Power of Bacteriocin: Combatting Skin Pathogens Effectively | InformativeBD

Aparna Ravi, and M. Thankavel,  from the different institute of the India. wrote a research article about, Power of Bacteriocin: Combatting Skin Pathogens Effectively. entitled, Bacteriocin and its effect against skin pathogens. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on microbiology . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This  paper  aims  to  examine  the  isolation  of  Lactobacillus  from  dairy  products  (milk, curd,  and  yogurt),  extraction  of  Bacteriocin  from  it  as  well  as  to  determine  their inhibitory  effect  against  few  fungal  skin  pathogens  and  bacterial  skin  pathogens  such as:  Candida albicans,  Aspergillus sp.,  Malassezia sp.,  Fusarium sp.,  and  Penicillium sp., Staphylococcus aureus,  Streptococcus pyogens,  Klebsiella sp.  The antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus sp.  is  mainly  due  to  the  bacteriocin  present  in  it,  therefore  in  this  study, the  bacteriocin  is  extracted  and  checked  against  the  indicated  microorganisms.  Kirby Bauer  Disc  Diffussion  method  is  used  and  zone  of  clearance  is  observed  around  the pathogenic  species  indicating  that  they  shows  some  kind  of  antagonistic  activities  which are  further  measured  and  noted,  which  gives  a  clear  picture  about  the  degree  of  resistance  of  bacteriocin  against  the  pathogenic  microorganisms.

Read more : Integrated Management Strategies for Fusarium Root Rot and Wilt in Soybean | InformativeBD

Introduction

Skin is an important organ that represents the first line of defense against the external environment. Some microorganisms are pathogenic but some are usually present on the skin does not causing damages but during adverse condition like immunosuppressant phases the organisms develop infections in the host (Hall and Dorsch, 2002). Some of such cases like; Primary cutaneous aspergillosis usually involves site of injury, at or near intravenous catheter sites, occlusive dressings, burns, or surgery (Walsh and Groll, 1999). Secondary infections infect the underlying structures or from wide spread blood borne seeding of the skin. Superficial infections including keratitis, otomycosis are commonly caused by Penicillium sp., Malassezia sp. are another example of normal skin flora colonizes as commensals and during adverse conditions develops diseases at the head, neck dermatitis, and malassezia folliculitis (Gupta and Kohli, 2004).

Fusarium sp. Causes infections in patients in conditions like hematologic malignant or bone marrow transplant (Nucci and Anaissie, 2007). Candida nail infections occur in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis caused by Candida albicans, they invade the entire nail plates (Kirkpatrick, 2001). Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacterial skin infections namely, abscesses in boils, furuncles, Cellulitis (Prendiville, 1989). Streptococcus pyogens are also bacterial species causing infections in the superficial keratin layer called impetigo, the superficial epidermis layer-erysipelas, the subcutaneous tissue layer-cellulitis, fascia called necrotizing fasciitis or in the muscle-myositis, myonecrosis (Stevens and Bryant, 2017). Klebsiella causes surgical wound infections, they usually enters through break in the skin and gradually leads to soft tissue infections (Paterson and Bonomo, 2005).

Balanced skin is crucial for maintaining healthy skin functioning; but changes in the skin microbes are associated with skin diseases such as those caused by Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Malassezia furfur, Fusarium, Penicillium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, and Klebsiella sp. Lactobacilli are probiotic belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria; they are Gram-positive, non-sporulating, anaerobic or facultative anaerobic rods. They are commonly present in dairy products, soil, lakes, and the intestinal tract of humans and animals. They possess antagonistic activity against various pathogenic microorganisms (Salminen et al., 2004). In the present study, the Lactobacillus sp. from dairy products like milk, curd, and yogurt are isolated; then bacteriocin is extracted from it and checked their efficacy against fungal and bacterial pathogens using the technique of Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method (Aasen and Moretro, 2018). Bacteriocins are low molecular weight peptides secreted by the bacterial cells to kill sensitive cells present in the same ecosystem competing for food and other nutrients. Bacteriocins, along with their native antibacterial property, also exhibit additional antiviral and antifungal properties nowadays (Riley and Wertz, 2002). The dairy samples (milk, curd, yogurt) were collected in sterile containers from different places of Vandithavalam, Palakkad, Kerala. The samples were analyzed microbiologically, identified, and confirmed by biochemical tests. The study aimed to extract bacteriocin from Lactobacillus sp. and to see whether its effect against the mentioned microorganism.

 Reference

Aasen IM, Moretro T. 2018. Extraction and Purification of Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria. In Bacteriocins: Production, Applications and Safety (pp. 73-91). Springer.

Beveridge TJ. 2001. Use of the Gram stain in microbiology. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 76(3), 111-118.

Buchanan RE. 1982. Microbial staining methods. ASM Press.

Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. 2005. Bacteriocins: Developing innate immunity for food. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3(10), 777-88. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1273.

Fernández L. 2019. Fighting Fire with Fire: Exploiting Bacterial Antagonism to Combat Drug Resistance. Trends in Microbiology 27(4), 168-174.

Gupta AK, Kohli Y. 2004. Prevalence of Malassezia species on various body sites in clinically healthy subjects representing different age groups. Med Mycol. 42(1), 35-42. DOI: 10.1080/13693780310001610056.

Hall GS, Dorsch MM. 2002. Skin and soft tissue infections. In Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 309-331). Elsevier.

Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Sanders ME. 2014. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11(8), 506-514. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66.

Kirkpatrick CH. 2001. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 20(2), 197-206. DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200102000-00017.

Mokoena MP. 2017. Lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins: classification, biosynthesis and applications against uropathogens: a mini-review. Molecules 22(8), 1255.

Nucci M, Anaissie E. 2007. Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 20(4), 695-704. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00014-07.

Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. 2005. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 18(4), 657-86. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005.

Perez RH, Zendo T, Sonomoto K. 2014. Novel bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB): various structures and applications. Microbial Cell Factories 13(Suppl 1), S3. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-S1-S3

Prendiville JS, Hebert AA, Greenwald MJ, Esterly NB. 1989. Management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children. J. Pediatr. 115(6), 881-7. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80736-x.

Riley MA, Wertz JE. 2002. Bacteriocins: Evolution, Ecology, and Application. Annual Review of Microbiology 56, 117-137. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161024.

Salminen S, von Wright A, Ouwehand A. 2004. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiological and Functional Aspects (4th ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11503

Schlegel HG. 1976. General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press.

Stevens DL, Bryant AE. 2017. Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 377(23), 2253-2265. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1600673.

Ventola CL. 2015. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P&T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management 40(4), 277-283.

Walsh TJ, Groll AH. 1999. Emerging fungal pathogens: evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century. Transpl Infect Dis. 1(4), 247-61. DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3062.1999.010404.x.

 Source : Bacteriocin and its effect against skin pathogens