Akram Ghaffari, Tahereh
Hasanloo, and Mojtaba Khayam Nekouei, from the institute of Iran. wrote a
Research article about, Micropropagation of Opuntia ficus-indica: Media Effects
on Growth & Rooting. Entitled, Micropropagation of tuna (Opuntia ficus –
indica ) and effect of medium composition on proliferation and rooting. This
research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an
open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation
of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open
access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.
Abstract
The goal of this study
was to determine micropropagation system for a mass production of Tuna (Opuntia
ficus – indica). For this reason, explants dissected from strilled young
cladodes successfully established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
supplemented with 5 mg l-1 Benzyl amino purine (BAP). MS medium containing
different combinations of BAP (5 mg l-1) and Indole acetic acid (IAA) (0, 0.25,
0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) , BAP (5 mg l-1) and Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) ( 0, 0.25,
0.5, 1, 2 mg l-1) and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg l-1) and Kinetin ( 0.5 and 1 mg l-1)
were tested for shoot development . The best results for shoot development and
elongation were obtained in media containing 5 mg l-1 and 0.25 mg l-1 NAA.
The highest multiplication rate (3.9) was observed in media supplemented with 5
mg l-1 BAP and 2 mg l-1 of NAA. Satisfactory rooting was achieved in
MS Basal medium (5-6 cm length) without callus formation. The percentage of
rooting was 100% and Plants were successfully established in a mix of pit and
perlite (2:1) (100%) and acclimatization accomplished under greenhouse
condition. In this study, total concentration of carbohydrates and proteins
were measured in in vivo cultured (control) and in vitro propagated
tuna after 3 months. As a result, no significant differences were observed
between control and micropropagated tuna in protein concentration. Whereas
carbohydrate content in micropropagated plants (3.24 mg g-1) was 2- fold that
of the control plants (1.52 mg g-1).
Read more : Spice Power: Fighting Sweetmeat Bacteria with Natural Antimicrobials | InformativeBD
Introduction
Opuntia ficus-indica
belongs to Cactaceae family and its Authority is Mill, common names are Indian
Fig, Tuna Cactus, Mission Prickly Pear, prickly pear and Spanish tuna. That is
a big, tree-like cactus that can grow quickly to 15 ft tall. The species is
native to Mexico and it was introduced into southern Europe, Africa and India
very long ago (Bein, 1996).
The genus Opuntia
(Cactaceae) has a specialized photosynthetic mechanism known as Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism (CAM), whereby these plants open their stomates and take up CO2
at night. This attribute leads to reduced water loss (Nobel, 1995, Taiz and
Zeiger, 1998). Regarding to its high wateruse efficiency (even in areas with
low annual rainfall values, 120-150 mm), and its high drought-tolerance (Le
Houérou, 1994), this cactus is a most widely used forage resource in arid and
semiarid region during periods of drought and shortage of herbaceous plants and
has been extensively developed for decades.
Plants are succulent
with jointed, branching stems. These stems, or joints, are often cooked as a
green table vegetable (Russell and Felker, 1987). In addition to all these
applications, some prickly pear cactus species can be exploited in the
horticultural industry as ornamental resources by virtue of their bizarre and
particular morphological traits including small overall plant and cladode size,
spine color, cladode shape and growth habits, epidermis color, shape and length
of spines, etc. Several species such as O. pheacantha Engelmann, O. engelmanii
Salm–Dyck, O. violaceae Engelmann, O. aciculata Griffiths, O. basilaris
Engelmann & Bigelow, O. ficus-indica (L.) miller, O. tunicata (Lehm.) Link
& Otto, O. microdasys (Lehmannn) Lehmann, O. basillaris, O. imbricata C.C.
Haw DC, Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck among others, are commonly used landscaping
plants in public, private, commercial and residential properties in Mexico, the
Mediterranean area, Australia and south-western USA (Irish, 2001). Over the
past century there has been a dramatic increase for culture of plants that is
known as a multi-purpose plant since it can be applied as natural wind break
barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control water and wind
erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as crop for the
production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or utilized as
raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as wine, candies,
jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995, Sa´enzHerna´ ndez,
1995).
it can be applied as
natural wind break barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource to control
water and wind erosion in eroded soils (Nobel, 1994). It can be cultured as
crop for the production of fruits, vegetables and forage for animal feed or
utilized as raw-industrial material to produce several subproducts such as
wine, candies, jellies, flour, etc. (Hegwood, 1990, Flores-Valde´ z, 1995,
Sa´enzHerna´ ndez, 1995).
