Assessing Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Parquetina nigrescens Extracts | InformativeBD

Ta Bi Irié Honoré, Dro Bernadin, Ake Claude Bernard, Ake-Assi Ablan Emma, N’guessan Koffi, University of Man, Côte d’Ivoire, UFR Agronomic Forestry, and Environmental Engineering (IAFE), from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Assessing Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Parquetina nigrescens Extracts. entitled, Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Apocynaceae). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The decoction of the leaves of Parquetina nigrescens (Apocynaceae) is used by Ivorian traditional healers for the treatment of inflammation. Regarding this traditional practice, the present study aimed at evaluating through outa scientific approach the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extracts from Parquetinanigrescens leaves. The extracts were tested according to the model of acute rat paw oedema induced by 1% carrageenan. Several doses of phytomedicines were administered orally to the animal sand ranging as follows: 1600, 2400, 4800 mg/kg. The results obtained with the aqueous extracts of Parquetinanigrescens leaves were firstly compared with those of physiological control (NaCl 0.9%) and thereafter with those of the reference (diclofenac sodium 25 mg/kg). The comparisons were performed at 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 15 hours after  injecting carrageenan  into rats. The parameters considered for this purpose arethe percentage increase of paw circumference (%AUG) and the percentage inhibition of treatment (%INH). Thus, therewas a significant difference (p<0.001) between the %AUG of phytomedicine treatment at different doses and those of saline (NaCl). However, for a dose of 4800 mg/kg, when administered byoralroute, the AUG of the phytomedicine are statistically the same as those of diclofenac (25 mg/kg). Comparisons of %INH leadto similar results with %AUG. This study, therefore, confirms the anti-inflammatory properties of Parquetina nigrescens leaves and emphasizes the empirical use of that plant species in the treatment of inflammation.

Read more : Otolith Morphology of Cichlidae Species in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

Current knowledge places the beginning of humanity at around seven million years ago (Ta et al., 2023). Since that time, man has used plants (Fleurentin, 2007). This is explained by the use of plant in various areas of life (housing, health, food). The health field has given rise to a science called ethnomedicine. Ethnomedicine is defined as the set of beliefs and practices relating to illness in each given society (Laurence, 2021). It is also known as traditional medicine, which is highly developed in African countries. According to traditional medicine, no disease is incurable. It offers treatments for all kinds of diseases: cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and especially inflammatory diseases. Related to inflammation, it is above all a defense mechanism, aiming to neutralize the attacking agent and eliminate damaged tissues (Souhel, 2010). In modern medicine, this health condition is treated with chemical compounds known as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (Ta-Bi et al., 2018). Unfortunately, these drugs provoque other health damages in humans, particularly cardiovascular diseases (Heymonet, 2013; Ta, 2017). Therefore, the use of phytomedicines is increasingly encouraged. Previous ethnomedicinal report in Côte d’Ivoire mentioned the use of Parquetina nigrescens leaves extract in the treatment of anti-inflammatory condition (N'guessan, 2008). Although no scientific investigation was performed in Côte d’Ivoire, the antiinflammatory effect of that plant species was carried out elsewhere like in Nigeria (Owoyele et al., 2009). But the methodology used in this study is different and will be of interest to compare both studies or confirm scientifically the potential of Parquetina nigrescens leaves in inflammation removing. The objective of this study is therefore to seek scientific bases of the use of leaf decoction against inflammatory diseases by traditional medicine form from Côte d’Ivoire.

Reference

Aké-Assi E, N’guessan K, Kouassi AF. 2015. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Thunbergia atacorensis, a new species. European Scientific Journal 11(27), 92-100. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236413487.pdf

Epa C, Elion IRDG, Etou OAW, Attibayéba, Ongoka PR, Abena AA. 2015. Anti-inflammatory and healing effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the trunk bark of Buchholzia coriacea Engl. (Capparidaceae). Journal of Applied Biosciences 94, 8858–8868. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jab/article/view/127709

Fleurentin J, Hayon JC, Pelt JM. 2007. Plants that heal us-traditions and therapeutics. Editions Ouest-France, 7-14 p.

