Allelopathic Impact of Redroot Pigweed on Summer Savory | InformativeBD

Ebrahim Benyas, Mohsen Aghaz, Ozra Sadat Khatamian Oskooei, Saied Zehtab Salmasi and Yaghub Raii, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Allelopathic Impact of Redroot Pigweed on Summer Savory. Entitled, Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of different organs of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofelexus L.) on summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In order to demonstrate the allelopathic effects of different organs (root, shoot and whole plant) of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofelexus L.) on germination, emergence, growth and development of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under laboratory and greenhouse conditionan experiment was carried out as CRD design with nine and five replications at laboratory and greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran, respectively. Results showed the significant effects of different organs aqueous extracts (AEs) of redroot pigweed on germination percentage, germination rate and normal seedlings percentage. Germination rate decreased by shoot, root and whole plant AEs compare with control. Shoot and whole plant AEs of redroot pigweed were able to reduce summer savory biomass more than the root aqueous extract.

Read more : Morphological & Genetic Adaptation in Amaranthus spinosus | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Weeds are the most severe and widespread biological constraint to crop production and cause invisible damage till the crop is harvested. Weeds are undesirable plants which compete with main crops in the growth media for nutrients, moisture, space, light and hamper the healthy growth ultimately reducing the growth and yield both qualitatively and quantitatively. Allelopathy is defined as inhibitory/stimulatory the effect(s) of one plant on other plants through the release of chemical compounds in the environment (Rice, 1984). Allelopathy interactions are primarily based on the ability of certain species to produce secondary chemical compounds that exert some sort of biological effects on other organisms, many of which are unknown. The chemical causing the allelophatic effects are called allelochemicals. Allelopathy is characterized by a reduction in plant emergence or growth, reducing their performance in the association (Florentine et al., 2006).

Allelopathy provides a relatively cheaper and environmental friendly weed control alternative. This can be considered as a possible alternative weed management strategies (Cheema et al., 2000). The world consumption of medicinal plants as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and as a food supplement for the improvement of human welfare is increasing day by day. One of the possible solutions is allelopathy, the utilization of the chemical interaction between plants by introducing modern biological and ecological methods. The various methods such as race, frequency control, chemical, mechanical and on chemical as properties of plants allelopathic weed control are applied in weed control management systems.

Allelochemicals emancipated as residues, exudates and leachates by many plants from leaves, stem, roots, fruit and seeds reported to interfere with growth of other plants (Asgharipour and Armin, 2010). These chemicals products mainly affect plants at seed emergence and seedling levels (Alam and Islam, 2002; Hussain et al., 2007; Naseem et al., 2009). The allelopathic potential of several weeds have been studied in the laboratory (Bhowmik and Doll, 1984). Batish et al., (2007) conducted experiment using residue of Chenopodium murale on the growth of chickpea and pea and found that their root and shoot length significantly decreased.

The present study was conducted to examine the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of different organs of redroot pigweed (A. retrofelexus L.) on germination, emergence, growth and development of summer savory (S. hortensis L.) in the University of Tabriz.

Reference

Alam SM, Islam EU. 2002. Effect of aqueous extract of leaf, stem and root of nettle leaf goosefoot and NaCl on germination and seedling growth of rice. Pakistan of Science and Technology 1, 47-52.

Asgharipour MR, Armin M. 2010. Inhibitory effects of Sorghum halepens root and leaf extracts on germination and early seedling growth of widely used medicinal plants. Advances in Environmental Biology 4, 316-324.

Batish DR, Lavanya K, Singh HP, Kohli RK. 2007. Root-mediated allelopathic interference of nettle-leaved  goosefoot  (Chenopodium  murale)  on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 193, 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2006.00243.x

Benyas E, Zehtab Salmasi S, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Aharizad S, Nasrollahzade S. 2009. Allelopathic effects of chenopodium album L. and Xanthium strumarium L. on summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Plant Science 46, 537-541.

