Inside the Radish: Exploring Physiological and Anatomical Traits of Selected Varieties | InformativeBD

K. Waqas,  M. Shabir,  MU. Nabi,  RZ. Zulfiqar,  A. Mansoor, M. Abubakar,  M. Hussain, A. Nawaz,  A. Saira,  S. Bano,  Q. Farooq, and M. Shakir,  from the different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Inside the Radish: Exploring Physiological and Anatomical Traits of Selected Varieties. Entitled, A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected radish plant. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

A pot experiment was conducted in the old Botanical Garden at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to analyze and check the impact of nickel sulphate effect by on radish plant. One variety of radish (Raphanus sativus) Mooli Day-40 was grown under nickel sulphate solution. Varying concentration of nickel sulphate (10, 20, 30mM) was applied. All the morphological parameters were studied e.g. chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids. Ni effect significantly reduced the growth attributes. Results were described after data recording and statistical analysis by using latest computer software packages. A marked drop in all morpho-physiological attributes in relation to biochemical attributes chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were reduced while a subsequent elevation was observed in carotenoid.

Read more : Tracing Oregano Diversity: Genetic Variability Revealed by RAPD Markers | InformativeBD

Introduction

In Unani, Greeko-Arab, and Indian folk medicine, radish is used as a household remedy for the treatment of many diseases such as jaundice, gallstone, liver diseases, rectal prolapse, indigestion, and other gastric pains (Ahmad et al., 2007). In general, radish contains carbohydrates, sugars, dietary fibers, protein, and even some fat and fluoride. In addition, it mcontains various watersoluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,B9, and C and minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese zinc, potassium, and phosphorous.

Radish is useful in liver and gall Bladder troubles. In homoeopathy, they are used for neuralgic headache, sleeplessness and Chronic diarrhea. Roots, leaves, flower and Pod are quite effective against gram positive Bacteria. The roots are said to be useful in Urinary complaints, piles and in gastrodynia. A Salt extracted from roots, dried and burnt to White ash is said to be used as diuretic and Laxative. Heavy metal contamination of the environment is currently a global problem threatening vegetation, wildlife and human (Alexander et al., 2007).

Nickel is an essential micronutrient for plant growth so it is readily absorbed through plant roots But there are negative consequences when it is present in toxic concentrations. Excess Ni often Competes with other necessary micronutrients for uptake into plant tissues from soil. As a result, Nutrient deficiencies may arise within seeds (Naeem et al., 2019). These nutrients are important cofactors and enzyme Activators involved in the metabolic processes/events needed to ensure successful germination And seedling growth. Nutrient deficiencies result in imbalances and suppression of those Metabolic processes, thus inhibiting plant growth (Antoniadis et al., 2008).

The effect of various concentrations of nickel (100, 200, 500 and 1000µM) and recovery treatments of boron (50 and 100µM) and copper (15 and 75µM) each with 200µM and 500µM of nickel on germination, growth, biomass, chlorophyll, carotenoids, pheophytin, amylase, protein, sugar as well as activity of catalase and peroxidase were studied in radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Early menu) seedlings. Nickel treatments caused a considerable reduction in germination percentage, growth and biomass. The different pigments were also decreased with nickel treatments. The combination of nickel with boron resulted into increased protein contents. This combination also reduced the catalase and peroxidase activity (Ashraf et al., 2011).

Researched on water lettuce plants which were exposed to variousconcentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0ppm) of nickel as Nickel sulphate in nutrient medium. The effect of graded nickel (Ni+2) concentrations on visible symptoms of Toxicity, pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total) and antioxidative attributes were evaluated. Plants exposed to High nickel (1.0 and 10.0ppm) showed visible toxicity symptoms, such as wilting, chlorosis in young leaves, Browning of root tips and broken off roots, observed at 6 days after treatment. Nickel was accumulated more In root (863.3µg g-1 dry weight) than leaves (116.2µg g1 dry weight) at 6 days of treatment. Nickel exposure Decreased chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents (Assunçao et al., 2003).

The aims of this study included the study of anatomy and biochemical characterization of radish plant under stress conditions. Ni has negative effect on photosynthesis and respiration. High uptake of Ni induces a decline in water content of dicot and monocot plant species (Baenas et al., 2016).