Heymonet C. 2013. Anti-inflammatory plants used in herbal medicine. Doctorate thesis in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lorraine, 199 p. https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01733269

Hoekou YP, Tchacondo T, Gbogbo AK, Agban A, Pissang P, Atakpama W, Karou SD, Batawila K, Akpagana K. 2016. Antimicrobial activities of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock, a plant used in medicine Togolese tradition in the treatment of microbial infections. Africa Science 12 (5), 182-188. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

Kouamé YY, Okpekon AT, Yapi HF, Gbassi KG. 2016. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Xylopia villosa (Anonaceae). Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research 6(3), 106-112. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

Laurence P. 2021. Ethnomedicine. Anthropen, The French-speaking dictionary of anthropology anchored in the contemporary, 4 p. https://revues.ulaval.ca/ojs/index.php/anthropen/article/view/51288

N’diaye M, Sy G, Dièye AM, Touré MT, Faye B. 2006. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Annona reticulata (annonaceae) leaves on acute induced rat paw edema by carrageenan. Pharm. Med. Trans. Afr. 2006, Vol. XIV: 179-186. https://docplayer.fr/37640171-Evaluation-de-l-activite-anti-inflammatoire-de-feuilles.html

N’Guessan K. 2008. Medicinal plants and traditional medical practices among the Abbey and Krobou peoples of the Agboville Department (Côte d’Ivoire). State Doctorate Thesis in Natural Sciences, Ethnobotany Specialty, University of Cocody-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), UFR Biosciences, Botany Laboratory, 235 p.

Nuhrich A. 2015. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Report from the UFR of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Bordeaux-France, 59 p. http://untori2.crihan.fr/unspf/2015_Bordeaux_Nuhrich_AINS/res/AINS_A_Nuhrich_2015.pdf

Owoyele BV, Nafiu AB., Oyewole IA., Oyewole LA, Soladoye AO. 2009. Studies on the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Parquetina nigrescens leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology: 122, 86-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.11027

Souhel M. 2010. Analysis of the prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories in the reference health center of commune III of the Bamako district. Doctorate thesis in pharmacy. University of Bamako.

Soro TY, Néné-bi AS, Zahoui OS, Yapi A, Traoré F. 2015. Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Ximenia americana (Linnae) (Olacaceae). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences24(3), 3802-3813. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279531975

Ta BIH, Aké CB, Konkon NG, N’Guessan K. 2018. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae). The Pharma Innovation Journal 7(4), 800-802. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue4/PartM/7-4-41-596.pdf

Ta BIH.2017. Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacodynamic studies of some species of the genus Corchorus L., recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Single Doctoral thesis, UFR Biosciences, Félix Houphouet Boigtny University of Abidjan, 142 p.

Ta BIH, Doh KS, Yéo S, Aké-Assi E, N’Guessan K. 2023.Study of the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of alchornea cordifolia (euphorbiaceae) and tithonia diversifolia (asteraceae), two plants frequently cited in traditional medicine of Ivory Coast. Rev. Ivory. Sci. Technol. 42, 349-362. https://revist.net/REVIST_42/21-ST-935.pdf

Source : Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Parquetina nigrescens(Afzel.) Bullock (Apocynaceae) 

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Otolith Morphology of Cichlidae Species in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