In general, prickly
pear cactus species can be sexual and asexually propagated. Seed propagation is
only used for scientific research to study genetic variability and factors
impact on the germination process (Rojas-Are´ chiga and Va´squez-Yanes, 2000).
Vegetative propagation, which is widely utilized, can be performed through the
rooting of single or multiple cladodes (Fabbri et al., 1996, Lazcano et al.,
1999, Mulas et al., 1992), small portions of mature cladodes derived from the
dissection of tissues comprising two or more areoles (Barrientos and Brauer,
1964), or by consuming fruits. Despite all these methodologies that are easy to
perform and efficient, their propagation rates are low and require large spaces
for propagation. Others available asexual methods include apomixis
(Garcı´a-Aguilar and Pimienta-Barrios, 1996, Ve´ lez and Rodrı´guez, 1996,
Mondrago´ n, 2001), grafting (Pimienta, 1974, Maldonado and Zapien, 1977),
micrografting (Estrada-Luna et al., 2002), and tissue culture (Escobar-Araya et
al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al., 1995) have been
conducted by the other investigators. The last method has recently pointed out
as the most potent because it provides high propagation rates, reduced
requirements for space, and the production of healthy and pathogen-free plants.
Recent evidences revealed that micropropagation has been extensively studied
and successfully developed on cloning many cacti species including prickly pear
cactus (Escobar-Araya et al., Estrada-Luna, 1988).
Regarding prickly pear
cactus micropropagation, recent research advances show an increased interest for
the scientific community to integrate studies in order to improve the
efficiency of the propagation process and establish and introduce reliable
protocols for plant transformation to engineer selected genotypes (Llamoca-Za´
rate et al., 1999a, b, SilosEspino et al., 2006). The first study on Opuntia
(prickly pear cactus) micropropagation reported by Sachar and Iyer ,1959,
varies successful strategies have been described for different species
including O. dillenii Haw, O. polyacantha, O. basilaris, O. amyclaea Tenore, O.
echios var. gigantea, O. ficusindica Linne´ Mill, O. streptacantha Lemaire, O.
robusta Wendland, O. cochinera Griffiths, O. leucotricha De Candolle, O. albicarpa
Scheinvar, O. ellisiana Griff. (Mauseth and Halperin, 1975, Mauseth, 1977,
1979, Escobar-Araya et al., 1986, Estrada-Luna, 1988, Mohamed-Yasseen et al.,
1995, Llamoca-Za´ rate et al., 1999a, Estrada-Luna and Davies, 2001, Jua´ rez
and Passera, 2002), however, a comprehensive protocol is not available yet
because most plant responses to tissue culture are highly dependent on the
genotype and some important modifications and adjustments might be performed
when a new species or cultivar is considered for tissue culture, especially to
optimize the overall environmental culture conditions, media, plant regulators
(type, concentration, and combination), etc. during the shoot proliferation
stage. Rooting and plantlet acclimatization conditions might also be
investigated since they may limit the success of micropropagation (Hartmann et
al., 1997). So far, there has been little observation about protein and
carbohydrate content of micropropagated Opuntia. The main purpose of this study
was to develop efficient systems for in vitro propagation of Opuntia and
investigation of protein and carbohydrate content of micropropagated plants.
Reference
Aliyu B, Mustapha Y. 2007.
Effect of different media on the in vitro growth of cactus (Opuntia
ficus-indica) explants. African Journal of Biotechnology 6, 1330-1331.
Ault JR, Blackmon WJ. 1987.
In vitro propagation of Ferocactus acanthodes (Cactaceae). HortScience 22, 126–127.
Barrientos PF, Brauer
O. 1964. Multiplicacio´n vegetativa Del nopal a partir de fracciones
mı´nimas. Colegio de Postgraduados, E.N.A. Chapingo, Me´xico.
Bein E. 1996.
Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU),
Nairobi, Kenya.
Clayton PW, Hubstenberger
JF, Phillips GC. 1990. Micropropagation of members of the cactaceae
subtribe cactinae. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural
Science 115(2), 337–343.
Escobar-Araya HA,
Villalobos AVM, Villegas MA. 1986. Opuntia micropropagation by axillary proliferation.
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 7, 269–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037744
Estrada-Luna AA,
Martınez-Hernandez JJ, Torres-Torres ME, Chable´-Moreno F. 2008. In vitro
micropropagation of the ornamental prickly pear cactus Opuntia lanigera Salm–Dyck
and effects of sprayed GA3 after transplantation to ex vitro conditions.
