Optimizing Taxus baccata In Vitro Culture: Explants, Media & Hormones | InformativeBD

Behjat Sasan Baharak, Omidi Mansoor, Naghavi Mohammad Reza,  Hariri Akbari Farhad, Kalate Jari Sepideh, Shafiee Mehdi, and Shafiee Mohammad, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle. Entitled, Effect of explants, salts concentration medium and hormone treatments on Taxus baccata in vitro culture. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Taxus baccata is an endangered forest tree species with low regeneration. The highest Callus induction (96.67%) was occurred on ½ MS medium which had one-fourth nitrogen (KNO3, NH4NO3) supplemented with glutamine, 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l Kin from stem. The maximum callus size (80.67 mm2) was obtained from leaf culture on ½ MS medium in combination with glutamine, 2 mg/l NAA and 0.2 mg/l Kin. In order to observe cells meristematically, the tissue was transferred to the ½ MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/l 2,4-D and 3 BAP for 7-8 weeks. In micropropagation, adding activated charcoal (2 g/l) to the medium increased the average number of new leaves and shoot elongation. The maximum shoot elongation (2.66 cm) and growth new leaves were observed in the MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l Kin after 1 month. The best Rooting of elongated shoots was obtained in the WPM medium without growth regulators.

Read more : Tephrosia vs. Alfapor®: Tick Control in Borgou Cattle | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Taxol, a unique drug employed for the treatment of cancers, was first identified in 1954. This effective agent was extracted from the bark of Taxus species. European yew (Taxus baccata) is a slow growing tree with regeneration which is endangered and prone to extinction due to the small size and senescent status of most populations. Moreover seeds of Taxus are more difficult to germinate than most of the coniferous species (Pilz, 1996 a, b).

Many attempts have been devoted to produce Taxol by chemical synthesis, but to date the availability of this anticancer compound is not sufficient to satisfy the commercial requirements. On the other hand, reduced pools of natural adult trees available for the extraction, and low levels of paclitaxel and related taxanes in Taxus tissue, underline the need for an alternative source of taxanes, such as plant cell and tissue culture (Mihaljevic et al., 2002). Vegetative propagation elite yew can serve as a renewable and economic tissue source for increasing taxol production (Ho et al., 1998), But several years are still required to masspropagation these clones. However, cutting and grafting technique have been employed in propagation of Himalayan yew recently (Saini 2001). Chee (1995) and Eccher (1988) reported methods on large scale propagating of Taxus spp. In addition, Wickremesinhe and Arteca (1993) reported methods on initiation of callus cultures and maintenance of suspension cultures of Taxus species. Young stem cutting of adult trees were commonly used as primary explants sources for callus induction (Mihaljevic et al., 2002). This result encouraged us to attempt to optimize the induction and selection of T. baccata callus lines on modified MS medium in combination with hormonal treatments and two type explants for fast growing culture. Micropropagation might be a very useful tool to use for the mass propagation of superior yew trees and the production of high-quality plantlets for nursery operation.

Reference

Akaneme FI, Eneobong EE. 2008. Tissue culture in Pinus caribaea Mor. Var. Hondurensis barr. And golf. II: Effect of two auxins and two cytokinins on callus growth habits and subsequent organogensis. African J. For 7(6), 757-765.

Amancio S, Rebordao PL, Chave MM. 1999. Improvement of acclimatization of micropropagated Grapevine: photosynthesis competence and carbon allocation. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 58, 31-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006323129593 Baker CM, Munoz-Fernandez N, Carter CD. 1999. Improved shoot development and rooting from mature Cotyledons of sunflower. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 58, 39-49. Baker CM, Munoz-Fernandez N, Carter CD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006306111905 Bonga JM, Von Aderkas P. 1992. In vitro culture of trees, P.255. Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht, London. ISBN 0792315405, 9780792315407.

Chang SH, Chen CK, Tsay Y. 2001. Micropropagation of Taxus mairei from mature trees. Plant Cell Rep. 20, 496-502.

Chee PP. 1995. Organogenesis in Taxus brevifolia tissue cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 14(9), 560-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231938

Eccher T. 1988. Response of cuttings of 16 Taxus cultivars to rooting treatments. Acta Hort. 227, 251- 253.

