (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp. and Clostridium difficile (Chen et al., 2019; Nami et al., 2019b). Probiotics are present in various environments, including dairy products, fermented foods, and the human body.

However, probiotics derived from humans are commonly recommended for human use (Sanders, 2008; Kumar et al., 2020). This study aimed to isolate probiotic LAB strains from saliva of healthy individuals and evaluate their probiotic potential.

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Source : Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Saliva 

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Population Size and Conservation Strategies for Rose-Ringed Parakeet in Maroua, Northern Cameroon | InformativeBD

Ghislain Noé Kougoum Piebeng, from the institute of  Cameroon,  Madi Namissa , from the institute of  Cameroon. Simon Awafor Tamungang , from the institute of  Cameroon. Daksala Wansang , from the institute of  Cameroon.  Leonce Syntcha Djakam, from the institute of  Cameroon . Sandra Ateufack Nguekeng, from the institute of  Cameroon and Alexis Teguia, from the institute of  Cameroon. wrote a research article about, Population Size and Conservation Strategies for Rose-Ringed Parakeet in Maroua, Northern Cameroon. entitled, Population size and conservation management of the rose-ringed parakeet (Alexandrinus krameri) in the town of Maroua, far north Cameroon. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

The present study was carried out in the town of Maroua, Far North Region of Cameroon with the main objective of contributing to the knowledge of the population status of the Rose-ringed Parakeet (RRP) with a view to its sustainable management. The Rose-ringed Parakeet (RRP) inventory was carried out using the linear strip transect method. The counts were made from 27 July to 20 September 2023 for the rainy season and from 15 November 2023 to 2 February 2024, all between 6 a.m.-9:30 a.m. for the morning and 4 p.m.-6 p.m. for the evening on all sites. The information collected in the field was processed and analysed using Distance 6.0, PAST 4.03 and QGIS.3.22 software. It appears from this analysis that the population of RRP is estimated at 47,391 individuals in the study site with an average density of 20.6 individuals per hectare. In the rainy season, the surface density was estimated at 12,488 individuals/ha for a total of 28,723 individuals while in the dry season, the density was 7.1815 individuals/ha for a total of 16,517 individuals. Depending on the type of habitat, the abundance of parakeets was higher in mixed zones composed of housing and plantations compared to other habitats. RRP are found everywhere in the territory of the city of Maroua. Modelling the spatial distribution using the IDW interpolation method using QGIS software shows that RRP in general and in the rainy season are more abundant in the Maroua 1 subdivision, and this distribution was dependent on the availability of food resources. Les principales activités humaines rencontrés sont le pâturage et l’exploitation forestière. The main human activities encountered were pasture and logging. Although RRPs are still encountered in large numbers in Maroua, conservation should be done as a priority in the districts of Maroua 1 and Maroua 3.

Read more: Innovative Approaches to Atherosclerosis Treatment: Nanomedicine and Herbal Remedies | InformativeBD

Introduction

Birds represent the animal group most used for environmental monitoring, ahead of large mammals (Ricard et al., 2017). They play a role in crop protection by controlling populations of harmful insects. They enable the development of tourist activities through their various forms (Kouzi, 2012). Birds are a source not only of aesthetic pleasure, sound and color to our existence, but also a source of economic growth, providing income and motivation for conservation through ecotourism (Jaquemet, 2010). They also provide a wide variety of ecosystem services. Rose-ringed parakeets (RRP), for their part, are involved in the pollination of plants and can disperse seeds over long distances through their excrement (Blanco et al., 2018). The potentially ubiquitous ecological role of the parakeet may contribute to the resilience of ecosystems against overgrazing and forest degradation, particularly through their dependence on declining basal tree species (Ellison et al., 2005). 

The RRP, despite its ecological and socioeconomic importance, is one of the most successful invasive birds in the world (Menchetti and Mori, 2014; Le Gros et al., 2016), with exotic populations established in more than 35 countries (Menchetti et al., 2016). The rose-ringed parakeet often occurs around human habitation (Grandi et al. 2018; Mentil et al. 2018). It is a social species and is native to parts of eastern and southern Asia and from eastern to central Africa (Parr and Juniper, 2010). Humans have been responsible for translocating this species across the globe as part of the pet trade, and many are purchased for companionship (Menchetti et al., 2016; Vall-llosera et al., 2017). The RRP with its shrill cry is a granivore-frugivore which exploits both local and exotic species (buds, fruits, seeds). It is also considered a major pest in India, its native area, where it attacks fruit and cereal trees (Clergeau et al., 2015). It nests very early in tree cavities and seems to compete in certain regions with other cavity-dwelling species such as the Nuthatch, Sitta europaea (Strubbe and Matthysen, 2009). Studies also show potential impacts on Stock Doves, Columba oenas or bats (Hernandez-Brito et al., 2014) or on the feeding of small passerines (Peck et al., 2014) and during the breeding period, it displays aggressive behaviour towards other birds that fly around its nests (Clergeau et al., 2015).

Several works have already been carried out on the RRP all over the world and in Africa. In this context, we will cite for example the study on the introduction and nesting of the RRP in Algeria (Amina et al., 2005), and the study on the establishment of the RRP Psittacula krameri (syn: Alexandrinus parakeet) in Algeria and first data on its trophic ecology in this region (Bendjoudi et al., 2005). On the other hand, in Cameroon, no previous study has been carried out on RRP. This work was initiated with the overall objective of contributing to knowledge of the state of the RRP population with a view to its sustainable management in the city of Maroua. Specifically, it is: estimate the abundance and density of the Roseringed parakeet in the town of Maroua, map the spatial distribution of RRP; identify and assess the impact of different threats on this bird species.