Scientia Horticulturae 117, 378–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.05.042
Estrada-Luna AA. 1988.
Produccio´n de brotes e injertacio´n in vitro de seis species de nopal (Opuntia spp.)
originarias del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano. Tesis de MC. Colegio de
Postgraduados, Montecillo, Edo, De Me´ xico, Me´ xico, 160.
Estrada-Luna AA, Davies
FT. 2001. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance growth and nutrient uptake of
prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia albicarpa Scheinvar ‘‘Reyna’’) plantlets
after ex vitro transplantation. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biochemistry 76
(6), 739– 745.
Estrada-Luna AA,
Lo´pez-Peralta C, Ca´rdenas-Soriano E. 2002. In vitro micrografting
and histology of the graft union formation of selected species of prickly pear
cactus (Opuntia spp.). Scientia Horticulturae 92, 317–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00296-5
Fabbri A, Cicala A,
Tamburino A. 1996. Anatomy of adventitious root formation in Opuntia
ficus-indica cladodes. Journal of Horticultural Science 71(2), 235–242.
Fay MF, Gratton J,
Atkinson J. 1995. Tissue culture of succulent plants—an annotated
bibliography. Bradleya 13, 38–42.
Flores-Valde´z CA. 1995.
‘‘Nopalitos’’ production, processing and marketing. In: Barbera G, Inglese P,
Pimienta-Barrios E, ed. Agroecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear, FAO,
Rome, 92–99.
Garcı´a-Aguilar M,
Pimienta-Barrios E. 1996. Cytological evidences of agamospermy in Opuntia
(Cactaceae). Haseltonia (Iowa) 4, 39–42.
Garcı´a-Saucedo P,
Valdez-Morales M, Valverde ME, Cruz-Herna´ndez A, Paredes-Lo´pez O. 2005.
Plant regeneration of three Opuntia genotypes used as human food. Plant Cell,
Tissue and Organ Culture 80, 215–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-9158-0
Hartmann HT, Kester DE,
Davies Jr FT, Geneve RL. 1997. Plant Propagation- Principles and
Practices, 6th ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
Havel L, Kolar Z. 1983.
Microexplant isolation from Cactaceae. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 2, 349–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039882
Hegwood DA. 1990.
Human health discoveries with Opuntia sp. (prickly pear).
HortScience 25 (12), 1515–1516.
Infante R. 1992.
In vitro axillary shoot proliferation and somatic embryogenesis of yellow
pitaya Mediocactus coccineus (Salm-Dyck). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ
Culture 31, 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037700
Irish M. 2001. The
Ornamental Prickly Pear Industry in the Southwestern United States. Florida
Entomologists 84 (4), 484–485.
Jacobs WP, Morrow IB. 1958.
Quantitative relations between stages of leaf development and differentiation
of sieve-tubes. Science, N.Y. 128, 1084-1085.
Johnson JL, Emino ER. 1979.
Tissue culture propagation in the cactaceae. Cactus & Succulent Journal
(U.S.) 51, 275–277.
Jua´rez MA, Passera CB. 2002.
In vitro propagation of Opuntia ellisiana Griff. And
acclimatizationto field conditions. Biocell 26(3), 319–324.
Lazcano CA, Davies Jr
FT, Estrada-Luna AA, Duray SA, Olalde-Portugal V. 1999. Effect of auxin
and wounding on adventitious root formation of pricklypear cactus cladodes.
HortTechnology 9 (1), 99–102.
Le Houérou HN. 1994.
Drought-tolerant and water-efficient fodder shrubs (DTFS), their role as a
“drought insurance” in the agricultural Development of Arid and Semi-arid Zones
in Southern Africa. Report to the Water Research Commission of South Africa.
Llamoca-Za´rate RM,
Aguiar LF, Landsmann J, Campos FAP. 1999a. Whole plant regeneration from
the shoot apical meristem of Opuntia ficus– indica Mill. (Cactaceae).
Journal of Applied Botany 73, 83–85.
Llamoca-Za´ rate RM,
Aguiar LF, Landsmann J, Campos FAP. 1999b. Establishment of callus and
cell suspension cultures of Opuntia ficus-indica. Plant Cell, Tissue and
Organ Culture 58, 155–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006315729266
Mackay WA, Tipton JL,
Thompson GA. 1995. Micropropagation of Mexican redbud, Cercis
canadensis var. Mexicana. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 43, 295-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039959
Malda G, Suza´n H,
Backhaus R. 1999. In vitro culture as potential method for the
conservation of endangered plants possessing crassulacean acid metabolism.