George EF, Sherrington PD. 1984. Plant propagation by tissue culture. Handbook and directory of Commercial operations Exegetics Ltd., Basingstoke, 709.

Goleniowski ME. 2000. Cell lines of Taxus species as source of the anticancer drug taxol. Biocell. 24(2), 139-144. PMID: 10979612.

Haq IU, Zafar Y. 2004. Effect of nitrate on embryo induction efficiency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). African J. For 3(6), 319-323.

Ho CK, Chang SH, Tasi JY. 1998. Selection breeding, propagation, and cultivation of Taxus mairei in Taiwan (in Chinese with English summary). Handb Taiwan For Res Inst. 88, 65-82.

Hrib J, Dorby J. 1984. An explant culture of Tassilian Cypress, Cupressus dupreziana (A. Camus). Forest Ecology and Management. 8(3/4), 235-242. ISSN: 0378-1127.

Jha S, Sanyal D, Ghosh B, Jha TB. 1998. Improved taxol yield in cell suspension culture of Taxus Wllichiana (Himalayan yew). Planta Med. 64 (3), 270-272. PMID: 9581525.

Kirby EG, Leustek T, Lee MS. 1987. Nitrogen nutrition In: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, General Principles and Biotechnology. In: Bonga JM, Durzan DJ. 1, 67-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0994-1_5

 Kumria R, Sunnichan VG, Das DK, Gupta SK Reddy VS, Bhatnagar RK, Leelavathis S. 2003. High-Frequency somatic embryo production and maturation into normal plants in cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) through metabolic stress. Plant Cell Rep. 21(7), 635-639. PMID: 12789412 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-002-0554-9

Kunze L, Grafe R, Schiemann J. 1993. Continuous in vitro multiplication of shoot buds of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) by intermittent application of growth regulators. Bio. Plant. 35(1), 11-15.

 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02921111

Leelavathi S, Sunnichan SG, Kumria R, Vijaykanth GP, Bhatnagar RK, Reddy VS. 2004. A simple and rapid Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Embryogenic calli as a source to generate large numbers of transgenic plants. Plant Cell Rep. 22(7), 465-470.

 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-003-0710-x

Manjari Datta M, Majumder A, Sumita Jha. 2006. Organogenesis and plant regeneration in Taxus wallichiana (Zucc). Plant Cell Rep. 25(1), 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0027-z

Mihaljevic S, Bjedov I, Kovac M, Levanic DL, Jelaska S. 2002. Effect of explants source and growth Regulators on in vitro callus growth of Taxus baccata L. Washingtonii. Food Tech Bio. 40(4), 299- 303. UDC 57.086.83.006.2:582.85. ISSN 1330-9862.

Patel KR, Thorpe TA. 1984. In vitro differentiation of plantlets from embryonic explants of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 3(2), 131-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033734

Pilz D. 1996a. Propagation of Pacific Yews from seed, (Part I). American conifer Society Bulletin. Winter Issue. 13(1), 13-18.

Pilz D. 1996b. Propagation of Pacific Yews from seed, (Part II). American conifer Society Bulletin. Springer Issue. 13(2), 80-83.

Rajasekaran K, Hudspeth RL, Cary JW, Anderson DM, Cleveland TE. 2000. High frequency stable transformation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by particle bombardment of embryogenic cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 19(6), 539-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050770

Saini RP. 2001. Vegetative propagation in Silviculture (Hills) Division, Darjeeling (West Bengal). Ind Forester. 127, 389-408.

Salehi Shanjani P. 2003. Nitrogen effect on callus induction and plant regeneration of Juniperus excels. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 4, 419-422.

Spanos KA, Pirrie A, Woodward S. 1997. Micropropagation of Cupressus sempervirens L. and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. MURR) PAR. Silvae Genetica 46(5), 291-295. ISSN 0037-5349.

Trolinder NL, Goodin JR. 1987. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.). Plant Cell Rep. 6(3), 231- 234. PMID: 24248660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268487

Wann SR, Goldner WR. 1994. Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Taxus, and the production of taxane-ring containing alkaloids therefrom. Us Patent NO. 5, 310,672.