The decrease in water can act as an indicator for Ni toxicity in plants. Ni is associated with proteins inhibition germination and chlorophyll synthesis (Alexander et al., 2007). Nickel received very little attention due to its dual character and complicated electronic chemistry which acts as barrier to reveal the toxicity mechanism in plants. The objective of this review paper is to summarize the overview of the sources, essentiality, uptake Ni toxicity in plants. Nickel pollution is a serious environmental concern which led to research on phytoremediation (Choudhari et al., 1997).

Reference

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Alexander PD, Alloway BJ, Dourado AM. 2006. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables. Environ. Pollut 144, 736-745.

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Ashraf MY, Sadiq R, Hussain M, Ashraf M. 2011. Toxic effect of nickel (Ni) on growth and metabolism in germinating seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Biol. Trace Elem. Res 143, 1695-1703.

Assunçao AG, Bookum WM, Nelissen HJ, R Vooijs R, Scha T, Ernst WH. 2003. Differential metal‐specific tolerance and accumulation patterns among Thlaspi caerulescens populations originating from different soil types. New Phytol 159, 411-419.

Baenas N, Piegholdt S, Schloesser A, Moreno D, García-Viguera C, Rimbach G, Wagner A. 2016. Metabolic activity of radish sprouts derived isothiocyanates in drosophila melanogaster. Int. J. Mol. Sci 17, 251-252.

Choudhari AMM. 1997. Differential Effect of Pb2+ and Hg2+ on Inhibition of germination of seeds of two Rice cultivars. Ind. J. plant physiol 2, 41-44.

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Ghani U, Naeem M, Rafeeq H, Imtiaz U, Amjad A, Ullah S, Rehman A, Qasim F. 2019. A Novel Approach towards Nutraceuticals and Biomedical Applications. Scholars International Journal of Biochemistry 2(10), 245-252.

Naeem M, Hussain A, Azmi UR, Maqsood S, Imtiaz U, Ali H, Rehman SU, Kaleemullah, Munir MU, Ghani U. 2019. Comparative Anatomical Studies of Epidermis with Different Stomatal Patterns in Some Selected Plants Using Compound Light Microscopy; International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9(10), 375-380.

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Article source : A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected radish plant 

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Tracing Oregano Diversity: Genetic Variability Revealed by RAPD Markers | InformativeBD

Hafiza Faiza, Nadir Ali Rind,  Muhammad Rafiq, and  Muhammad Umar Dahot, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Tracing Oregano Diversity: Genetic Variability Revealed by RAPD Markers. Entitled, Study of genetic variability of local Oregano (Origanum vulgare) through RAPD markers. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

In the present study Origanum vulgare seeds were exposed to chemical mutagens at different concentration of Ethyl methane sulphonate and Sodium azide. Mutants and control (without mutagen treatment) of Origanum vulgare seeds were than culture in-vitro on MS media (supplemented with hormones) for regeneration and callus induction. DNA was isolated from all treated and control Origanum vulgare and polymorphism of isolated DNA was studied using six RAPD markers. In this study six RAPD primers were used as markers to study the genetic differences in mutagenized Oregano plants and callus cultures. The DNA samples of plants and callus cultures showed common bands. As common amplified bands in RAPD separated in agarose gels also showed variable intensity of their bands. This type of polymorphism may be due to different copy numbers of corresponding DNA loci. RAPD showed variations in mutagenized Oregano plants and callus cultures. The callus cultures can be used for several studies like for mass propagation, production of secondary compounds and gene transfer studies. RAPD has frequently used as molecular marker for genetic variability studies in plants due to its simplicity, rapidity and lack of prior genetic information about the plant.

Read more : Nutrient-Rich Grubs:Evaluating the Food Value of Palm Weevil Larvae in Delta State | InformativeBD

Introduction

Tissue culture is the method through which genetic exploitation studies can be done fruitfully (Parrott et al. 1994). Molecular marker practices, for example random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, have been used to evaluate somaclonal changes (Al-Zahim et al., 1999; Hashmi et al., (1997), Rind et al., (2016) Rout and Das, (2002) and Zucchi et al., (2002) in addition to assess the effects of growth regulators (Mangolin et al., (2002) and chemical mutagens (Teparkum and Veilleux, 1998) in various discrete loci inside a genome (Samal et al., (2003). As primers customized by even a single nucleotide create diverse banding profiles, the RAPD technique can produce polymorphisms among very closely-related genotypes (Deng et al., (1995). The RAPD assay is well-organized for selection of nucleotide sequence polymorphism between individuals as each primer (on average) will straight to the amplification of numerous discrete loci inside a genomeSamal et al., (2003).

