Ayesha Hanif, from
the institute Pakistan. Fahim Hussain Shah, from the institute
Pakistan. Abdul Samad Mumtaz, from the institute Pakistan. Tauseef Ullah, from
the institute Pakistan. Muhammad Atif Azeem, from the institute
Pakistan. Mushtaq Ahmad, from the institute Pakistan.and Asghar Ali Shah, from the institute
Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Freshwater Microalgal Diversity and
Culturing Conditions in Karak, Pakistan. Entitled, Taxonomic study of
freshwater microalgal diversity and its optimum culturing condition of District
Karak, Pakistan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on
Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For
Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research
journal publisher.
Abstract
Algae are photosynthetic and predominantly aquatic organisms that produce up to half of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. In this study, the algal flora of district Karak has been isolated, identified, and explored for diversity based on its optimum in-vitro culturing and microscopic technique. Microalgal samples were collected from freshwater bodies of ecologically diverse sites of district Karak. The microalgae samples were collected from February to April (spring season) and August to September (summer season) in 2020-2022. In the aseptic environment, three different types of media (BBM, MBBM, and BG-11) were used to evaluate microalgal growth parameters. The fluctuation in temperature, pH, water density, and nutrient availability varies with species distribution; however, BBM media was shown to be more optimal and standard than others for algae cultivation. A total of 33 microalgae strains were investigated that belong to 4 classes, 10 orders, 12 families, and 17 genera. Among them 5 species were cyanobacteria, 16 species were green microalgae, and 12 species from Diatoms; in which Bacillariaceae was the dominant family with 6 species and their contribution was 19%. The 2nd most dominant families were Scenedesmaceae, Volvocaceae, and Desmidiaceae with each 4 species respectively and their contribution was 12%. The other families Oscillatoriaceae followed by Chlorococcaceae (9%) while some families represented only two species (6%) that were Fragilariaceae, Pinnulariaceae and Nostocaceae, and Gomphonemataceae, Naviculaceae, Chaetophoraceae were one (3%) species each. These species belonged to 17 genera and 12 families; three key categories of microalgae (Cyanobacteria, Green Algae, and Diatoms) were reported in this study area. This study’s scope is to examine the scientific studies of microalgae diversity from various habitats of fresh water and investigate the optimal culture conditions for these algae growth which is essential for multiple applications. Hence, the present taxonomic findings demonstrate that District Karak is a rich source of microalgae biomes unexplored till now.
Read more : Eco-Friendly Alkaline Protease: Production and Application in Detergents | InformationBD
Introduction
The word algae are derivative of the epithet “alga” in Latin & Greek, “phykos” means seaweed; which has a lack of defined body parts system like plant (Sahoo and Seckbach, 2015; Oyewumi and Olukunle, 2017; Selvaraj et al., 2021). Microalgae are a planktonic vast and diverse group of microscopic unicellular may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms (Masojídek et al., 2013; Ghani et al., 2020; Puchkova et al., 2021). Blue-green algae also known as Cyanobacteria (Gramnegative bacteria) are among the most ancient photosynthetic microorganism due to the existence of a bluish pigment “Phycocyanin” in them (Singh et al., 2016; Barinova et al., 2018; Selvaraj et al., 2021). They are oxygen-evolving microbes by photosynthesis process to get their energy; ranges from unicellular structures to colonial, branched, and un-branched filaments, non-motile and widely distributed organisms on Earth (Klm et al., 2011; Shakir et al., 2014; Tragin et al., 2016;). Blue-green algae play a crucial role as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems with distinctive characteristics that provide lodging to varying environments (Raghuwanshi et al., 2011; Halder, 2016; Narchonai et al., 2019). They have massive phylogenetic diversity, as ancestors of plants from billion years of evolutionary history and often developed extremely habitats (Singh et al., 2013; Barinova et al., 2018; Arsad et al., 2022). Microalgae are photosynthetic microbes that have generated rapid interest in applied research with multifunctional applications in the modern era (Abdelaziz et al., 2013; Alam et al., 2019; Ramos et al., 2021).