Wickremesinhe ERM, Arteca RN. 1993. Taxus callus cultures: Initiation, growth optimization, characterization and taxol production. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 35(2), 181-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032968

Article source : Effect of explants, salts concentration medium and hormone treatments on Taxus baccata in vitro culture 

Read More

Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting | InformativeBD

Akram Ghaffari, Tahereh Hasanloo, and Mojtaba Khayam Nekouei, from the institute of Iran. wrote a Research article about, Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects on Growth & Rooting. Entitled, Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The goal of this study was to determine micropropagation system for a mass production of Tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica). For this reason, explants dissected from strilled young cladodes successfully established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 mg l-1 Benzyl amino purine (BAP). MS medium containing different combinations of BAP (5 mg l-1) and Indole acetic acid (IAA) (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) , BAP (5 mg l-1) and Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) ( 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg l-1) and Kinetin ( 0.5 and 1 mg l-1) were tested for shoot development . The best results for shoot development and elongation were obtained in media containing 5 mg l-1 and 0.25 mg l-1 NAA. The highest multiplication rate (3.9) was observed in media supplemented with 5 mg l-1 BAP and 2 mg l-1 of NAA. Satisfactory rooting was achieved in MS Basal medium (5-6 cm length) without callus formation. The percentage of rooting was 100% and Plants were successfully established in a mix of pit and perlite (2:1) (100%) and acclimatization accomplished under greenhouse condition. In this study, total concentration of carbohydrates and proteins were measured in in vivo cultured (control) and in vitro propagated tuna after 3 months. As a result, no significant differences were observed between control and micropropagated tuna in protein concentration. Whereas carbohydrate content in micropropagated plants (3.24 mg g-1) was 2- fold that of the control plants (1.52 mg g-1).

Read more : Spice Power: Fighting Sweetmeat Bacteria with Natural Antimicrobials | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Opuntia ficus-indica belongs to Cactaceae family and its Authority is Mill, common names are Indian Fig, Tuna Cactus, Mission Prickly Pear, prickly pear and Spanish tuna. That is a big, tree-like cactus that can grow quickly to 15 ft tall. The species is native to Mexico and it was introduced into southern Europe, Africa and India very long ago (Bein, 1996).

The genus Opuntia (Cactaceae) has a specialized photosynthetic mechanism known as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), whereby these plants open their stomates and take up CO2 at night. This attribute leads to reduced water loss (Nobel, 1995, Taiz and Zeiger, 1998). Regarding to its high wateruse efficiency (even in areas with low annual rainfall values, 120-150 mm), and its high drought-tolerance (Le Houérou, 1994), this cactus is a most widely used forage resource in arid and semiarid region during periods of drought and shortage of herbaceous plants and has been extensively developed for decades.

Plants are succulent with jointed, branching stems. These stems, or joints, are often cooked as a green table vegetable (Russell and Felker, 1987). In addition to all these applications, some prickly pear cactus species can be exploited in the horticultural industry as ornamental resources by virtue of their bizarre and particular morphological traits including small overall plant and cladode size, spine color, cladode shape and growth habits, epidermis color, shape and length of spines, etc. Several species such as O. pheacantha Engelmann, O. engelmanii Salm–Dyck, O. violaceae Engelmann, O. aciculata Griffiths, O. basilaris Engelmann & Bigelow, O. ficus-indica (L.) miller, O. tunicata (Lehm.) Link & Otto, O. microdasys (Lehmannn) Lehmann, O. basillaris, O. imbricata C.C. Haw DC, Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck among others, are commonly used landscaping plants in public, private, commercial and residential properties in Mexico, the Mediterranean area, Australia and south-western USA (Irish, 2001). Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase for culture of plants that is known as a multi-purpose plant since it can be applied as natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).

it can be applied as natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).

