Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents | InformativeBD

Maryam Yousaf, from the institute of Pakistan. Salman Ahmad, from the institute of Pakistan and Romana Anjum, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Beating Tomato Wilt: Managing Fusarium with Effective Bio-Agents. Entitled, Management of Tomato Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci with different bio-agents. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

Tomato is an important fruit providing all essential nutrients. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), causing wilting in tomato plants. The mode of survival of this fungus is vascular; so not easy to control and identify at the beginning stage. Many chemicals are present in markets to control this disease but are expensive and are also causing hazardous effects on the lives of the people and the environment. Hence, there is a need to apply biological strategies to control this disease. In this experiment, six biological agents Fusicola incarnatum,Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium equisetti, Alternaria alternate and Nigrospora oryzae have been tested in vitro; among them, T. viride and F. incarnatum were found best to inhibited FOL, while after the application of bioagents T. viride and F. incarnatum in vivo. The present results showed that T. viride and F. incarnatum can control FOL.

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Introduction 

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is a member of Solanaceae family. It is mostly available all over the world (Pritesh et al., 2011). It was found 1st time in Mexico and Perue (Verma et al., 2018). Tomato production in the world is 130 million tons while its area is about 160 thousand hectares. The crop is cultivated in Pakistan on 63 thousand hectors and production is 95279 kg/ha (FAO, 2018).

Tomato is essential in our food as salads, cooked with vegetables like tomato puree, sauces, and is used in making ketchup. It is providing important vitamins like A and C (Abdullah et al., 2013). Tomatoes are a good source of lycopene, which prevents cancer, heart disorders and age-related disorders (AVRDC, 2003). Tomato is very necessary to our lives because it has important amino acids, glucose, fructose, and minerals which include Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Cu and S. It is an important source of proteins, minerals, fibers and carbohydrates, which have following ratios 1.9 g, 0.6 g, 0.7 g and 3.7 g per 100 g of edible portion, respectively (Nikhate, 2012).

FOL is a very devastating fungus and its widespread is all over the world. This fungus causes tomato wilt in tomato (Abdallah et al., 2016) and losses due to this disease are 10 to 50% in tomato (Ghazalibiglar et al., 2016). This fungus is not easy to handle due to its mode of survival in the vascular system. It is the reason why the effectiveness of fungicides is less against this fungus (Verma et al., 2018). Among all soil-borne fungi, FOL plays a significant role in causing diseases in plants due to its saprophytic nature which enables it to survive for a longer time on the organic matter (Fravel et al., 2003).

Different chemicals are being used for the control of pests and pathogens, but these chemicals are very costly and dangerous for the environment (Song et al., 2001). The extreme use of chemicals causes effects on the non-target population, makes the pathogens resistant which enables them to live many years and thus remains a continuous threat for the crops (Bawa 2016).

For the last two decades, biological methods for the control of plant diseases have been very common (Omar et al., 2016) and considered as safe strategy; because, chemicals affect humans as well as animals leading towards ecological troubles (Banerjee et al., 2016).

Biological control is safe as well as effective for the control of diseases in plants. Trichoderma spp. are found in soil all over the world, their mode of living is free and highly compatible with roots, soil and foliar atmospheres. This fungus is famous due to having antibiotic properties against different pathogenic fungi (Omar et al., 2016). Trichoderma spp. compete with the fungal pathogens for nutrition and parasitism, degrade their cell wall, and produce resistance in the plants (Taghdiet al., 2015). The objective of the current research was to investigate the potential of different fungal antagonists against FOL in vitro and in vivo.

