Phytochemical & Antioxidant Profiles of Local and HYV Rice in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Tushar Chandra Sarker, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, and Mohammad Firoz Alam,  from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research article about, Phytochemical & Antioxidant Profiles of Local and HYV Rice in Bangladesh. Entitled, Screening of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant properties in local and HYV of Bangladeshi Rice (Oryza sativa L.). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Naturally occurring antioxidant supplements from plants are vital to counter the oxidative damage in cells where consumption of whole grain plays a vital role. As a dietary supplement, antioxidant activities of five local and HYV rice (Kalijira, Chinigura, Hizoldigha, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29) of Bangladesh were examined through DPPH antioxidant assay. Methanol extract of bran, polished and unpolished grain of each genotype were used as a studied sample. Studied sample showed significant antioxidant activity. Where bran is more potent part of rice showed higher antioxidant properties compeering unpolished and polished grain. Unpolished grain also showed greatest result where polished grain showed less performance. Among different genotypes Kalijira bran is black in color and showed better scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 60.12 μg/ml. Hizoldigha unpolished grain is red in color and showed higher antioxidant properties (130.2 μg/ml) compeering other unpolished grain. IC50 value of the positive control as BHT was 37.35 μg/ml. The result of present investigation denotes that the studied genotypes possess moderate antioxidant activity where Kalijira bran bear high antioxidant compound and keep demand to more processing and recently is using for extracting edible oil commonly called as rice bran oil. Unconventional Hizoldigha grain also contain high antioxidant activity and can be considered as nutraceutical foods as staple food.

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Introduction

It is widely recognized that dietary ingredients have a dual role, one of them is nutritional and another is pharmaceuticals. So now it’s often called nutracuticals. In recent years, cereals and its ingredients are accepted as functional foods and nutraceuticals because of providing dietary fiber, proteins, energy, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants required for human health. Plant derived antioxidant such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolic compounds (polyphenols) (Choi et al., 2007), besides other bioactive compounds are reported to have antioxidants activity. Currently, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are used under strict regulations because of their toxic effects on human enzyme systems (Hatate et al., 1990, Hattori et al., 1998). In contrast, natural antioxidants have attracted more and more interests because of their safety and wide distribution properties (Lewis, 1993).

The phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables are different from those in the grains, which contain tocotrienols and tocopherol, while rice is contain oryzanol (Lloyd et al., 2000). The phenolic like ferulic acid and diferulate are predominant in grains, but are not significant in some fruit and vegetables (Bunzel et al., 2001). Thus, the regular insertion of cereals and their processed products can make a payment to health endorsement and disease avoidance (Chaturvedi et al., 2011).

Rice, being one of the most produced and consumed cereals in the world (FAO, 1995), has an important role in the relation between the diet and health. Several compounds with antioxidant activity have been identified in rice, including phenolic compounds, tocopherols, tocotrienols and γ-oryzanol (Iqbal et al., 2005). Among them phenolic compounds is one of most important that are secondary metabolites of plants, with different activities such as protection against pathogens and predators, mechanical support, attraction of pollinating animals, and protection against ultraviolet radiation (Parr and Bolwell, 2000). Several phenolic compounds have already been identified in rice. The phenolic compounds are mainly associated with the pericarp in rice; hence, the milling process reduces the concentration of these compounds in the grain. Besides, grains with darker pericarp colour, such as red and black rice, contain higher amounts of polyphenols (Tian et al., 2004). The concentration of total phenolics in the grain has been positively associated with the antioxidant activity (Zhang et al., 2006).

Rice bran is an underutilized co-product from rice milling and generally used as animal feed, although it has long been considered an excellent source of vitamins and other nutrients. Bidlack (1999) has shown that rice bran may contain over 100 different antioxidants. Lloyd et al. (2000) also reported that, rice bran contains high amounts of beneficial antioxidants including tocopherols, tocotrienols, and oryzanols. It is also remarkable that, antioxidants containing level also depend on the type of rice (Gaydou et al., 1980). However if we see the rank of antioxidant rich food, than it will be clearer that the color fruits, vegetables, spices and nuts are more potent to show antioxidant activity than grain. But all of those are expansible and not edible as much as we need where rice is only foods that we take maximum amount per day and suitable for all classes of people. So if we could find out the high antioxidant compound containing rice genotypes and increase the amount of those phytochemicals in our daily diet rice, than it would be also beneficial like golden rice. Studied genotypes Kalijira and Chinigura are local aromatic varieties and small in size, Hizoldigha is low yielding local Amon varieties with red color pericarp and normally grown in deep water where BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 are modern transplanted high yielding varieties of Bangladesh.