Benyas E, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Zehtab Salmasi S, Khatamian Oskooei OS. 2010. Allelopathic effects of Xanthium strumarium L. shoot aqueous extract on germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.). Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15, 5223-5228.

Bhowmik PC, Doll JD. 1984. Allelopathic effects of annual weeds residues on growth and nutrient uptake on corn and soybean. Agronomy Journal 76, 383-388.

Cheema ZA, Asim M, Khaliq A. 2000. Sorghum allelopathy for weed control in cotton (Gossypium arboretum L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 2, 37-41.

Florentine  SK,  Westbrooke  ME,  Gosney  K, Ambrose G, O’Keefe M. 2006. The arid lands invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought. Journal of Arid Environmental 66, 218-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582009000500002

Gholami MF, Barat A, Mohamad TK. 2011. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract from Artemisia kopetdaghensis and Satureja hortensison growth and seed germination of weeds. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences 1, 283-290.

Hussain S, Siddiqui S, Khalid S, Jamal A, Qayyum A, Ahmed Z. 2007. Allelopathic potential of Senna (Cassia angustifolia L.) on germination and seedling characters of some major cereal crop and their associated grassy weeds. Pakistan Journal Bottany 39, 1145-1193.

Jefferson LV, Pennacchio M. 2003. Allelopathic effects of foliage extracts from four Chenopodiaceae species on seed germination. Journal of Arid Environmental 55, 275-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00028-4

Majnonhoseini N. 1994. Cereals in Iran, Tehran University Publication, Iran, p. 111-120 (In Persian).

Naseem M, Aslam M, Ansar M, Azhar M. 2009. Allelopathic effects of sunflower water extract on weed control and wheat productivity. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 15, 107-116.

Rice EL. 1984. Allelopathy. Academic Press New York, 368 p.

Rokiek KG, Eid RA. 2009. Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus citriodora on Amaryllis and associated grassy weed. Planta DaninhaVicosa 27, 887-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2006.00243.x

Shahrokhi S, Darvishzadeh M, Mehrpooyan M, Farboodi M. 2012. Comparison of allelopathic effects of Amaranthus retroflexus L. different organs extracts on germination and initial growth of Alvand and Zarrin wheat cultivars. International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 3, 489-494.

Yang CM, Lee CN, Zhou CH. 2002. Effects of three allelopathic phenolics on chlorophyll accumulation of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings: I. Inhibition of supply orientation. Botanic Bulltan Academic Science 43, 299-304.

Zhu Y. 2011. Bioassay of allelopathic activity of water extract of eucalyptus leaves on seed germination of different kinds of plants. Journal of Northwest Forestry University 5, 10-30.

Article source : Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of different organs of redroot pigweed (Amaranthusretrofelexus L.) on summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) 

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Breaking Barriers: How Seed Coat Removal Boosts Terminalia superba Germination | InformativeBD

Joseph M Asomaning, from the institute of Ghana. Padmore B Ansah, from the institute of Ghana and Naomi A Fosu, from the institute of Ghana. wrote a Research article about, Breaking Barriers: How Seed Coat Removal Boosts Terminalia superba Germination. Entitled, The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. This research paper published by the Journalof Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The influence of four constant temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and three germination media: 1% water agar, heat sterilized river sand and seed testing paper (STP) on the germination of decoated seeds of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. were investigated. The germination media were placed in 90 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with seventy five decoated seeds in 3 replicates of 25 seeds. The statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial (germination media × incubation temperatures). Decoated seeds of T. superba germinated at all the four temperatures investigated. The optimum temperatures were determined as 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. All the three media can be considered ideal for the reason that these temperatures interacted with the germination media to record germination percentages ranging from 73 to 89% in the study. Mean germination time (MGT) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter when agar was used as germination media compared to when germination was carried out on STP and soil. The shapes of germination curves describing the cumulative germination of decoated seeds of T. superba at all temperatures and on all the germination media investigated are S-shaped.