Origanum onites and Origanum vulgare taxa can be known by the most flawlessly using RAPD markers. RAPD has also been used to differentiate extraordinary plant material under the name Mediterranean oregano for class control (Marieschi et al.(2009). Currently, many special objectives have been effectively recognized by the concerned of molecular markers, on different oregano species for example RAPD in Origanum majorana (Klocke et al., (2002). and in Origanum subspecies (Katsiotis et al., (2009), and simple sequence repeat (SSR) in Origanum vulgare (Novak et al., (2008). Though, it is not yet finely available about the connection among genetic diversity and chemical compounds of essential oils of Origanum onites. RAPD is still one of the most successfully and frequently used molecular techniques because of its simplicity, low cost and high speed. Thus, genetic diversity among diverse genotypes of many crops can be easily and rapidly evaluate by victoriously using RAPD markers (Rafalski and Tingey, (1993), Ragot and Hoisington, (1993), Williams et al., (1990). Universally, RAPD can present valuable data for the assessment of population, genetic structure as well as genetic diversity within and among populations, population sections and degree of inbreeding and individual relation (Ragot and Hoisington, (1993). In case of herbaceous plants, RAPD markers have been hardly applying for genetic diversity studies, e.g. in Origanum majorana L. (Klocke et al., (2002), Cunila galioides Benth (Fracaro et al., (2005), Curcuma zedoaria (Christm) Rosc (Islam et al., (2007), Syamkumar and Sasikumar, (2007), Matricaria chamomilla L. (Solouki et al., (2008), Satureja hortensis L. Solouki et al., (2008) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill Zahid et al., (2009). RAPD-PCR is a quick attempt in which no complex technology and no previous sequence information is necessary, it also allows high-quality appearance levels when the DNA to be probed in its low quantities. Marieschi et al., (2009) have used RAPD-PCR method to evaluate its competence as correspondingly, quick and steady assay to probe the attendance of existing contamination and speed pharmacognostic examination of large batches of samples.

In recent study, six different arbitrary primers were used as RAPD markers to assess the genetic diversity among mutagen treated plants and callus cultures. Origanum vulgare germplasm collected from the local market of Hyderabad, Pakistan.

The seeds were treated with various concentrations of EMS and Na2N grown in the field and under in vitro conditions, mutant plantlets and four to six month old calli were used to study the genetic variability created through chemical mutagens in plants and callus cultures through the use of Random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Reference

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Katsiotis A, Nikoloudakis N, Linos A, Drossou A, Constantinidis T. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp. based on rDNA sequences and intra-genetic variation of Greek O. vulgare subsp. hirtum revealed by RAPD. Scientia horticulturae 121, 103-108.

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Klocke E, Langbehn J, Grewe C, Pank F. 2002. DNA Fingerprinting by RAPD on Origanum majorana L. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants9, 171-176.

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Mangolin CA, Ottoboni LM, Maria de Fátima P. 2002. RAPD markers to evaluate callus tissue of Cereus peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae) maintained in different growth regulator combinations. Biochemical Genetics 40, 351-358.

Marieschi M, Torelli A, Poli F, Sacchetti G, Bruni R. 2009. RAPD-based method for the quality control of Mediterranean oregano and its contribution to pharmacognostic techniques. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 57, 1835-1840.

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Article source : Study of genetic variability of local Oregano (Origanum vulgare) through RAPD markers 

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Nutrient-Rich Grubs: Evaluating the Food Value of Palm Weevil Larvae in Delta State | InformativeBD