In general, prickly pear cactus species can be sexual and asexually propagated. Seed propagation is only used for scientific research to study genetic variability and factors impact on the germination process (Rojas-Are´ chiga and Va´squez-Yanes, 2000). Vegetative propagation, which is widely utilized, can be performed through the rooting of single or multiple cladodes (Fabbri et al., 1996, Lazcano et al., 1999, Mulas et al., 1992), small portions of mature cladodes derived from the dissection of tissues comprising two or more areoles (Barrientos and Brauer, 1964), or by consuming fruits. Despite all these methodologies that are easy to perform and efficient, their propagation rates are low and require large spaces for propagation. Others available asexual methods include apomixis (Garcı´a-Aguilar and Pimienta-Barrios, 1996, Ve´ lez and Rodrı´guez, 1996, Mondrago´ n, 2001), grafting (Pimienta, 1974, Maldonado and Zapien, 1977), micrografting (Estrada-Luna et al., 2002), and tissue culture (Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995) have been conducted by the other investigators. The last method has recently pointed out as the most potent because it provides high propagation rates, reduced requirements for space, and the production of healthy and pathogen-free plants. Recent evidences revealed that micropropagation has been extensively studied and successfully developed on cloning many cacti species including prickly pear cactus (Escobar-Araya et al., Estrada-Luna, 1988).

Regarding prickly pear cactus micropropagation, recent research advances show an increased interest for the scientific community to integrate studies in order to improve the efficiency of the propagation process and establish and introduce reliable protocols for plant transformation to engineer selected genotypes (Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, b, SilosEspino et al., 2006). The first study on Opuntia (prickly pear cactus) micropropagation reported by Sachar and Iyer ,1959, varies successful strategies have been described for different species including O. dillenii Haw, O. polyacantha, O. basilaris, O. amyclaea Tenore, O. echios var. gigantea, O. ficusindica Linne´ Mill, O. streptacantha Lemaire, O. robusta Wendland, O. cochinera Griffiths, O. leucotricha De Candolle, O. albicarpa Scheinvar, O. ellisiana Griff. (Mauseth and Halperin, 1975, Mauseth, 1977, 1979, Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995, Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, Estrada-Luna and Davies, 2001, Jua´ rez and Passera, 2002), however, a comprehensive protocol is not available yet because most plant responses to tissue culture are highly dependent on the genotype and some important modifications and adjustments might be performed when a new species or cultivar is considered for tissue culture, especially to optimize the overall environmental culture conditions, media, plant regulators (type, concentration, and combination), etc. during the shoot proliferation stage. Rooting and plantlet acclimatization conditions might also be investigated since they may limit the success of micropropagation (Hartmann et al., 1997). So far, there has been little observation about protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated Opuntia. The main purpose of this study was to develop efficient systems for in vitro propagation of Opuntia and investigation of protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated plants.

Reference

Aliyu B, Mustapha Y. 2007. Effect of different media on the in vitro growth of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) explants. African Journal of Biotechnology 6, 1330-1331.

Ault JR, Blackmon WJ. 1987. In vitro propagation of Ferocactus acanthodes (Cactaceae). HortScience 22, 126–127.

Barrientos PF, Brauer O. 1964. Multiplicacio´n vegetativa Del nopal a partir de fracciones mı´nimas. Colegio de Postgraduados, E.N.A. Chapingo, Me´xico.

Bein E. 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Nairobi, Kenya.

Clayton PW, Hubstenberger JF, Phillips GC. 1990. Micropropagation of members of the cactaceae subtribe cactinae. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115(2), 337–343.

Escobar-Araya HA, Villalobos AVM, Villegas MA. 1986. Opuntia micropropagation by axillary proliferation. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 7, 269–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037744

Estrada-Luna AA, Martınez-Hernandez JJ, Torres-Torres ME, Chable´-Moreno F. 2008. In vitro micropropagation of the ornamental prickly pear cactus Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck and effects of sprayed GA3 after transplantation to ex vitro conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 117, 378–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.05.042

Estrada-Luna AA. 1988. Produccio´n de brotes e injertacio´n in vitro de seis species de nopal (Opuntia spp.) originarias del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano. Tesis de MC. Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Edo, De Me´ xico, Me´ xico, 160.

Estrada-Luna AA, Davies FT. 2001. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance growth and nutrient uptake of prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia albicarpa Scheinvar ‘‘Reyna’’) plantlets after ex vitro transplantation. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biochemistry 76 (6), 739– 745.

