Phytochemical & Antioxidant Profiles of Local and HYV Rice in Bangladesh | InformativeBD

Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Tushar Chandra Sarker, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, and Mohammad Firoz Alam,  from the institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Research article about, Phytochemical & Antioxidant Profiles of Local and HYV Rice in Bangladesh. Entitled, Screening of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant properties in local and HYV of Bangladeshi Rice (Oryza sativa L.). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Naturally occurring antioxidant supplements from plants are vital to counter the oxidative damage in cells where consumption of whole grain plays a vital role. As a dietary supplement, antioxidant activities of five local and HYV rice (Kalijira, Chinigura, Hizoldigha, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29) of Bangladesh were examined through DPPH antioxidant assay. Methanol extract of bran, polished and unpolished grain of each genotype were used as a studied sample. Studied sample showed significant antioxidant activity. Where bran is more potent part of rice showed higher antioxidant properties compeering unpolished and polished grain. Unpolished grain also showed greatest result where polished grain showed less performance. Among different genotypes Kalijira bran is black in color and showed better scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 60.12 μg/ml. Hizoldigha unpolished grain is red in color and showed higher antioxidant properties (130.2 μg/ml) compeering other unpolished grain. IC50 value of the positive control as BHT was 37.35 μg/ml. The result of present investigation denotes that the studied genotypes possess moderate antioxidant activity where Kalijira bran bear high antioxidant compound and keep demand to more processing and recently is using for extracting edible oil commonly called as rice bran oil. Unconventional Hizoldigha grain also contain high antioxidant activity and can be considered as nutraceutical foods as staple food.

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Introduction

It is widely recognized that dietary ingredients have a dual role, one of them is nutritional and another is pharmaceuticals. So now it’s often called nutracuticals. In recent years, cereals and its ingredients are accepted as functional foods and nutraceuticals because of providing dietary fiber, proteins, energy, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants required for human health. Plant derived antioxidant such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolic compounds (polyphenols) (Choi et al., 2007), besides other bioactive compounds are reported to have antioxidants activity. Currently, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are used under strict regulations because of their toxic effects on human enzyme systems (Hatate et al., 1990, Hattori et al., 1998). In contrast, natural antioxidants have attracted more and more interests because of their safety and wide distribution properties (Lewis, 1993).

The phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables are different from those in the grains, which contain tocotrienols and tocopherol, while rice is contain oryzanol (Lloyd et al., 2000). The phenolic like ferulic acid and diferulate are predominant in grains, but are not significant in some fruit and vegetables (Bunzel et al., 2001). Thus, the regular insertion of cereals and their processed products can make a payment to health endorsement and disease avoidance (Chaturvedi et al., 2011).

Rice, being one of the most produced and consumed cereals in the world (FAO, 1995), has an important role in the relation between the diet and health. Several compounds with antioxidant activity have been identified in rice, including phenolic compounds, tocopherols, tocotrienols and γ-oryzanol (Iqbal et al., 2005). Among them phenolic compounds is one of most important that are secondary metabolites of plants, with different activities such as protection against pathogens and predators, mechanical support, attraction of pollinating animals, and protection against ultraviolet radiation (Parr and Bolwell, 2000). Several phenolic compounds have already been identified in rice. The phenolic compounds are mainly associated with the pericarp in rice; hence, the milling process reduces the concentration of these compounds in the grain. Besides, grains with darker pericarp colour, such as red and black rice, contain higher amounts of polyphenols (Tian et al., 2004). The concentration of total phenolics in the grain has been positively associated with the antioxidant activity (Zhang et al., 2006).

Rice bran is an underutilized co-product from rice milling and generally used as animal feed, although it has long been considered an excellent source of vitamins and other nutrients. Bidlack (1999) has shown that rice bran may contain over 100 different antioxidants. Lloyd et al. (2000) also reported that, rice bran contains high amounts of beneficial antioxidants including tocopherols, tocotrienols, and oryzanols. It is also remarkable that, antioxidants containing level also depend on the type of rice (Gaydou et al., 1980). However if we see the rank of antioxidant rich food, than it will be clearer that the color fruits, vegetables, spices and nuts are more potent to show antioxidant activity than grain. But all of those are expansible and not edible as much as we need where rice is only foods that we take maximum amount per day and suitable for all classes of people. So if we could find out the high antioxidant compound containing rice genotypes and increase the amount of those phytochemicals in our daily diet rice, than it would be also beneficial like golden rice. Studied genotypes Kalijira and Chinigura are local aromatic varieties and small in size, Hizoldigha is low yielding local Amon varieties with red color pericarp and normally grown in deep water where BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 are modern transplanted high yielding varieties of Bangladesh.

The present investigation was designed to evaluate the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of rice genotypes generally cultivated if Bangladesh and are important in different aspects. Here DPPH antioxidant assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of selected sample because scavenging of DPPH radical is the basis of the popular DPPH antioxidant assay (Kordali et al., 2005).