The present investigation was designed to evaluate the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of rice genotypes generally cultivated if Bangladesh and are important in different aspects. Here DPPH antioxidant assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of selected sample because scavenging of DPPH radical is the basis of the popular DPPH antioxidant assay (Kordali et al., 2005).

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Article source : Screening of phytochemical compounds and antixidant properties in local and HYV of Bangladeshi Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 

 

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Heat Tolerance and Early Flowering QTLs Validation in IR64 Rice | InformativeBD

Maurine B. Abao, Neil Nemesio A. Baliuag, Roselyn B. Layugan, Michelle S. Gregorio, and Stephanie T. Cabauatan, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a research article about, Heat Tolerance and Early Flowering QTLs Validation in IR64 Rice. entitled, Field validation of heat tolerance and early morning flowering QTLs (qHTSF4.1 and qEMF3) and combination of the two QTLs introduced into IR64 (Oryza sativa L.) background at CSU Piat, Philippines. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biology, under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Heat stress reduces rice yield by 10% for every degree Celsius increase beyond optimum temperature. Field testing of IR64-derived near-isogenic lines with heat tolerance and early morning flowering QTLs was conducted at CSU Piat during hottest months of 2016-2017. To evaluate how well IR64 NILs tolerated heat, morpho-agronomic data were collected and analyzed when they were subjected to high temperature at field conditions. Flower opening time (FOT), the peak flowering time (PFT), and the time when all of the flowers are closed (FCT) were also determined for early morning flowering traits (EMF). Results showed that morpho-agronomic features of IR64-derived NILs such panicle length, number of tillers per hill, spikelet fertility, spikelet/panicle, plant height, days to 50% flowering and maturity were similar when compared to its recurrent parent. Moreover, EMF traits results revealed that IR64HT+EMF and IR64EMF NILs exhibited the earliest FOT, PFT, and CFT. This research under high temperature field condition clearly validated the heat tolerance performance of IR64-derived NILs had similar morpho-agronomic traits compared to its recurrent parent indicating recovery of recurrent parent genome. Furthermore, IR64HT+EMF and IR64EMF NILs exhibited the earliest FOT, PFT, and CFT indicating that the presence of qEMF3 and its combination with qHTSF4.1 strongly confers EMF traits as an escape mechanism from heat stress. The researchers recommend the use of genetic materials with combined genes of heat tolerance (qHTSF4.1) and early morning flowering (qEMF3) for these are useful germplasm for future and expected global warming.

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Introduction

In rice, temperature above optimum levels affects all growth stages. Among these, the flowering stage is considered the most sensitive stage to high temperature (Satake and Yoshida, 1978; Yoshida et al., 1981). Heat-induced spikelet sterility results if the sensitive physiological processes of anther dehiscence, pollination, pollen germination on the stigma, and pollen tube growth are aggravated (Wassmann et al., 2009a). In the study of Jagadish et al. (2007), sterility was induced for less than 30 minutes of exposure to 35°C ambient temperature and 33.7°C spikelet tissue temperature during anthesis. However when spikelets opened either before or for more than an hour after the onset and exposure of high temperature, they were unaffected by the heat treatment (Jagadish et al., 2007).

Flowering is the most sensitive stage to high temperature in the rice life cycle. High temperature of over 35°C at flowering stage increases pollen and spikelet sterility, which leads to significant yield losses, low grain quality, and low harvest index. Large cultivar variation exists in the spikelet sensitivity to high temperature damage, and the primary cause of this cultivar variation in high temperature (heat) tolerance at flowering is the number of viable pollen grains shed on the stigma, resulting from the changes in the extent of anther dehiscence, which directly affect the spikelet fertility and grain yield. Thus, spikelet fertility under high temperature has been widely used as a screening index for heat tolerance at reproductive stage.

Heat tolerance is the ability of the plant to grow, develop, and produce an economic yield under high temperature stress (Wahid et al., 2007; Paupiere et al., 2014). There are three basic mechanisms of heat tolerance in plants: (1) true heat tolerance, where plants can shed a large amount of pollen or viable pollen able to germinate under heat stress and (2) heat avoidance, where the plant performs its sensitive functions (ie. fertilization) before the onset of the stress (Yoshida et al., 1981; Ishimaru et al., 2010). The latter can be done by several ways: macroescape (heading during the cooler parts of the season), and microescape (anther dehiscence occurring during the cooler parts of the morning) (Wassmann et al., 2009a); and (3) heat escape, by changing leaf orientation, efficient transpirational cooling of the canopy, reduction in non-photosynthetic energy intercepted by the canopy, and reflection of solar radiation (Bahuguna et al., 2014).