Microalgae are assorted organisms with numerous prospective traits like cell organization, plastids, biochemical composition, morphological features, and habitat as well (Cheng, 2011; Wali et al., 2017; Elisabeth et al., 2021). They cover about 2, 00,000 – 8, 00,000 existing species, but currently, less than 5% of them are well-described (Guiry, 2012; Watanabe and Lewis, 2017; Puchkova et al., 2021).
The wide variability of microalgae in terms of photosynthetic pigment compositions "photosynthates" (storage polysaccharide), and the plastid structures are almost unexploited natural resources (Sahoo and Seckbach, 2015; Narchonai et al., 2019; Selvaraj et al., 2021). Based on plastid structures Algal world is divided into 10 groups, consisting of (Cyanobacteria, Glaucophyte, Rhodophyte (red algae), Chlorophyte (green algae), Haptophyte, Heterokontophyte, Dryptophyte, Dinophyte, Chlorarachnid, and Euglenid).
Microalgae are widely distributed in natural habitats almost in all ecosystems; they can grow in such habitats as sedimentary, deserts, soil, wall, stone, epiphytic, hot-spring water, salty lake, snow, freshwater, or seawater as well as in moist areas that have been adapted to extreme environments (Raghuwanshi et al., 2011; Hopes and Mock, 2015; Alam et al., 2019).
The physical and chemical parameters are essential for the standard medium and selections of suitable strains for the growth of microalgae; they can be grown in various bioreactors in the field, agar, liquid media, glycerol, cryoprotectant, and various organic wastes (Singh et al., 2016; Rimsha et al., 2020; Kamboj et al., 2022). Temperature is a conditional factor for algae growth and development of greenalgae grow up at 47℃, Diatoms develop up to 60℃, and Thermal blue-green algae at 74℃. There are several standard culture media are present for microalgae culturing; been reported that Light intensity, pH, and nutrient composition is capable in artificial habitats related to scientific experiments and environmental habitats (Chader et al., 2011; Hokmollahi et al., 2016; Jabeen et al., 2021). Furthermore, microalgae can also maintain a unique relationship with other microorganisms in certain habitats observed naturally and artificially perform as symbiotic mutualism to support each other’s life (Abdelaziz et al., 2013; Watanabe and Lewis, 2017).
Freshwater algae were previously studied from various ecological zones of Pakistan including Naz and Hasan (2004) observed from the northern area, by Munir et al. (2012) from Kallar Kahar lake of salt range, by Naveed et al. (2011) from Contra District Karak, by Khalid et al. (2014) from Taxila, by Ali et al. (2015), from Malakand, by Khan et al. (2017), from Tehsil Landi Kotal, by Suhaib et al. (2017) from Dir lower and later selected spots of district Peshawar were explored for algal communities by Imtiaz et al. (2018) as well as by Ullah et al. (2021) from District Mardan. In the past microalgae were classified based on morpho-anatomical characteristics by “Harvey” into four groups (Shakir et al., 2014, Ten et al., 2016), while presently according to “Lee” either prokaryote “cyanophyta” is one division or eukaryote based on chloroplast membrane (Suhaib et al., 2017; Shah et al., 2019; Tabassum et al., 2021).
Algae have an enormous importance and essential marker usually in the food chain, green energy, wastewater remediation, CO2 cycling, toxic molecule assimilation, and biodegradability to life on the planet. Microalgae are photosynthetic autotrophic organisms with rapid growth that hold great promise as significant sources for new products and other roles (Ayubli and Valeem, 2019; Umen, 2020; Ramos et al., 2021). Currently, biochemicals, pharmaceuticals, medicines, and biomass production for nutrients are the main commercial products produced by green microalgae. The souk for microalgae use is still developing, and new regions will be exploited.
The freshwater algae of district Karak have been studied poorly in the past and the baseline of algal flora is needed for the exploration of their potential. Hence, the present study scope & aims to examine the scientific studies on the diversity of microalgae found in freshwater environments and investigated the optimal conditions for growing these microalgae in culture, which is important for various applications. Furthermore, the present study was making a checklist of species diversity based on morphology and cytology.
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