Read more :  Hidden Parasites:Trematode Larvae Diversity in Freshwater Snails of Burkina Faso | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Seed germination is controlled by several environmental factors, such as seed moisture content, temperature, and light. Seed condition also affects germination; for example, the seed coat may be water impermeable, or the mature seed may contain an underdeveloped embryo that only grows to full size after imbibition (Geneve, 2003). The seed coat represents a first line of defense against adverse external factors (helps protect the embryo from mechanical injury and from drying out) and also acts as channel for transmitting environmental cues to the interior of the seed (Radchuk and Borisjuk, 2014). Integrity of seed coat surface is extremely important for seed quality and fitness during seed storage or germination, and diverse technologies are available for preserving and enhancing of seed surface (Black and Halmer, 2006; Brooker et al., 2007).

That notwithstanding, an impermeable seed or fruit coat may impose physical dormancy which must be broken before water and air can reach the embryo and initiate germination (Baskin and Baskin, 2014). Most species have a seed coat which is impervious to water. This causes seed dormancy so that germination may extend over months or years. Example are the acacias and hence for their efficient germination at the nursery, it is necessary to apply some form of presowing treatment to ensure not only a high final germination percentage but rapid and uniform germination (Doran et al., 1983). The seeds of Prunus yedoensis also have slow and poor germination when intact. Decoating their seeds shortens the mean germination time (MGT) and improves seed germination percentage significantly. (Hyun Kim, 2019). Decoated seeds of Syzygium cumini germinated faster than coated seeds under nursery conditions, with high significant germination percentages, dry matter production rates and vigor indices (Sivasubramaniam and Selvarani, 2012).

Saeed and Thanos (2006) found seed coat to be inhibitory to the germination of Pinus gerardiana as removal of seed coat promoted both rate and final germination. Chika et al., 2020 reported that decoating seeds of Mansonia altissima improved their germination and resulted in the highest germination percentage. Bedada et al. (2018) also reported that de-coating improved germination and early nursery performance of Olea europaea.

Terminalia superba is one of the most heavily exploited African timber species, and locally, supplies have dwindled, with reports of declining populations in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Congo (FAO,1984; N’Sosso, 1990). In Ghana, T. superba was one of the priority species earmarked for planting during the National Forest Plantation Development Programme launched in the year 2002. It is also on the list of priority species being planted under the on-going Ghana Forest Investment Programme. These developments have resulted in the need for sufficient quantities of good quality seeds to meet planting targets.

Cobbinah et al. (2001) and NTSC (2008) have reported days to first germination as 16 and 23 days respectively for seeds of T. superba sown intact. Unlike T. ivorensis, no serious dormancy problem has been reported about T. superba. However, pretreatment methods such as nicking or soaking in water have been recommended for faster and even germination (TTSA, 2010).

This study investigated the response of decoated seeds (seed with testa or seed coat removed) of T. superba to different temperatures and various germination media.

Reference

Asomaning JM, Sacande M, Olympio NS. 2011. Germination responses of Terminalia superba Engl. and Diels Seeds on the 2-Way Grant’s Thermogradient Plate. Research Journal of Seed Science 4(1), 28-39.

Asomaning JM. 2009. Seed desiccation tolerance and germination of seven important forest tree species in Ghana. PhD thesis. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. 1-187.

Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA). 1992. Rules for Testing Seeds. Journal of Seed Technology 6, 1-125.

Bahuguna VK, Rawat MMS, Joshi SR, Maithani GP. 1987. Studies on the viability, germination and longevity of Terminalia myriocarpa seed. Journal of Tropical Forestry 3(4), 318-323.

Baskin CC, Baskin JM. 2014. Seeds: In Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (second ed.), Academic Press, San Diego.

Bedada AB, Amsalu T, Ayele B. 2018. Effect of different seed treatments, provenance and size on germination and early establishment of Olea europaea. African Journal of Agricultural Research 13(40), 2163-2172.