Eyaguobor E. Elliot, Nmorsi OPG, and Ede E. Lemy,  from the different institute of  Nigeria. wrote a Research Article about, Nutrient-Rich Grubs: Evaluating the Food Value of Palm Weevil Larvae in Delta State. Entitled, Assessment of nutritional qualities of palm weevil larvae from Elaeis guineensis Jacq and Raphia ferinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl.) in Amukpe, Delta State, Nigeria. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the nutritional qualities of the larva of Rhynchophorus phoenicis collected from rot oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) and Raphia palm trees (Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl.) at Amukpee, Delta State, Nigeria. Samples of fresh Rhynchophorus phoenicis larvae collected at different locations in the study area were subjected to analysis for their nutritional mineral qualities using standard laboratory methods. The results showed that variations occurred in composition of nutrient, proximate and mineral compositions of the different samples. R. Phoenicis obtained from raphia palm and oil palm trees recorded higher values of moisture contents in fresh samples with 52.21% and 50.10% respectively. Dry matter composition also recorded higher values in fresh samples of both palm species. From the results, no significant difference (P> 0.05) was spotted in vitamin A and C of R. Phoenicis across the different palm trees with higher values recorded in fresh samples accordingly. Vitamin C results obtained from raphia palm tree samples recorded statistically higher value of 3.23ppm for fresh compared to 2.4ppm recorded for oil palm tree species. The mineral composition varied in the different palm trees. The composition of copper showed that oil palm tree samples recorded higher value of 0.95ppm, 0.87ppm and 0.69ppm for roasted, dried and fresh samples. Also, phosphorus composition obtained from raphia palm tree samples recorded higher values of 5.66ppm, 4.84ppm and 4.34ppm of phosphorus for roasted, dried and fresh samples. Considering the nutritional values of these oil palm weevils, the consumption of these larvae should be incorporated into our daily meal as complementary cheap diet in our society.

Read more : Smart Traps, Smarter Surveillance: Using IoT and Computer Vision to Detect Aedes Eggs |InformativeBD

Introduction

Edible insects have played a nutritional role in the diet of people in many parts of the world and are currently being promoted as an inexpensive alternative source of protein in underdeveloped countries due to the rising cost of conventional animal protein and the foreseen future deficit in its supply. Nutrient and chemical analysis of these grubs revealed the presence of protein, carbohydrates, saturated and unsaturated oil and fatty acids at about 31- 61% wet weight (Ukoroije, 2019). Minerals found include sodium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in low, moderate and high content levels (Okaraonye and Ikewuchi, 2008). The larvae are proven to contain the richest source of animal fat and high energy value of 234.9KJ/100g of larvae (Oliveria et al. (1976). Chaney (2006) reported the larvae of R. phoenicis has higher protein compared to termites, milk obtained from cattle, eggs and beef. Hence, larval meal can significantly improve protein requirements for human daily.

It is also rich in essential amino acids such as histidine, methionine and phenylalanine (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1991). Its high content of unsaturated fatty acids is an indicator that the oil is safe for consumption by individuals prone to dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases since its intake reduces the risk of these attacks (Martirosyan et al., 2007). Vitamins found in high amount include thiamine and riboflavin (Thomas and Briyai, 2019).

Factors such as climatic condition, geographical variations, meal preferences of these insect are mainly responsible for the variations usually recorded in their nutrient compositions. Also, variations to so extent has also been recorded in their trace metal composition, this is well obvious in species of same genus. R. phoenicis larvae usually feed on palm species by boring holes on the trunks while the adults feed on terminal buds. They are considered main pests infesting Arecaceae as well as plants such as pawpaw, sugarcane, banana and cacao (Rochat et al., 2017).

Several studies have been conducted on the nutritional status of larvae of the palm weevil, these studies has turned out positive in terms of their contributions to human health, with emphasis on their abundance in locally sourced and traditional diets (Alamu et al., 2013). In general, larvae of palm weevil have shown to harbor essential nutrients including iron, fat, zinc and amino acids (Chinweuba et al., 2013). Palm weevil larvae have shown significantly to offer macro and micronutrient compared to beef and chicken (Payne et al., 2016). Although these studies suggest their potential to combat under-nutrition, though their nutrient content is subject to significant variation caused by factors such as feed, lifecycle and geography (Laar et al., 2017).

Several research on nutrient and mineral contents of R. phoenicis larvae obtained from Raphia palm tree, have been documented by other authors, including Okoli et al. (2019), Agbemebia et al. (2020), Ojianwuna et al. (2021), Adobeze and Enemor (2022). However, these studies have not provided adequate nutrient compositions and proper comparison of nutritional contents of R. phoenicis larvae obtained from Raphia and oil palm. However, this study therefore gives a comparative assessment of the nutritional composition of Rhynchophorus phoenicis larva collected from rotted oil palm and Raphia palm trees within Amukpe community in Delta State, Nigeria.