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Source : Population size and conservation management of the rose-ringed parakeet (Alexandrinus krameri) inthe town of Maroua, far north Cameroon  

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Innovative Approaches to Atherosclerosis Treatment: Nanomedicine and Herbal Remedies | InformativeBD

Shafee Ur Rehman , and Kudaibergen Osmonaliev, from the institute of Kyrgyzstan. wrote a review article about, Innovative Approaches to Atherosclerosis Treatment: Nanomedicine and Herbal Remedies. Entitled, Innovative approaches in atherosclerosis treatment: A comprehensive review of nanomedicine and herbal medicine strategies.This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

CVD or cardiovascular disorders are one of the major factors causing significant increases in mortality worldwide. One of the major infections in the heart’s blood vessels is atherosclerosis, which is mainly caused by the deposition of fats, high blood pressure, and diabetics. The use of synthetic medicine can cure cardiovascular disorders. Although some side effects have been observed using synthetic medicine. With the recent advances in technology especially biotechnology, the scientific community now looking for new and useful treatment methods, among them Nanomedicine and herbal medicine are some of the significant approaches for the cure of cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we reviewed the current status of Nanomedicine and herbal medicine approaches for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Several studies have demonstrated that treatment has a major impact on the management of atherosclerosis and other related cardiovascular issues. Furthermore, this study concluded how the nanoparticle with macrophage target could be delivered for the treatment of a wide range of atherosclerotic disorders. A more precise solution and cure for inflammation and control of atherosclerotic plaque could be obtained by the suppression of pro-atherogenic macrophage with the nanoparticle. Hence, we suggested the use of Nanomedicine therapeutic approaches for the cure and treatment of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular problems could be a significant solution, although more clinical trials are needed on the Nanomedicine approaches in CVD.

Read more : Diversity of Gobies(Actinopterygii, Gobiiformes) in the Rupnarayan River, West Bengal, India |InformativeBD

 Introduction

Cardiovascular disorders are the major cause of mortality worldwide. Myocardial infection can lead to atherosclerosis and is the major cause of atherosclerosis (Li et al., 2020). Recent studies showed that about 12 million deaths worldwide are occurring due to atherosclerosis and the percentage will rise at the end of 2030, the major causes investigated are myocardial infection, and coronary disorders (Vogel et al., 2021). The early treatment of cardiac ischemia can be significant in stopping atherosclerosis, cell damage, necrosis, and other cardiac infections (Li et al., 2020). Studies at the molecular and cellular level suggested that atherosclerosis and other cardiac problems lead to heart failure (Fig. 1) (Zhao et al., 2023). The disorder in endothelium tissue in large and average size particles can cause the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in lesion-prone regions. The major risk factors for plaque formation are alcohol, smoking, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes (Stangret et al., 2023). Endothelium disorders are a pathophysiological factor enhancing the deposition of fats, expression of adhesions molecules, and chemotactic molecules which are deposited and buildup in arteries (Stangret et al., 2023). Successively differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, which further form foam cells by phagocytosis apolipoprotein B consists of low-density lipoproteins (Deng et al., 2023). In the vessel wall, the immune cells and lipoprotein constitute the principal stage of atherosclerosis development. Together lipoprotein and immune cells either help in inflammation or result in the evolution of plaque, cell death and neovascularization over a long period or maybe long decades (Lampsas et al., 2023). The major issue related to atherosclerosis is the deposition of fats in arteries which leads to blood clots. The CVDs terms are collectively used for the problem and issues in the heart and blood vessels which can damage organs like the kidney, brain, heart and eyes (Zakir et al., 2023; Hamada, 2023; Asiwe and Oritsemuelebi, 2023).

The recent research conducted on CVD and a report from WHO shows that CVD is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The death ratio around the globe with CVD is calculated at about 18 million people per year. Heart attack and stroke score higher in patients with CVD and one third of these deaths were observed before the age of 70 (Holt et al., 2023). The current treatment available for the cure of CVD is mostly surgery, traditional medicine, diet plan and physical activity, although medication and surgery become a burden on patients (Perone et al., 2023; Tanveer et al., 2023; Fallows, 2023). Furthermore, the current treatments have reduced the mortality rate but they have some limitations. Prolonged treatment like using medication when the symptoms are more chronic due to inflammation and damage of tissue for a long time can affect the liver and other problems (Li et al., 2023; Thu et al., 2023; Farid et al., 2023). Additionally, these medications inherent some limitations like poor water solubility, drug resistance and poor biological pathways (De Rubis et al., 2023; Tiwari et al., 2023; Veerapandian et al., 2023). Moreover, patients with chronic cardio problems need some surgical procedure, although surgical techniques may cause inflammation, a long time for recovery and other factors which are huge burdens. Hence the advancements in surgical procedures have significantly decreased the mortality and increased chances of recovery and treatment but still, the cost is a burden on patients. Hence novel therapeutic techniques like Nanomedicine could reduce the risk of surgery and the burden on patients.

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Source: Innovative approaches in atherosclerosis treatment: A comprehensive review of nanomedicine and herbal medicine strategies   

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