Black MH, Halmer P. 2006. The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology and Uses. Wallingford: CABI

Brooker NL, Lagalle CD, Zlatani A, Javni I, Petrovic Z. 2007. Soypolyol formulations as novel seed treatments for the management of soil-borne diseases of soybean. Communication. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci 72, 35-43.

Chika PJ, Sakpere AM, Akinropo MS. 2020. Effect of pretreatments on germination of seeds of the timber plant, Terminalia ivorensis and Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12(2), 334-340

Cobbinah JR, Siaw DEKA, Gyimah A. 2001. Guide to tree planting in Ghana. Forestry Research Institute of Ghana 1-33.

Daws ML, Gaméné SC, Sacandé M, Pritchard HW, Groot PCG, Hoekstra F. 2004. Desiccation and storage of Lannea microcarpa seeds from Burkina Faso, pp 32-39. In:. Sacande M, Joker D. Dulloo ME, Thomsen K (eds). Comparative Storage Biology of Tropical Tree Seeds. IPGRI, Rome, 363 pp.

Doran JC, Turnbull JW, Boland DJ, Gunn BV. 1983. Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias: A guide for collecting, extracting, cleaning, and storing the seed and for treatment to promote germination of dry-zone acacias. Division of Forest Research, CSIRO, Canberra, AUSTRALIA.

Ellis RH, Roberts EH. 1981. The quantification of aging and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology 9, 373-409.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1984. Report of the Fifth Session of FAO Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources. FAO, Rome.

Geneve RL. 2003. Impact of temperature on seed dormancy,” Hort Science 38(3), 336–341.

HyunKim D. 2019. Practical methods for rapid seed germination from seed coat- imposed dormancy of Prunus yedoensis. Scientia Horticulturae 243(3), 451-456.

International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). 1999. International rules for seed testing. ISTA, Zurich, Switzerland 1-133.

Masetto TE, Faria JM, Fraiz ACR. 2014. Re-induction of desiccation tolerance after germination of Cedrela fissilis Vell. Seeds. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 86(3), 1273-1285

N’Sosso D. 1990. Le statut de conservation des bois tropicaux commercialisables. Rapport National Du Congo. ITTO Pre-Project

NTSC. 2008. Tree Seed Catalogue. The National Tree Seed Centre, Uganda 1-51.

Palazzo AJ, Brar GS. 1997. The effect of temperature on germination of eleven Festuca cultivars. Special Report 97-19. US Army Corps of Engineers. CRREL Technical Publications.

Radchuk V, Borisjuk L. 2014. Physical, metabolic and developmental functions of the seed coat. Frontiers in plant science 5, p.510.

Saeed M, Thanos CA. 2006. The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of Pinus gerardiana Wallich ex D. Don. Chilgoza pine. Journal of Applied & Emerging Sciences 1(3), 174-177.

Shafii B, Price WJ. 2001. Estimation of cardinal temperatures in germination data analysis. Journal of Agricultural Biological and Environmental Statistics 6, 356-366

Silveira FAO, Fernandes GW. 2006. Effect of light, temperature and scarification on the germination of Mimosa foliolasa (Leguminasae) seeds. Seed Science and Technology 34, 585-592.

Sivasubramaniam K, Selvarani K. 2012. Viability and vigour of jamun (Syzygium cumini) seeds. Brazilian Journal of Botany 35(4), 397-400.

Tanzanian Tree Seed Agency (TTSA). 2010. Seed Catalogue. Tanzania Tree Seed Agency. 1-26.