N’Dri Olga Rosemonde , Monney Attoubé Ida, Attoungbre Kouakou Séverin, and Koné Tidiani, from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Otolith Morphology of Cichlidae Species in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Otolith morphology of six species of Cichlidae from Lake Buyo in the South-west of Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The morphology of otoliths is used as an indicator of various ecological processes or properties. So the present study was aimed to provide baseline data on the morphology of otoliths in six species of Cichlidae. A total of 179 individuals belonging to six species of the Cichlidae fished in Lake Buyo in June 2021 by artisanal fisheries. The sagitta of these species studied present common morphological characteristics. Indeed, they are elliptical in shape and robust with a concave internal face and a convex external face. However, there are a few differences that help distinguish each species. In the relationships between the total length of the fish and the length of the otolith, the values of the allometry coefficient “a” are between 0 and 1 (0 ˂ a ˂ 1) for all the species considered; they reflect a lowering allometry between the length of the fish and the length of the otolith. The values of the coefficient of determination are very high in Sarotherodon melanotheron (r2 = 0.8961), Oreochromis niloticus (r2 = 0.8469) and Coptodon zillii (r2 = 0.8403). These values reflect a strong correlation between the total length of the fish and the length of the otolith of each species. Our study, in the Ivorian or West African context, has the advantage of providing, on the one hand, morphological data on the otoliths of freshwater fish and, on the other hand, means of estimating the size of fish at from those of the otoliths. 

Read more : Analyzing Drought Tolerance in Indian Chickpea Varieties | InformativeBD

 Introduction

Fish provides an accessible source of nutritious food and protein for a large portion of the world's population. In Africa, among all ingested protein sources, fish and seafood occupy fourth place, after cereals, legumes and milk (FAO, 2016). However, in developing countries, the late 1990s marked the beginning of the decline in overall catches in continental waters (FAO, 2002). It is currently accepted that fishery resources are not inexhaustible (Jamet and Lagoin, 1981). Thus, supplying populations constitutes a real challenge for governments, especially at a time when consumers are increasingly interested in the quality of their food, given the increasing pollution of aquatic environments. In such a context, it appears important to sustainably manage fish stocks and this necessarily requires better knowledge of the biology and ecology of fish.

The study of fish biology can concern certain organs such as otoliths which provide important information on the species concerned (Panfili et al., 1990). Otolith morphology is used to indicate various ecological processes or properties (Campana and Casselman, 1993). Like other biological structures, otolith morphology exhibits interspecific variability. Indeed, otoliths have a distinctive shape, often characteristic of the fish species to which they belong (Veen et al., 2005). This is why hydrobiologists, as well as taxonomists and archaeologists, often rely on the shape and size of preserved or undigested otoliths to determine which species and sizes of fish were eaten by predators (Olsson and North, 1997). The relationships between the otolith and the fish have been studied by several authors (Echeveria, 1987; Campana et al., 1993; Aydin et al., 2004 and Veen et al., 2005). Also, some researchers have succeeded in measuring the duration of the reproductive cycle of fish (Seret and Opic, 2011) and calculating their age (Panfili et al., 1990) using the otolith.

In Ivory Coast, most of the studies carried out in ichthyology have made it possible to understand the biodiversity of fish (Kamelan, 2014), their food ecology (Kouamélan, 1999), their reproduction (Koné, 2000) as well as their reproduction areas (N'Dri, 2020). However, the field of otolithology remains little explored. So far, the work carried out only concerns fish otoliths from the West African coasts (Veen and Hoedemakers (2005), and few data exist on freshwater fish. In these continental waters, the Cichlidae family is part of the most represented families. It constitutes, for example, 35% of the catches of fishermen from Lake Buyo; with more than eight species (N'Dri et al., 2020; Goli, 2021). Thus, given the combined effect of overexploitation and climate change which threatens the breeding areas of cichlids, which could lead to the disappearance of certain species (Yao et al., 2023), it appears necessary to describe their otoliths in order to archive them. The general objective of this study is therefore to determine the morphological and morphometric data of the otoliths of six species of Cichlids captured in Lake Buyo. This will firstly involve describing the morphology of the otoliths of the species collected and secondly studying the relationships between the size of the fish and that of its otolith. 

Reference

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Goli BBEP. 2021. Pêche et analyse socio-économique de l’exploitation halieutique du lac de barrage de Buyo (fleuve Sassandra, Côte D’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny Côte d’Ivoire 219 p.