Scientia Horticulturae 81, 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(98)00250-7
Martinez-V~izquez O,
Rubluo A. 1989. In vitro mass propagation of the nearextinct
Mammillaria san-angelensis S~nchez-Mejorada. Journal of horticultural
science 64, 99-105.
Mauseth JD. 1977.
Cactus tissue culture: a potential method of propagation. Cactus &
Succulent Journal 49(2), 80–81.
Mauseth JD. 1977.
A new method for the propagation of cacti: sterile culture of axillary buds.
Cactus & Succulent Journal 51, 186–187.
Mauseth JD, Halperin W. 1975.
Hormonal control of organogenesis in Opuntia polyacantha (Cactaceae).
American Journal of Botany 62(8), 869–877.
Mohamed-Yassen Y,
Barringer SA, Splittstoesser WE, Schnell R. 1995. Rapid
propagation of tuna (Opuntia ficusindica) and plant establishment in soil.
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 42, 117–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037690
Mondrago´n, JC. 2001.
Verification of the apomictic origin of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.
Cactaceae) seedling of open pollinated and cross from Central Mexico. Journal
of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 4, 49–56.
Mulas M, Spano S,
Pellizaro G, D´ jallewin G. 1992. Rooting of Opuntia ficus-indica
Mill. Young cladodes. Advanced Horticultural Science 6, 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1400/14155
Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962.
A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco cultures.
Physiology Plantarum 15, 473–497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.13993054.1962.tb08052.x
Nishimura T, Hitoshi K,
Furumai T, Igarashi Y, Sato Y, Shimizu M. 2003. Plant disease control
agent. US Patent 6(544), 511B2.
Nobel PS. 1995.
Environmental Biology. In: Agro-ecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear.
FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper, FAO, Rome, 36-48.
Nobel PS.
1994. Remarkable Agaves and Cacti. Oxford University
Press, New York, 86-87.
Pe´rez-Molphe-Balch E,
Da´vila-Figueroa CA. 2002. In vitro propagation of Pelecyphora aselliformis
Ehrenberg and P. strobiliformis Werdermann (Cactaceae). In Vitro Cellular and
Developmental Biology Plant 38, 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/IVP2001248
Pe´rez-Molphe-Balch E,
Pérez-Reyes ME, Villalobos-Amador E, Meza-Rangel E, Morones-Ruiz LR,
Lizalde-Viramontes H. 1998. Micropropagation of 21 species of Mexican
Cacti by axillary proliferation. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology
– Plant 34, 131–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02822777
Rojas-Are´ chiga M,
Va´squez-Yanes C. 2000. Cactus seed germination: a review. Journal of Arid
Environments 44, 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0582
Sa´enz-Herna´ndez C. 1995.
Food manufacture and by-products. In: Barbera G, Inglese P, Pimienta-Barrios E,
ed. Agroecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear. FAO, Rome, 137–143.
Sachar RC, Iyer RD. 1959.
Effect of auxin, kinetin and gibberellin on the placental tissue of Opuntia
dellenii Haw. Cultured in vitro. Phytomorphology 9, 1–3.
Saeidi M. 2008.
Physiological and biochemical study of some aspects of the source and sink
strength in both sensitive and tolerant cultivars under drought stress. PhD
Thesis, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, 67-70.
Silos-Espino H,
Valde´z-Ortı´z A, Rasco´n-Cruz Q, Rodrı´guez-Salazar E, Paredes-Lo´pez O. 2006.
Genetic transformation of prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 86, 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-006-9123-1
Taiz L, Zieger E. 1998.
Plant Physiology, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts.
Torrey JG. 1963.
Cellular patterns in developing roots. Symposia of the Society for Experimental
Biology 17, 285-314.
Vanegas-Espinoza PE,
Cruz–Herna´ndez A, Valverde ME, Paredes-Lo´pez O. 2002. Plant regeneration
via organogenesis in marigold. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3, 279–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039959
Ve´lez GC, Rodrı´guez
GB. 1996. Microscopic analysis of poliembriony in Opuntia ficus-indica.
Journal of the Professional Association for
Cactus Development 1, 39–48.
Wetmore RH, Demaggio
AE, Rier JP. 1964. Contemporary outlook on the
differentiation of vascular tissues. Phytomorphology 14, 203—217.
%20in%20full.JPG)
0 comments:
Post a Comment