Article source : The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels  

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Impact of Soil pH on Germination of Gmelina arborea Genetic Resources | InformativeBD

Ma Visitacion D Guingab, and Josamay I Baňares,  from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Impact of Soil pH on Germination of Gmelina arborea Genetic Resources. Entitled, Germination response of ten genetic resource materials of Gmelina arborea Roxb. to soil pH. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study was conducted to determine the germination response of ten genetic resource materials of yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) to acidic and alkaline soil germination media. Results of the study reveal significant differences between two germination media and between 10 mother trees on germination capacity and germination energy. However, there was no interactive effect observed between soil pH levels and mother trees in all aspects of the germination parameters. Acidic soil (pH 6.8) outperformed alkaline soil (pH 7.5) in percent germination (49.4% and 44.40%, respectively) and germination energy (43% and 42%, respectively) but no significant differences on the latter parameter. Germination time is significantly different between two germination media with the lowest germination time of 16 days in alkaline soil and 19 days in acidic soil. The best genetic resource materials for yemane in terms of percent germination capacity and germination energy were Mother Tree 4 (80%) and Mother Tree 3 (78%). On the other hand, the fastest to germinate was Mother Tree 10 with 13.8 days germination time. The information provided contributes to the scanty scientific knowledge on the silviculture of Gmelina arborea Roxb. specifically in establishing a protocol for seed germination.

 

Read more : Power of Bacteriocin: Combatting Skin Pathogens Effectively | InformativeBD

Introduction

Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Fig. 1) locally known as Yemane is an introduced tree species originated from Myanmar to the Philippines in the 1960’s particularly in Nueva Vizcaya Province of Luzon Island. It is believed to have diffused to the adjacent provinces in the north to Visayas and Mindanao Islands in the south. The fast-growing species is being used for the national greening program, industrial tree plantations and other reforestation programs in the country.

The high demand for wood and wood products in the country had increased in recent years and industrial tree plantations were established to augment the supply of these materials to fulfill domestic needs. The introduction of exotic species is a fall back to conserve the remaining commercial indigenous species that are threatened due to rampant illegal logging activities. In the case of yemane, the availability of seed sources was considered to be generally poor in quality and quantity to support large-scale industrial tree plantations and reforestation programs. Neither is efforts made on species and provenance testing sufficient to fulfill future demands. Good nursery techniques require careful attention to details especially from seed sources and pre-seed treatment towards plant growth and development.

In this study, the effect of soil pH on the germination of ten mother trees of yemane was investigated to establish a protocol for the propagation of the species. Specifically, it aimed a) to determine the best germination media for yemane, and b) to determine the best genetic resource material for seedling production. The parameters used were germination capacity, germination energy and mean germination time.

Reference

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Deska J, Jankowski K, Bombic J. 2011. The effect of growing medium pH on germination and initial development of some grassland plants. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 10(4), 45-56.

Deska J, Jankowski K. 2001. Effect of concentration of aluminum ions on the initial growth and development of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis. Pam. Pul. 125, 92-96.

Ghaderi-far F, Gherekloo J, Alimagham M. 2010. Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis). Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural resources, Gorgan, Iran.

Jankowski K, Deska J, Jodelka J, Ciepiela A. 2000. Effect of concentration of manganese ions on the initial growth and development of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis. Zesz.Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 471, 291-296.

Lim ZK, Ngoh GHP, Goh MM, Loh TYK. 2012. Investigating the effects of soil pH on the germination of Avicennia alba seedlings. Little Green Dot Student Research Grant Project Report. Nature Society, Singapore.

Marschner H. 1991. Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soils. Plant Soil1 (34), 1-24.

Perez-Fernandez MA, Calvo EM, Montanero JF, Oyola JAV. 2006. Seed germination in response to chemical effect of nitrogen and pH on the media. PubMed-NCBI. Journal of Environmental Biology. Jan 27(1), 13-20.

Roem WJ, Klees H, Berendse F. 2002. Effects of nutrient addition and acidification on plant diversity and seed germination in heathland. Journal of Applied Ecology 39(6), 561. British Ecological Studies.

Turner GD, Lau RR, Young D. 1988. Effect of acidity on germination and seedling growth of Paulownia tomentosa. Journal of Applied Ecology 25(2), 561. British Ecological Studies.

Yost RS. 2000. Plant tolerance to low soil pH, soil aluminum, and soil manganese. Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils 11, 113-115.

Source : Germination response of ten genetic resource materials of Gmelina arborea Roxb. to soil pH

  

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