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Koné T. 2000. Régime alimentaire et reproduction d’un tilapia lagunaire (Sarotherodon melanotheron Rüppell, 1852) dans la rivière Bia et le lac de barrage d’Ayamé (Côte d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgique 253 p.

Kouamélan EP. 1999. L’effet du lac de barrage Ayamé (Côte d’Ivoire) sur la distribution et l’écologie alimentaire des poissons Mormyridae (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes). Thèse de Doctorat, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgique 221 p.

N’Dri OR. 2020. Identification et caractérisation des frayères à poissons dans le lac de barrage de Buyo (Côte d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire) 156 p.

N’Dri OR, Konan YA, Bamba M, Monney AI, Koné T. 2020. Length-weight relationships and condition factor of twenty-four freshwater fish species from lake Buyo, Côte D’Ivoire. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 15, 27-34.

Nielsen JR, Methven DA, Kristensen K. 2010. A statistical discrimination method using sagittal otolith dimensions between sibling species of juvenile cod Gadus morhua and Gadus ogac from the Northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 43, 27-45.

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Paugy D, Lévêque C, Teugels GG. 2003b. Faune des poissons d’eaux douces et saumâtres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, Tome II. Éditions IRD (Paris), MNHN (Paris), MRAC (Tervuren) 815 p.

Paxton JR. 2000. Fish otoliths, do sizes correlate with taxonomic group, habitat and/or luminescence? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences 355, 1299-1303.

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Sallami B, Béarez P, Ben-Salem M. 2013. Relations allométriques entre la longueur du poisson et la taille de l’otolithe chez trois anguilliformes des côtes du nord de la Tunisie (Méditerrané centrale). Cybium 37 (3), 159-163.

Secor DH, Dean JM, Laban EH. 1991. Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructure examination. Baruch Institute Technical Report 91-1, University South Carolina, Columbia, SC 85 p.

Seret B, Opic P. 2011. Poissons de mer de l’ouest africain tropical. ORSTOM 1981, IRD Éditions Marseille 451 p.

Traoré K. 1989. Caractéristique bio-écologique du peuplement ichtyologique du lac de Buyo. Rapport de Recherche, Institut d’Écologie Tropicale (IET), Côte d’Ivoire 182 p.

Tuset VM, Lombarte A, Gonzaley JA., Pertusa JF, Lorente MJ. 2003. Comparative morphology of the sagittal otolith in Serranus spp. Journal of Fish Biology 63, 1491-1504.

Tuset VM, Lombarte A, Assis CA. 2008. Otolith atlas for the western Mediterranean, north and central eastern Atlantic. Scientia Marina 72S1, 7-198.

Veen J, Petters J, Leopold MF, Van Damme CJG, Veen T. 2003. Les oiseaux piscivores comme indicateurs de la qualité de l’environnement marin: suivi des effets de la pêche littorale en Afrique du Nord-Ouest. Wageningen, the Netherlands, Alterra Rapport 666, 190 p.

Veen J, Hoedemakers K. 2005. Synopsis iconographique des otolithes de quelques espèces de poissons des côtes ouest africaines. Based on otolith microstructures in Tilapias (Pisces, Cichlidae). Fishery Bulletin 99, 139-15.

Yao KA, N’Dri OR, Bodji IM, N’Zi KG, Koné T. 2023. Buyo hydroelectric dam, Côte d’Ivoire: what impact on ichthyological spawning grounds? American Journal of Environmental Protection 11 (1), 1–6.