Reference

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Article source : Management of Tomato Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersci with differentbio-agents 

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Microplastic Contamination in Chinnamuttom Coast Seawaters: An Investigative Study | InformativeBD

N. Sivalingitha, Jeni Chandar Padua, P. C. Jeba Preethi Jansi, and J. Agnel, from the different institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Microplastic Contamination in Chinnamuttom Coast Seawaters: An Investigative Study. Entitled, Microplastic footprints in the seawaters of Chinnamuttom Coast, Kanyakumari: An investigation. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study examines the microplastics contamination in marine waters along the Chinnamuttom coast. Density separation, filtration and sieving methods are employed to collect microplastics. The morphology, shape and colour of the microplastics collected were determined through visual analysis using microscopic identification. Microplastics were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and FT-Raman spectroscopic investigations. The study revealed the presence of microplastics smaller than 5 mm. Approximately 70 mg of dried microplastics were obtained per 5 liters of water. The microplastics primarily consisted of fibers, pellets, and fragments, exhibiting a range of colours including orange pellets, black filaments and fibers in blue, pink, white and purple hues. Particles as small as 20 µm in diameter were detected using scanning electron microscopy, while Raman spectroscopy identified polymers such as polystyrene and nylon through their distinctive vibrational peaks, confirming the presence of bonds like C-H, aldehyde and C=C. The extensive pollution underscores critical ecological issues facing the Chinnamuttom coastal environment, potentially intensified by nearby fishing and tourism practices. The results emphasize the critical necessity for approaches aimed at reducing microplastic contamination in these aquatic environments to safeguard marine biodiversity and the overall health of ecosystems.

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Introduction

Microplastics are defined as plastic fragments or particles that measure less than 5 mm in diameter, resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic materials (Pellini et al., 2018). 

Microplastics are widespread in the environment, particularly in marine settings, as a result of hydrodynamic processes and transportation via wind and ocean currents. Large ocean gyres such as the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, along with polar regions and the equator, host them, stretching from coastal areas to the open seas (Galgani et al., 2013). Microplastics are characterized by a variety of morphologies, including foils, foams, fibers, granules, fragments, and microbeads (Klein et al., 2018).

Microplastics can be classified into two categories based on their original dimensions. Municipal effluent could directly introduce industrially produced particulates and powders, originally designed as plastic microbeads, into the ocean as primary microplastics (Cole et al., 2011). Various physical, biological, and chemical processes fragment and degrade substantial plastic pieces, resulting in smaller particles known as secondary microplastics that may enter marine ecosystems (Arias-Villamizar et al., 2018).

Secondary microplastics refer to the fragmentation of larger plastic materials resulting from various forms of degradation, including biological processes involving microbial species, photodegradation caused by solar ultraviolet radiation, and mechanical abrasion due to wave action. Mechanical damage, photodegradation, and oxidative degradation are all mechanisms that degrade fragile polymers into microplastics in the ocean (Wagner et al., 2014).

A diverse array of sources contributes to microplastic pollution in the marine environment, broadly classified as inland-based, sea-based, and air-based (Andrady, 2011; Browne et al., 2011). According to Lebreton et al. (2017), rivers are the most critical conduits for the transportation of microplastics from inland regions to the ocean. The terrestrial environment is the source of approximately 80% of the plastic debris in the ocean (Andrady, 2011; Mani et al., 2015). Rivers transport plastic debris from urban drainage systems and sewage effluents to the sea, while coastal tourists immediately dispose of their plastic garbage in the environment (Andrady, 2011). Marine sources come from fisheries, maritime transport, and offshore industry (Bell et al., 2017). Plastic debris may end up in the waterways due to broken or lost fishing or aquaculture gear (Law and Thompson, 2014). 

Due to their increased bioavailability and potential negative effects on marine ecosystems over the long term, microplastics are expected to garner significant public attention in the next few years (Velzeboer et al., 2014). Although the exact nature of microplastics (MPs) and the harm they do to marine life is still largely unknown, there is mounting evidence that these contaminants pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems (Chen et al., 2017). Measures and initiatives are necessary to address the issues arising from microplastics and enhance plastic waste management. Hence, the present study aims to classify the microplastics based on their shape, size, colour and to evaluate the chemical composition of microplastics found in the seawater of the Chinnamuttom coast.

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Source : Microplastic footprints in the seawaters of Chinnamuttom Coast, Kanyakumari: An investigation  

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