Estrada-Luna AA, Lo´pez-Peralta C, Ca´rdenas-Soriano E. 2002. In vitro micrografting and histology of the graft union formation of selected species of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.). Scientia Horticulturae 92, 317–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00296-5

Fabbri A, Cicala A, Tamburino A. 1996. Anatomy of adventitious root formation in Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes. Journal of Horticultural Science 71(2), 235–242.

Fay MF, Gratton J, Atkinson J. 1995. Tissue culture of succulent plants—an annotated bibliography. Bradleya 13, 38–42.

Flores-Valde´z CA. 1995. ‘‘Nopalitos’’ production, processing and marketing. In: Barbera G, Inglese P, Pimienta-Barrios E, ed. Agroecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear, FAO, Rome, 92–99.

Garcı´a-Aguilar M, Pimienta-Barrios E. 1996. Cytological evidences of agamospermy in Opuntia (Cactaceae). Haseltonia (Iowa) 4, 39–42.

Garcı´a-Saucedo P, Valdez-Morales M, Valverde ME, Cruz-Herna´ndez A, Paredes-Lo´pez O. 2005. Plant regeneration of three Opuntia genotypes used as human food. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 80, 215–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-9158-0

Hartmann HT, Kester DE, Davies Jr FT, Geneve RL. 1997. Plant Propagation- Principles and Practices, 6th ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.

Havel L, Kolar Z. 1983. Microexplant isolation from Cactaceae. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 2, 349–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039882

Hegwood DA. 1990. Human health discoveries with Opuntia sp. (prickly pear). HortScience 25 (12), 1515–1516.

Infante R. 1992. In vitro axillary shoot proliferation and somatic embryogenesis of yellow pitaya Mediocactus coccineus (Salm-Dyck). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 31, 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037700

Irish M. 2001. The Ornamental Prickly Pear Industry in the Southwestern United States. Florida Entomologists 84 (4), 484–485.

Jacobs WP, Morrow IB. 1958. Quantitative relations between stages of leaf development and differentiation of sieve-tubes. Science, N.Y. 128, 1084-1085.

Johnson JL, Emino ER. 1979. Tissue culture propagation in the cactaceae. Cactus & Succulent Journal (U.S.) 51, 275–277.

Jua´rez MA, Passera CB. 2002. In vitro propagation of Opuntia ellisiana Griff. And acclimatizationto field conditions. Biocell 26(3), 319–324.

Lazcano CA, Davies Jr FT, Estrada-Luna AA, Duray SA, Olalde-Portugal V. 1999. Effect of auxin and wounding on adventitious root formation of pricklypear cactus cladodes. HortTechnology 9 (1), 99–102.

Le Houérou HN. 1994. Drought-tolerant and water-efficient fodder shrubs (DTFS), their role as a “drought insurance” in the agricultural Development of Arid and Semi-arid Zones in Southern Africa. Report to the Water Research Commission of South Africa.

Llamoca-Za´rate RM, Aguiar LF, Landsmann J, Campos FAP. 1999a. Whole plant regeneration from the shoot apical meristem of Opuntia ficus– indica Mill. (Cactaceae). Journal of Applied Botany 73, 83–85.

Llamoca-Za´ rate RM, Aguiar LF, Landsmann J, Campos FAP. 1999b. Establishment of callus and cell suspension cultures of Opuntia ficus-indica. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 58, 155–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006315729266

Mackay WA, Tipton JL, Thompson GA. 1995. Micropropagation of Mexican redbud, Cercis canadensis var. Mexicana. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 43, 295-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039959

Malda G, Suza´n H, Backhaus R. 1999. In vitro culture as potential method for the conservation of endangered plants possessing crassulacean acid metabolism. Scientia Horticulturae 81, 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(98)00250-7

Martinez-V~izquez O, Rubluo A. 1989. In vitro mass propagation of the nearextinct Mammillaria san-angelensis S~nchez-Mejorada. Journal of horticultural science 64, 99-105.

Mauseth JD. 1977. Cactus tissue culture: a potential method of propagation. Cactus & Succulent Journal 49(2), 80–81.

Mauseth JD. 1977. A new method for the propagation of cacti: sterile culture of axillary buds. Cactus & Succulent Journal 51, 186–187.

Mauseth JD, Halperin W. 1975. Hormonal control of organogenesis in Opuntia polyacantha (Cactaceae). American Journal of Botany 62(8), 869–877.