Source : Otolith morphology of six species of Cichlidae from Lake Buyo in the South-west of Côte d’Ivoire 

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Analyzing Drought Tolerance in Indian Chickpea Varieties | InformativeBD

Bhupendra Koul , Devindra Vijay Amla , Indraneel Sanyal , and Ruchi Singh, from the different institute of the India. wrote a research article about, Analyzing Drought Tolerance in Indian Chickpea Varieties. entitled, Analysis of response to water deficit in three Indian varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for drought tolerance. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses in agriculture for losses in crop productivity worldwide. Three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties namely P362, P1103 and SBD377 were assessed for response to drought tolerance during vegetative stage, in stress and non-stress environments, under contained conditions. Several physiological parameters including gas exchange, photosynthesis rate, fluorescence, stomatal conductance and water loss per day were monitored simultaneously. P362 variety showed maximum photosynthesis rate in irrigated as well as in drought conditions. This variety also maintained its relative water content (RWC) and water potential (WP) during imposition of similar duration of drought. Due to the maximum elasticity of leaf cells, it maintained its cell turgidity upto 68% RWC to protect itself from water stress, compared to variety P1103 and SBD377. The effective solute concentration and osmotic potential in the irrigated controls at full turgor was lowest in P362 variety, compared to the other two varieties. Osmotic adjustment (OA) was assessed as a capacity factor which is rate of change in turgor pressure with RWC. P362 variety showed a maximum OA value of 0.27 while the values for SBD377 and P1103 were 0.22 and 0.21, respectively. During water stress, the chlorophyll content was minimally reduced in P362 variety, therefore effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and photosynthesis rate was maximally maintained. The higher photosynthesis rate under irrigated conditions and maintenance of higher RWC under drought conditions makes P362 variety a promising option for optimum yield under prolonged terminal drought or under rain-fed conditions.

 Read more :  Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance in Sinusitis Patients | InformativeBD

Introduction

The land plants have been coping with water stress, ever since they left the seas and colonized the dry land (Thomas 1997). As time passed by, progressive anthropogenic activities of the modern era has made the weather more unpredictable and crop plants dependent on rainwater are still facing the vagaries of the ever changing weather conditions. Because, land plants experience constant fluctuations in the availability of water, they have evolved adaptive features to search for and absorb water through their root systems, to prevent excessive transpirational water loss and to adjust their physiology and biochemistry for survival and sustainable growth and (Zhang et al., 1996; Zhu et al., 1997).

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an ancient legume crop believed to have originated in South Eastern Turkey and adjoining parts of Syria (Singh 1997). It is the second most important pulse crop of the world and covers 15% of the cultivated area thus, contributing to 14% (7.9 million tonnes) of the world’s total pulses productivity of 58 million tonnes. India is the largest producer of chickpea in the world but the yield has been stagnating for last two decades primarily due to abiotic and biotic stresses and relatively slow progress in its genetic improvement (Dita et al., 2006; FAO 2012).

Chickpea plays a significant role in the nutrition of both rural and the urban population in the developing world. Improving its adaptation to drought including terminal drought is critical for sustained grain yield under rain-fed cultivation. From an estimated 3.7 million tonnes annual loss in chickpea through water deficit in semi-arid regions, about 2.1 million tonnes could be recovered by crop improvement efforts (Bhatnagar-Mathur et al., 2009). However, the multigenic and quantitative nature of drought tolerance makes it difficult to increase abiotic stress tolerance using conventional plant breeding methods and availability of genotypes tolerant to drought (Singh et al., 2012). Unfortunately, cultivated chickpea has high morphological but narrow genetic diversity and understanding the genetic processes of this plant is hindered by the fact that its genome has not yet been annotated for adequate EST and SNP resources (Varshney et al., 2013; Jain et al., 2013). Although, chickpea is considered as drought-tolerant cool-season food legume but terminal drought still limits chickpea production and grain yield. Due to terminal drought seed yield can be reduced by 58−95% compared to irrigated plants with reduction in pod production per plant and abortion are the chief factors affecting the overall grain yield (Behboudian et al., 2001; Leport et al., 2006).