Significant genotypic variation had also been found for time of day of flowering (TDF) and early morning flowering (EMF) or peak anthesis in rice germplasm. It has been reported that O. glaberrima is an EMF wild rice species with the ability to flower immediately after dawn, and with more than 90% of spikelets nearing anthesis by 0900H (Prasad et al., 2006). Interspecific crosses were made between O. glaberrima and O. sativa, which produced lines that had significantly earlier peak anthesis hours than the original parent (Yoshida et al., 1981). Ishimaru et al. (2010) successfully introgressed the EMF trait from another wild rice, O. officinalis into Koshihikari (O. sativa), and the produced Koshihikari + EMF line can open its spikelets 2 hours earlier than the Koshihikari wild type. This adaptation allowed the line to garner higher spikelet fertility than others popular varieties lacking the EMF trait. The produced EMF introgression line was used to develop near-isogenic lines of Nanjing 11 (temperate cultivar) and IR64 (tropical/subtropical cultivar) and successfully and stably exhibited the EMF trait (Hirabayashi et al., 2014).

Redoña et al. (2009) expressed that identifying the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat tolerance and employing marker-assisted selection (MAS) could compensate for the difficulty of field screening and significantly improve the overall efficiency of the breeding process. Genomic techniques and tools like MAS can ease selection of target traits, that can be used to (1) identify, quantify, and characterize genetic variation; (2) tag, clone, and introgress genes and/or QTL; and (3) manipulate (eg. pyramid, integrate) genetic variation in breeding populations (Xu and Crouch, 2008). Genetic mapping studies for EMF and heat-tolerant QTLs during the reproductive stage of different rice populations have been undertaken (Jagadish et al., 2008; Ishimaru et al., 2010; Jagadish et al., 2010a; Xiao et al., 2011; Ye et al., 2012; Hirabayashi et al., 2014; Ye et al., 2016). In the mapping study conducted by Ye et al. (2012), four major heat-tolerance QTLs were identified from the progeny of IR64 x N22 cross, to which N22 is the heat-tolerant variety. Of the four chromosomal locations identified, QTLsqHTSF1.1 (on chromosome 1 of IR 64) and qHTSF4.1 (on chromosome 4 of N22) were confirmed to have the most significant role for increasing spikelet fertility under high temperature (Ye et al., 2012) and were found to be very close to major QTLs identified in the studies of Jagadish et al. (2010a) and Xiao et al. (2011). Between the two QTLs, plants with the qHTSF4.1 exhibited higher spikelet fertility than other genotypes, and was also detected and confirmed by Ye, et al. (2016) in an IR64/Giza 178 bi-parental cross and IR64/Milyang/Giza 178 three-way cross, suggesting its potential significance in enhancing heat tolerance of rice during the flowering stage.

Some species of wild rice were found to flower early in the morning, such as O. glaberrima (A genome), O. rufipogon (A genome), and O. officinalis (C genome) (Yoshida et al., 1981; Ishimaru et al., 2010; Thanh et al., 2010). The group of Ishimaru et al. (2010) transferred the EMF trait from O. officinalis into the genetic background of O. sativa cv. Koshihikari, producing EMF20, an introgression line. The EMF20 was crossed with Nanjing 11. Using SSR markers, significant QTLs were identified on chromosome 3 (qEMF3) and chromosome 8 (qEMF8). Comparison of the recurrent parent and near-isogenic lines with the qEMF3 showed that the EMF20 allele of the QTL significantly advanced the flowering opening time (FOT) by 1.5-2.0 hours.

Developing near-isogenic lines (NILs) are advantageous in evaluating the effect of the QTLs on the phenotype (marker-trait association). Gene expression can change during morpho-physiological and reproductive development as well as when subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses. Validation of the function of the introgressed QTLs in NILs will allow breeders to optimize phenotypic selection procedures (Xu and Crouch, 2008).

This study aimed to determine the effect of QTLs for heat tolerance (qHTSF4.1), EMF trait (qEMF3) and a combination of the two QTLs, introduced into the background of IR64 (O. sativa) on (1) the floret morphophysiological responses when flowering is exposed to elevated temperatures; (2) agronomic characters, and (3) spikelet fertility and grain yield of the lines.

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Field validation of heat tolerance and early morning flowering QTLs (qHTSF4.1 and qEMF3) and combination of the two QTLs introduced into IR64 (Oryza sativa L.) background at CSU Piat, Philippines

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Source : Field validation of heat tolerance and early morning flowering QTLs (qHTSF4.1 and qEMF3) and combination of the two QTLs introduced into IR64 (Oryza sativa L.) backgroundat CSU Piat, Philippines

 

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