Mohamed-Yassen Y, Barringer SA, Splittstoesser WE, Schnell R. 1995. Rapid propagation of tuna (Opuntia ficusindica) and plant establishment in soil. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 42, 117–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037690

Mondrago´n, JC. 2001. Verification of the apomictic origin of cactus pear (Opuntia spp. Cactaceae) seedling of open pollinated and cross from Central Mexico. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 4, 49–56.

Mulas M, Spano S, Pellizaro G, D´ jallewin G. 1992. Rooting of Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. Young cladodes. Advanced Horticultural Science 6, 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1400/14155

Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco cultures. Physiology Plantarum 15, 473–497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.13993054.1962.tb08052.x

Nishimura T, Hitoshi K, Furumai T, Igarashi Y, Sato Y, Shimizu M. 2003. Plant disease control agent. US Patent 6(544), 511B2.

Nobel PS. 1995. Environmental Biology. In: Agro-ecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper, FAO, Rome, 36-48.

Nobel  PS.  1994.  Remarkable  Agaves  and  Cacti. Oxford University Press, New York, 86-87.

Pe´rez-Molphe-Balch E, Da´vila-Figueroa CA. 2002. In vitro propagation of Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenberg and P. strobiliformis Werdermann (Cactaceae). In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant 38, 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/IVP2001248

Pe´rez-Molphe-Balch E, Pérez-Reyes ME, Villalobos-Amador E, Meza-Rangel E, Morones-Ruiz LR, Lizalde-Viramontes H. 1998. Micropropagation of 21 species of Mexican Cacti by axillary proliferation. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant 34, 131–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02822777

Rojas-Are´ chiga M, Va´squez-Yanes C. 2000. Cactus seed germination: a review. Journal of Arid Environments 44, 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0582

Sa´enz-Herna´ndez C. 1995. Food manufacture and by-products. In: Barbera G, Inglese P, Pimienta-Barrios E, ed. Agroecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear. FAO, Rome, 137–143.

Sachar RC, Iyer RD. 1959. Effect of auxin, kinetin and gibberellin on the placental tissue of Opuntia dellenii Haw. Cultured in vitro. Phytomorphology 9, 1–3.

Saeidi M. 2008. Physiological and biochemical study of some aspects of the source and sink strength in both sensitive and tolerant cultivars under drought stress. PhD Thesis, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, 67-70.

Silos-Espino H, Valde´z-Ortı´z A, Rasco´n-Cruz Q, Rodrı´guez-Salazar E, Paredes-Lo´pez O. 2006. Genetic transformation of prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 86, 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-006-9123-1

Taiz L, Zieger E. 1998. Plant Physiology, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts.

Torrey JG. 1963. Cellular patterns in developing roots. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 17, 285-314.

Vanegas-Espinoza PE, Cruz–Herna´ndez A, Valverde ME, Paredes-Lo´pez O. 2002. Plant regeneration via organogenesis in marigold. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3, 279–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039959

Ve´lez GC, Rodrı´guez GB. 1996. Microscopic analysis of poliembriony in Opuntia ficus-indica. Journal  of  the  Professional  Association  for  Cactus Development 1, 39–48.

Wetmore RH, Demaggio AE, Rier JP. 1964. Contemporary  outlook  on  the  differentiation  of vascular tissues. Phytomorphology 14, 203—217.

Article source : Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus – indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting 

Read More

Caladium bicolor: In Vitro Regeneration Insights | InformativeBD

 

KS. Ahmed,  ME. Hoque , M. Shamsuzzaman, S. Sultana, and MS. Islam from the different institute of the dhaka, wrote a research article about, Caladium bicolor: In Vitro Regeneration Insights, entitled,"In vitro regeneration of Caladium bicolor".This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The present experiment was conducted to determine the ideal concentration of different plant growth regulators (BA, Kin, IBA, IAA, and NAA) for in vitro regeneration of Caladium bicolor using shoot tip explants. The work was designed in CRD with three replications. Shoot tip explants gave rise to multiple shoots when cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration of BA with IBA. The highest (90%) response of shoot multiplication was obtained in MS medium containing 0.25-1.0mg/L BA + 2.0-2.5mg/L IBA. The regenerated shoots were then rooted on MS medium with different concentrations NAA, IAA and IBA. The maximum frequency of rooting and highest number of roots was produced on medium containing 2.0mg/L IAA. In accordance with average growth characteristics, it was revealed that the combined effect of BA and IBA appeared to be better to individual performance. The plantlets, thus developed were hardened and successfully established in soil. The plants raised through tissue culture exhibited normal growth. Reliable protocols for micropropagation of Caladium bicolor were established, which could be used for large scale production of disease free, high-yielding, and premium quality planting material.