In chickpea, a deep root system, osmotic adjustment, high leaf water potential, early flowering and maturity, high biomass, and apparent redistribution of stem and leaf dry matter during pod filling are associated with drought tolerance (Morgan et al., 1991; Subbarao et al., 1995; Leport et al., 2006). The requirement of water during flowering, pod development and seed filling stages is crucial for the productivity of chickpea plant. The influence of drought on yield of chickpea has been documented, but extensive research on the physiological responses of water stress on chickpea is limited (Sheldrake and Saxena 1973; Turner and Begg 1981). Leaf water potential is a good indicator of plant water stress and correlates well with different plant functions and crop productivity in legumes (Sojka and Parsons 1983; Phogat et al., 1984)

Three chickpea varieties P362, P1103 and SBD377 were grown for the assessment of drought stress response under water deficit and non-stress environments. Various physiological parameters like plant water loss per day, plant height, total photosynthesis area, relative water content, plant water potential, gas exchange, fluorescence and wet sensor reading of soil parameters were assessed. Based on these physiological parameters, the best responding variety to drought stress environment was determined during the course of the study, which can be incorporated in chickpea breeding programmes for the introgression of drought tolerance trait in other high yielding but drought sensitive varieties for cultivation in rain fed areas and genetic improvement of chickpea for drought tolerance.

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Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Vadez V, Jyostna Devi M, Lavanya M, Vani G,Sharma KK. 2009. Genetic engineering of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with the P5CSF129A gene for osmoregulation with implications on drought tolerance. Molecular Breeding 23, 591–606.

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Source : Analysis of response to water deficit in three Indian varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for drought tolerance  

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Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance in Sinusitis Patients | InformativeBD

Sasikala Shanmugam, Ramganesh Selvarajan, and Sundararaj Thangiah, from the different institute of the India. wrote a research article about, Staphylococcus aureus Drug Resistance in Sinusitis Patients. entitled, Drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in sinusitis patients. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

In this study on Sinusitis patients, we obtained 45 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic pattern of Staphyloccus aureus showed that resistance to Quinolones was 21% and 33% towards ciprofloxacin andoflaxacin respectively. Resistance to cephalosporins was 50% to cefuroxime, 41% and 50% to cefaperazone and cefotaxime respectively. Least resistance was noticed against aminoglycosides viz. Amikacin 47% and Gentamicin 21%. Resistance to Ampicillin and amoxicillin was 60% and 64% respectively. Oxacillin resistance was seen in 26% of the strains. Of the 45 isolates, 6 were found to be resistant for oxacillin . All these six isolates were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and they possessed the mecA gene. Correlation existed between the presence of mecA gene and oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and these strains can be considered as MRSA and the patients can be advised for vancomycin therapy. Oxacillin resistance determination by phenotypic methods takes 24 hours to infer whereas PCR for mecA gene took only 6 hours. So the PCR techniques for the detection of mecA gene can be considered as gold standard (Rapid, Quick and accurate diagnosis) method for the detection of MRSA in spite of the cost involved.

Read more : Assessing the Impact of Banana Plantation on Flora in Niagaramadougou, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

Sinusitis is defined as inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses caused by bacterial or viral infection; air-filled cavities in facial bones lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and mucous goblet cells (Nord et al., 1995). There are several paired paranasal sinuses, including the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. Maxillary sinuses are located behind the check bones and inflammation causes pain or pressure in the cheek (maxillary) area. They are present at birth and continue to develop as long as teeth erupt. Tooth roots in some cases, can penetrate the floor of these sinuses. Frontal sinuses are located on both sides of the forehead and inflammation causes pain or pressure in the frontal sinus cavity. These sinuses are late in developing and so infection here is uncommon in children (Orobello et al., 1991). Ethmoid sinuses are located between the eyes and inflammation causes pain or pressure pain between eyes. They resemble a honeycomb and are vulnerable to obstruction. Sphenoid sinuses are located behind the eye and inflammation causes pain or pressure behind the eyes, but often refers to the vertex of the head. They are usually present at the age of 3 and are fully developed at the age of 12 (Nord et al., 1995).