Reference

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Okunowo WO, Olagboye AM, Afolabi LO, Oyedeji AO. 2017. Nutritional value of Rhynchophorus phoenicis (F) larvae, an edible insect in Nigeria. African Entomology 25(1), 156-163.

Rochat D, Dembilio O, Jaques J, Suma P, La Pergola A, Hamidi R, Kontodimas D, Soroker V. 2017. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: Taxonomy, distribution, biology, and life cycle. In: Handbook of Major Palm Pests: Biology and Management. John Wiley & Sons P 69-104.

Ukoroije RB. 2019. The acceptability and knowledge ability of Rhynhophorus phoenicis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) grub as food in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 1(5), 115-120.

Article source : Assessment of nutritional qualities of palm weevil larvae from Elaeis guineensis Jacq and Raphia ferinifera (Gaertn.) Hyl.) in Amukpe, Delta State, Nigeria 

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Smart Traps, Smarter Surveillance: Using IoT and Computer Vision to Detect Aedes Eggs | InformativeBD

Arnel C. Fajardo, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Smart Traps, Smarter Surveillance: Using IoT and Computer Vision to Detect Aedes Eggs. Entitled, Detecting and counting Aedes aegypti egg using iot-ovitrap with computer vision approach. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study focuses on the critical investigation of the propagation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a vector responsible for transmitting various diseases. The significance lies in understanding its spread due to its potential to disseminate illnesses. Employing laboratory-engineered traps called IoT-Ovitraps, the research aims to construct maps illustrating egg deposition within a community. To achieve this, images featuring the objects of interest, namely Aedes aegypti eggs, are captured using a Raspberry Pi equipped with a micro lens. The primary objective centers on the detection and enumeration of Aedes aegypti eggs within the confines of Cauayan City. To ascertain the most effective methodology for achieving accurate egg quantification, the study employs three distinct models. These models are subsequently compared for their precision in estimating egg quantities present in the ovitraps. Among the models assessed, the convolutional neural network (CNN) emerges as the superior option in terms of efficiency and dependability. Remarkably, the CNN model attains an impressive accuracy rate of 99.5% in accurately detecting and enumerating Aedes aegypti eggs. This outcome underscores the potential of advanced machine learning techniques in contributing to effective disease vector monitoring and control strategies, highlighting the promising role of neural networks in tackling the challenges posed by disease-carrying mosquitoes.

Read more : Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back | InformativeBD

Introduction

An epidemic of dengue disease is spread by infected Aedes aegypti. When eggs were clumped with comparable things, disease carriers were difficult to locate. This illness has frequently endangered public health and even resulted in fatalities. To identify disease carriers at an early stage, several approaches and technologies, including computer vision and deep learning, had been explored. Aedes aegypti eggs can also be branded and mixed in with similar objects while still being recognized by a computer vision algorithm. Some studies (Bandong & Joelianto, 2019) (Santana et al., 2019) includes in their investigations are determined the size, shape, and color are the most important characteristics of eggs.

In the Philippines, the threat of dengue fever remains a significant public health concern due to the active transmission of the disease by the infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. The country has experienced recurrent outbreaks of dengue, posing substantial health risks and mortality rates. In response to the challenges posed by these disease carriers, innovative strategies and technological advancements have been explored to enhance early detection and control.

In order to effectively detect and count Aedes aegypti eggs in a particular location in Cauyan City, Isabela Province, Philippines. The researcher created a hardware which is called IoT-OviTrap that composed of Raspberry pi with micro lenses that is place over the black container with paddle or so called “DOST OL trap”. The hardware was being set with a time interval for capturing and automatically processed the capture images and then sends the result into the webserver.

The motivation of this study is to perform different computer vision models such as (OpenCV, Template Matching and Neural Network) to be package into the hardware and compare its results.

This study lies in its potential to address a pressing public health concern related to the spread of dengue disease through infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Dengue outbreaks have posed a significant threat to public health, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. The challenge of detecting disease carriers becomes more complex when Aedes aegypti eggs are clustered among similar objects, making their identification and control arduous. Early detection and monitoring of these disease vectors are critical to implementing timely control measures.