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Article source : Screening of phytochemical compounds and antixidant properties in local and HYV of Bangladeshi Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 

 

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Tracking Tomato Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan | InformativeBD

Adnan Ahmad,  Muhammad Ashfaq, Tariq Mukhtar, Saad Imran Malik, Irfan Anwer, Muhammad Ahsan, and Tazeem Riaz, from the different institute of Pakistan, wrote a Research article about, Tracking Tomato Resistance: Potato Virus Y Infections in Pakistan. Entitled, Detection of natural infection and reaction of tomato lines to potato virus Y in Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important solanaceous crop worldwide including Pakistan. In Pakistan the successful production of tomato is hampered due to many viral diseases including PVY which causes havoc and colossal yield losses. For management of plant viruses, accurate and proper identification of plant viruses and resistance sources is very significant. In present study, a total of 595 tomato samples with symptoms like mosaic, vein chlorosis and mild mottling were collected from tomato fields in Pakistan. All symptomatic samples were screened for the presence of Potato virus Y by DAS-ELISA using virus specific polyclonal antiserum (Bioreba AG, Switzerland). Among symptomatic samples, 104 were positive for PVY infection, of which, only eight were further screened for the presence of PVY by RT-PCR using primer pair PVYPK-F/R, that resulted in amplification of 1050 bp fragments. A total of 1050 nucleotides were obtained by sequencing each amplicon comprising a full length coat protein gene including 300 bases of UTR. The sequences of two isolates were submitted to Genbank under accession number KX816568 and KX816570. The isolate AARTPK (KX816568) was used in screening of 11 tomato cultivars. The cultivars; Kalam, NSC-92, Yaqui were found resistant (R), Rio-grandi as moderately resistant (MR) and Super-SPC and Giant-cluster as moderately susceptible (MS). Similarly, the response of BSS-30 and Gala was recorded as susceptible (S) and of Junny-2144, CKD-267 and Jagular as highly susceptible (HS). The identified resistant cultivars can be used as genetic source in developing resistant varieties against PVY in future.

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Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the extensively cultivated solanaceous vegetables worldwide including Pakistan. Being a crucial part of our daily diet, it is 2nd most consumed vegetable after potato in Pakistan (Kamran et al., 2012). Beside an excellent source of vitamin A, B and C (Kothari et al., 2010), the tomatoes also contain minerals like iron, phosphorous and carotenoids having a high oxygenradical quenching and scavenging capability (Babalola et al., 2010). Because of low input costs, short duration crop and inelastic demand, the growers are attracted to cultivate tomato in Pakistan (Lohano and Mari, 2005; Tahir et al., 2012). A diverse range of tomato varieties and cultivars of various size, shape, quality and yield are grown globally (Georgiev et al., 1988). Adaptability to versatile environmental conditions makes tomato a successful crop worldwide (Tiwari et al., 2012). At present about 100 million tonnes of fresh tomatoes are produced on 3.7 million hectares worldwide (FAOSTAT, 2014).In Pakistan, the production of good quality tomatoes is favoured by diversified climatic conditions throughout the year (Chohan et al., 2016). With an annual production of 574,052 tons from an area of 58,196 ha, the Pakistan stands at 33rd position globally (Aslam et al., 2017). Per acre yield of tomato in Pakistan is hampered by several fungal (Iqbal and Mukhtar, 2014; Iqbal et al., 2014), viral (Ashfaq et al. 2014, 2015), bacterial (Tiwari et al., 2012) and nematode diseases (Kayani et al., 2017).Tomato is infected by more than 146 viruses worldwide, of which 27 are potyviruses, (Green and Kim, 1991). In Pakistan, among potyviruses, only Chilli veinal mottle virus (Ahmad and Ashfaq, 2017), has been reported to infect tomato crop.

The Potato virus Y (PVY) is a destructive potyvirus among tomato infecting viruses (Lorenzen et al., 2006). PVY has a wide hosts range, the virus is transmissible in approximately 120 species belonging to 5 families (Horvath, 1983). Solanaceous crops like Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Pepper (Capsicum anum), Tobacco (Nicotinia tobacum) and Tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum) are most affected crops (Shukla, et al., 1994).

The infected plants exhibit symptoms like mottling, chlorosis, necrosis, leaf drop and premature plant death. The virus infection can cause a yield loss up to 50% in tomato (Alam et al., 2013). Because furious nature and huge losses PVY is ranked at 5th position in term of economic damages worldwide (Gray et al., 2010). The transmission of Potato virus Y is attributed to aphids in non-persistent, stylet borne and non-circulative manner (Dombrovsky et al., 2005). Moreover, the virions are also thought to be transmitted by plant material with infection like cuttings, tubers and seed etc. (Revers and Gracia, 2015). Till now, five strains of PVY are known (Abbas et al., 2012), while some newly emerged recombinant strains have been recorded as well (Ali et al., 2010).

Management of plant viruses depends on proper identification, understanding of their ecology and epidemiology, and resistance sources. For proper identification of plant viruses, conventional methods like symptomology or serology are occasionally insufficient (Fauquet et al., 2003), as viruses may possess high levels of intraspecific variability and a number of species have serological association. Hence, the molecular detection has become essential for accurate identification of plant viruses (Danci et al., 2009). The knowledge on host virus interaction and their adoptability to different hosts are prerequisites to develop different environment friendly and sustainable management strategies. In case of plant viruses, development of resistant varieties is the only promising and reasonable approach of disease management, which requires desired resistant sources and continuous screening against the pathogen. Unfortunately, the information about resistance for plant viruses in available tomato germplasm is scanty in Pakistan, hence, the present research aimed to detect and identify natural infection of Potato virus Y in tomato, to develop and standardize the molecular techniques for detection of Pakistani PVY isolates and to assess the degree of resistance inavailable tomato varieties against Potato virus Y, So that the resistant cultivars can be used as a significant element in integrated disease Management approaches.

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Article source : Detection of natural infection and reaction of tomato lines to potato virus Y in Pakistan 

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