The symptoms are generally the same in both acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. The symptoms include-nasal symptoms (facial congestion, facial pain-pressure fullness and headache), Oropharyngeal symptoms (halistosis, dental pain, cough and ear pain, pressure fullness) and, systematic symptoms (fever and fatigue). The symptoms in single or combine occur. Acute and chronic sinusitis may be accompanied by thick purulent nasal discharge (usually green in colour, with or without blood) and localized headache (toothache) are present and it is these symptoms that can differentiate sinus related (or rhinogenic) headache from other headache phenomena such as tension headache and migraine headache (Salord et al., 1990).

It is important to diagnose nasal complaints accurately, because sinusitis requires antibiotics for rapid resolution. Untreated sinusitis can lead to serious and possibly life threatening complications. The clinical diagnosis of sinusitis is difficult because of the overlap in the symptoms of rhinitis and sinusitis.

Several studies in adults have shown a good correlation between cultures of the middle meatus and the sinus aspirates in patients with acute sinusitis, especially when purulence is seen in the middle meatus (Walder et al., 1981). In many geographic areas, amoxicillin is a reasonable first-line antibiotic. Although trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin- sulfisoxazole have traditionally been used as first line antibiotic for patients with acute bacterial sinusitis, surveillance studies indicate the development of significant pneumococcal resistance from alteration of penicillin binding proteins. Erythromycin alone provides unsatisfactory coverage and is effective against β -lactamase producing organisms. When first line agents have failed or there is a high prevalence of β–lactamase resistance, amoxicillin or clavulanate or second or third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefprozil) provide broader coverage. First-generation cephalosoprins (eg-cephalexin) and second generation cephalosporins (eg, cefaclor) provide improved coverage. Several quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) have specific indications for the treatment of sinusitis, but these should be reserved for second or third time use or for more serious infections.

MRSA stands for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and also multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus strains which are resistant to the normal antibiotics were successfully treated with Vancomycin (Mark et al., 2002). This is one of the antibiotics used to treat emerging multi-resistant organisms. It has evolved an ability to survive treatment with beta-lactamase resistant beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin. MRSA is especially troublesome in hospital-associated (nosocomial) infections. The methicillin resistance gene (mecA) encodes a methicillin resistant penicillin-binding protein that is not present in susceptible strains and is believed to have been acquired from a distantly related species. mecA is carried on a mobile genetic element. Many MRSA isolates are multiply resistant and are susceptible only to glycopeptide antibiotics such as Vancomycin and other investigational drugs (Mark et al., 2002). MRSA isolates have decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides. DNA fragments of mecA gene derived from MRSA are used as a probe and this has been reported to be a means of identifying methicillin resistance. More recently, several attempts to detect the presence of the mecA gene by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) have also been reported (Araj et al., 1991)

The widespread emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), especially in various types of nosocomial infections, is a serious clinical problem worldwide. The incidence of methicillin resistance among nosocomial isolates of S. aureus is higher than 70% in some Asian countries such as Taiwan, China, and Korea. Recently, MRSA has also emerged in the community setting in some countries, including Asian countries (Duong,D et al.,). One of the cardinal features of the rapid emergence of MRSA in many parts of the world is the dissemination of specific clones; this has contributed to the accelerated increases in the incidence of MRSA. Therefore, it is important to investigate the genotypic characteristics and evolutionary pathway of MRSA clones as well as the genetic relatedness of the strains isolated in different geographic regions.

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the Antimocrobial activity of Staphylococcus aureus from sinusitis patients with respect to different antibiotics and to detect the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using genotypic method, rather using a phenotypic method. So the PCR techniques for the detection of mecA gene can be considered as gold standard (genotypic method). Accordingly, we disclose that mecA gene carrying Staphylococcus aureus were considered as MRSA and the patients who carry MRSA were advised to take Vancomycin therapy rather going with other antibiotics.