Read more: Optimizing Growth: Diet & Substrate for Archachatina Marginata | InformativeBD

Introduction

Caladium bicolor is a member of Araceae family(arum family) and commonly known as angel wings,heart of Jesus and fancy-leaved caladium (Ali et al.,2007; Syedi et al., 2016). It is an importantornamental plant valued for its long-lasting colorfulfoliage, and is commonly grown in containers and inthe landscape (Syedi et al., 2016; Deng, 2018; Zhanget al, 2019). They are grown for their colorful leavesthat have a combination of green and white, greenand red, white with red blotches or green veins andsome have lavender spots. The size of the heartshapedleaves may vary from 6 inches to 2 feet inlength. Ornamental value of Caladiums depends to agreat extent on leaf characteristics, including shape,color, color pattern, and venation pattern (Deng andHarbaugh, 2005).

Generally, Caladium is propagated from tubers forcommercial purpose but tuber propagation haslimitations as tubers produce healthier plants for oneseason only and second year foliage is usually not asgood as the first year. Therefore, more satisfactoryresults may be obtained by starting with new tuberseach year. Commercial propagation can also beachieved through seeds but the seed propagation isdifficult, being seeds very small, requires handpollinations, very high mortality and very difficult tokeep plant true to type and pathogen free. Moreover,plants grown from seeds are very expensive. It hasalso been reported that seed propagation results invariability (Ali et al., 2007; Deng et al., 2007).Concerns have been raised about possible loss ofgenetic diversity due to a drastic decline in thenumber of cultivars in the last century. Moreover, thismethod is very difficult to keep plant true to type andpathogen free (Siddiqui et al., 1993; Deng et al.,2007). Consequently, seed propagation is not used incommercial production of caladium plants.

Recently, many caladium companies and nurserieshave started using tissue culture technology known asmicropropagation for large scale production of true totype and disease free caladium. In vitro techniquesare powerful tools for plant breeders in improving theperformance of agriculture, horticulture andfloriculture plant species. Interest in tissue culturepropagation of Caladium bicolor has evolved due to itsornamental importance throughout the world. Thesuccess of the micropropagation method depends onseveral factors like genotype, media, PGRs and type ofexplants (Pati et al., 2005; Nhut et al., 2010). Someinvestigations were done on micropropagation ofCaladium spp. using leaf, apical meristem,inflorescences and other explants and a high number oftreatments, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and dosages( Mujib et al., 2000; Chu and Yazawa, 2001; Ahmad etal., 2004; Ali et al., 2007; Thepsithar et al., 2010).

Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to identify the best hormonal combination in Caladium bicolor regeneration as well as rapid and easy in vitro propagation of Caladium bicolor.

Reference

Ahmad EU, Hayashi T, Yazawa S. 2004. Auxins increase the occurrence of leaf-colour variants in Caladium regenerated from leaf explants. Scientia horticulturae 100, 153-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scienta.2003.08.012

Ali AA, Munawar AS, Naz SH. 2007. An in vitro study on micropropagation of Caladium bicolor. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 9(5), 731-735.

Al-Taleb MM, Hassawi DS, Abu-Romman SM. 2011. Production of virus free potato plants using meristem culture from cultivars grown under Jordanian environment. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 11(4), 467-72.

Barakat AA, Gaber MK. 2018. Micropropagation and ex vitro acclimatization of aglaonema plants. Sciences 8(4), 1425-36.

Chan LK, Tancm, Chew GS. 2001. Micropropagation of the Araceae ornamental plants. In International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants 616, 383-390.

