Arik Arubil Fatinah, from
the institute of Indonesia. Estri Laras Arumingtyas, from the institute
of Indonesia and Retno Mastuti, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote
a Research article about, Morphological & Genetic Adaptation in Amaranthus
spinosus. Entitled, Morphological and genetic variation of Amaranthus spinosus
L.: an adaptation evidence of climate differences and gene interaction. This
research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an
open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation
of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open
access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) natively live in America, Africa, Australia, Europe and Asia. This plant can be used as medicinal plant and also as food or feed. A. spinosus has phenotypic variation, especially in leave and stem type. It is because of plant adaptation. Plant adaptations impact to variation on morphological and genetic. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is a common molecular marker that used in the genetic variability analyses. Phenotypic variation was analyzed using morphological and molecular data. The trnL intron, matK and rbcL genes were amplified and sequenced. The sequence data analyses using MEGA5, Bioedit and DNAsp software’s. The molecular data shown that A. spinosus from tropical zone was higher genetic variability then temperate zone. Plant in the tropical zone easy to be colonized and there isn’t gene flow barrier. So that, A. spinosus that adapt to different habitat have different morphological character and have higher genetic variability.
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Introduction
Amaranthus is a core
genus of Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), and consists of 70 species and
natively life in America, Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe (Frassen et al,
2001). Amaranthus spinosus is one of seven spesies Amaranthus that natively
life in Indonesia, especially in Java Island (Backer 1986). Member of these
genera widely used as traditional medicinal plant, especially as antiviral,
antimalarial, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antihelminthic and snake antidote
(Kusumaningtyas et al, 2006; Vardhana, 2011; Kumar et al, 2010). Amaranth
genera also can be used for food, feed, and as an ornamental plant (Backer,
1986; Prosea, 2012).
Amaranthus spinosus has
different morphological characteristic. The morpho-logical characteristics were
affected by plant adaptation and genetic variation among them (Schlichting and
Pigliucci, 1998; Fatinah et al, 2012). Amaranthus spinosus can be adapted in
the different ecogeographic and wide range of edaphic factor (environmental
heterogeneity) (Costea et al, 2004). Amaranth genus has capability tointerbreed
among species in the same genus. The interbreeding also causes different
morphological charac-teristic of A. spinosus (Murray, 1940; Popa et al, 2010).
Chloroplast DNA is a
molecular marker that widely used for taxon identification (Clegg and Zurawski,
1991). The cpDNA has an independent genome that encoded several proteins, which
are protein related photosynthetic and housekeeping genes. The cpDNA encode
30-50 tRNA genes and 100 other protein. The gene that encode protein divided
into several kinds, they are gene as splicing factors (rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2,
rpsl6 and matK) and protein related photosynthetic (rbcL, afpB, psaA and petB)
(Baumgartner et al, 1993; Sugiura, 1995; De Las Rivas et al, 2002).
Genetic variation in A.
spinosus was analyzed based on PCR-sequencing cpDNA, especially analyze gene
that encode tRNA (trnL intron), splicing factor protein (matK) and protein
related photosynthetic (rbcL). The trnL intron is a non-coding regions, this
region has higher insertion and deletions (indels) which reflect the plant
evolutionary (Roy and Penny, 2007). The matK gene encodes maturase protein as a
splicing factor and include in intron group II. The matK gene has high
nucleotide substitution rate, insertion and deletion. Mutation in matK gene
reflects plesiomorphic characteristics and adaptive to environmental changing
(Vogel et al, 1999; Hao et al, 2010). The rbcL gene encodes ribulose-1.5-
biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (Ellis, 1979). The rbcL gene
has 1428 bp in length and has conserve primer. The rbcL sequence can be used
for cogeneric analysis (Kress et al, 2005). The rbcL gene is a core locus in
chloroplast genome (plastome) multigenes (Newmaster et al, 2006). The rbcL gene
is an adaptive gene to environment heterogeneity and widely used for plant
evolutionary and plant adaptation mechanism (Golmez et al, 2005; Sen, 2011).
The previous study
using trnL intron indicate that A. spinosus has high genetic variability. The
genetic variability differs among molecular marker that used. So in this paper
we used the third molecular marker to analyze A. spinosus genetic variation to
know the relationship among phenotypic variation, genetic variation and plant
adaptation in the tropical and temperate zone.
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