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Source : Drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in sinusitis patients  

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Assessing the Impact of Banana Plantation on Flora in Niagaramadougou, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Kouassi Kouadio Henri, Kouassi Roland Hervé, Kouassi N’dri Jacob, and N’Guessan Koffi , from the different institute of the Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Assessing the Impact of Banana Plantation on Flora in Niagaramadougou, Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Impact of the creation of a plantation of banana serves on the flora of Niagaramadougou in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This work relates to the identification and the evaluation of the negative impacts and positive of the creation of banana plantations serves on the flora of the natural landscape near to the river Bandama, a locality of Niakaramadougou in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. It comprises, the analysis of eco-climatic imbalances related on creation, the exploitation and the end of the creation project of banana serves plantation on the flora of the perimeter of exploitation. Based on floristic inventories, the main aim was to characterize the impacts related to the activities of demolition, and maintenance of plantations of Banana trees on the flora of the localities targeted and to put forward measures of attenuation and/or corrective. The results show that the flora of the study is rich approximately 63 species of which 1 is with particular status. This flora is slightly diversified and its characteristics predict the risks of imbalances biological which can occur with short, average and long run in this locality. The flora knows a gradual degradation related to the former activities of exploitation. Many impacts with which the reduction of the diversity of the exploited woody species, the fragmentation of the forests and the rarefaction of some species in particular, the lianas were identified in this locality. The linked activities with the project have been be potential sources of negative impacts on the flora and have contributed to destroy it to a significant degree if the flora of this locality.

Read more : Exploring Freshwater Algae in Kalpani Stream, Mardan, Pakistan | InformativeBD

Introduction

The current context of sustainable development with its corollaries (fast urbanization, demography increase, land pressure etc.) breaks sometimes the balance within the ecosystems; in particular those which are fragile and which are sometimes the object of overexploitation. Moreover, the natural resources available on planet are born, evolve and become exhausted over the years. In many African countries, in particular in Côte d'Ivoire, the problematic, population growth-availability of the natural resources is deeply posed. Also, the land pressure is felt it in a gradual way. The problem of land rural moreover into frequent, sometimes source of fatal conflicts, is one of the immediate causes of the land pressure. Face to these problems more and more, solutions of durable or integrated spaces and natural resources management are recommended to prevent eco-climatic imbalances. The evaluation of the impacts of the activities undertaken during the creation of the banana serves plantations in the locality of Niakaramadougou is a subsequent phase with the realization of the project in order to put forward palliative measures of the positive impacts and negative on the flora, the environment, fauna and on the whole of the populations living on the perimeter. From the floristic point of view, the perimeters of exploitation belong to the Sudanese field. One meets the dry dense forest there, savanna raised or timbered, the bordering formations of the waterways, marshy formations etc. nowadays, these at one time timbered vegetable formations, are seriously started and are frequently devastated by fire at certain places. One notes also the presence of pieces of food crops (rain rice, corn, yam), and of the pastures and the points of breeding of pets. The problems of the development, with its corollaries (destruction of many components of nature) require the taking into account of the recommendations of many researchers whose activities are directed towards the safeguard of the biodiversity. It is inter alia Kouassi et al. (2013), Baker et al. (2001), etc. These recommendations aim compensating for or at correcting the damage caused by the man with the environment. Actually, they are the human beings and the animals which are mainly exposed with the consequences of much destruction caused within nature. Over the years, the environment and living environment become increasingly invaluable for the survival of the living beings. Its management must thus from now on integrate realities of the medium of kind to support the life in all its forms.

The present study main objective was to contribute to identify and to evaluate the impacts of the creation project of banana serves plantation on the flora of the aforesaid locality ; that in order to put forward measures of attenuation and/or corrective.

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Source: Impact of the creation of a plantation of banana serves on the flora of Niagaramadougou in the north of Côte d’Ivoire 

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