Chu Y, Yazawa S. 2001. The variation and the hereditary stability on leaf character of plantlets regenerated from micropropagation in Caladiums. Journal of Chinese Society for Horticultural Science 47, 59-67.

Deng Z, Goktepe F, Harbaugh BK, Hu J. 2007. Assessment of genetic diversity and relationships among caladium cultivars and species using molecular markers. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132(2), 219-29. https:// doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.132.2.219

Deng Z, Harbaugh BK. 2005. Inheritance of leaf shapes and main vein colour in Caladium. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M; Publication ENH 1006.

Deng Z. 2018. Caladium. In: Van Huylenbroeck, J. (Eds) Ornamental Crops. Handbook of Plant Breeding 11, 273-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0-12

Dhital SP, Lim HT, Manandhar HK. 2011. Direct and efficient plant regeneration from different explants sources of potato cultivars as influenced by plant growth regulators. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3126 /njst.

Ghasemi Ghehsareh M, Ghanbari M, Reezi S. 2020. The effects of different potted mixtures on the growth and development of miniature roses (Rosa ‘Orange Meillandina). International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture 9(4), 399-409. https://doi.org/10.30486/ijrowa.2020.1897723.1060

Jain SM, Ochatt S. 2010. Protocols for in vitro propagation of ornamental plants. Springer Protocols: Humana press.

Kaviani B, Hashemabadi D, Khodabakhsh H, Onsinejad R, Ansari MH, Haghighat N. 2015. Micropropagation of Begonia rex Putz. by 6-benzyladenine (BA) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). International Journal of Biosciences 6(5), 8-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/6.5.8-15

Kaviani B. 2015. Some useful information about micropropagation. Journal of Ornamental Plants 5(1), 29-40.

Mujib A, Bandhyopadhyay S, Ghosh PD. 2000. Tissue culture derived plantlet variation in Caladium an important ornamental. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 10, 149-155.

Mujib A, Banerjee S, Fatima S, Ghosh PD. 2008. Regenerated plant populations from rhizome-calli showed morphological and chromosomal changes in Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent. cv. Bleeding Heart. Propagation Ornament Plants 8(3), 138-43.

Murashige T, Skoog, FA. 1962. Revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 15, 473-497.

Nhut DT, Hai NT, Phan MX. 2010. A highly efficient protocol for micropropagation of Begonia tuberous. In: Jain SM, Ochatt SJ(eds) Protocolsfor In vitro Propagation of Ornamental Plants, Springer protocols. Humana Press. pp. 15-20.

Pati PK, Rath SP, Sharma M, Sood A, Ahuja PS. 2006. In vitro propagation of rose: A review. Biotechnology advances 24(1), 94-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.07.001

Pierik RLM. 1987. In vitro culture of higher plants. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff 45-82.

Sanavy SA, Moeini MJ. 2003. Effects of different hormone combinations and planting beds on growth of single nodes and plantlets resulted from potato meristem culture. Plant Tissue Culture 13(2), 145-50.

Seydi S, Negahdar N, Taghizadeh AR, Ansari MH, Kaviani B. 2016. Effect of BAP and NAA on micropropagation of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) vent., an ornamental plant. Journal of Ornamental Plants 6(1), 59-66.

Siddiqui FA, Naz S, Iqbal J. 1993. In vitro propagation of Carnation. Advances in plant tissue culture. Proceedings of the 3rd National Meeting of Plant Tissue Culture Pakistan pp. 43-7.

Thepsithar C, Thongpukdee A, Chiensil P. 2010. Micropropagation of Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent.Thep Songsil’and incidence of somaclonal variants. Acta Horticulturae (855), 273-280.

Van Staden J, Zazimalova E, George EF. 2008. Plant growth regulators II: Cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. Plant propagation by Tissue culture 1, 205-226.

Webb KJ, Osifo EO, Henshaw GG. 1983. Shoot regeneration from leaflet discs of six cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum). Plant Science Letters 30(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4211(83)90196-7

Zhang YS, Gu SJ, Chen JJ, Cai XD. 2019. Effects of different nutrient solutions on the acclimatization of in vitro Caladium plantlets using a simplified hydroponic system. Sains Malays 1(48), 1627-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4808-08

 Source: In vitro regenerationof Caladium bicolor

Read More