By exploring innovative approaches such as computer vision and deep learning, this study aims to contribute to the development of effective tools and techniques for the detection and counting of Aedes aegypti eggs. The creation of the IoT-OviTrap hardware, which integrates Raspberry Pi with micro lenses, offers a practical solution for real-time image capture and analysis. The utilization of computer vision models like OpenCV, Template Matching, and Neural Network within the hardware holds the potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of egg detection.

Ultimately, the study's findings have the potential to inform and guide public health interventions, aiding in the early identification and management of Aedes aegypti populations. This research could contribute significantly to the field of disease vector control and monitoring, offering insights into innovative technological solutions that can be applied in other regions facing similar challenges.

The emergence and propagation of dengue disease carried by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have engendered substantial health risks, necessitating effective control measures. However, the challenge of identifying these disease vectors is compounded when their eggs are clustered alongside similar objects. Traditional detection methods often fall short in accurately locating and quantifying these eggs. In response, this study seeks to address the problem of efficient and reliable Aedes aegypti egg detection within a specific location in Cauayan City, Isabela Province, Philippines.

Despite previous research efforts, there is a need for advanced technological solutions that combine hardware and computer vision techniques to enhance the accuracy and speed of egg detection. The development of the IoT-OviTrap, encompassing Raspberry Pi with micro lenses and integrated computer vision models, seeks to provide a holistic solution to this problem. The comparative analysis of computer vision models—OpenCV, Template Matching, and Neural Network—within the hardware framework further enhances the potential for accurate and early identification of Aedes aegypti eggs.

Reference

A. Joshi, C. Miller. 2021. Review of Machine Learning Techniques For Mosquito Control In Urban Environments, Ecol. Inform., Vol. 61, No.1, P. 101241, Doi: 10.1016/J.Ecoinf.2021.101241.

Al. Rapid Surveillance For Vector Presence (RSVP): Development of a Novel System For Detecting Aedes aegypti And Aedes Albopictus, Plos Negl. Borne Dis., 2020, Vol. 1, No. 1, P. 100014, DOI: 10.1016/J.Crpvbd.2021.100014.

Bandong S., Joelianto E. 2019. Counting of Aedes aegypti Eggs using Image Processing with Grid Search Parameter Optimization. ICSECC- International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Creative Computing: New Idea, New Innovation, Proceedings, 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSECC.2019.8907232

Cuevas E., Osuna V., Oliva, D. 2017). Template matching. Studies in Computational Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51109-2_4

Chaves, 2017. Modeling The Association Between Aedes aegypti Ovitrap Egg Counts, Multi-Scale Remotely Sensed Environmental Data And Arboviral Cases At Puntarenas, Costa Rica (2017–2018),” Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector-“Doh Observes National Dengue Awareness Month, Leads The 2021 Asean Dengue Day Regional Forum, Department Of Health. Https://Doh.Gov.Ph/Press-Release/Dohobserves-National-Dengue-Awareness-Monthleads-The-2021-Asean-Dengue-Day-Regional-Forum

Dehshibi D., Masip A. 2021. Deep Convolutional Neural Network For Classification Of Aedes Albopictus Mosquitoes, IEEE Access, Vol. 9, Pp. 72681–72690. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3079700

Gumiran AC., Fajardo RP., Medina MS., Dao, BE. Aguinaldo. 2022. Aedes aegypti Egg Morphological Property And Attribute Determination Based On Computer Vision, Pp. 581–585, Sep. DOI: 10.1109/ICSIP55141.2022.9887255

Ghoshal A., Aspat A., Lemos E. 2021. OpenCV Image Processing for AI Pet Robot. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v3i1.2765

Han Y. 2021. Reliable template matching for image detection in vision sensor systems. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248176

Scavuzzo M. 2018. Modeling Dengue Vector Population Using Remotely Sensed Data And Machine Learning, Acta Trop., Vol. 185, Pp. 167–175. Doi: 10.1016/J.Actatropica.2018.05.003

Santana C., Firmo A., Oliveira R., Buarque P., Alves, G., Lima R. 2019. Albopictus Eggs in Paddles from Ovitraps Using Deep Learning. 17(12), 1987–1994.

Shubham Mishra, Mrs. Versha Verma, Dr. Nikhat Akhtar, Shivam Chaturvedi, & Dr. Yusuf Perwej. 2022. An Intelligent Motion Detection Using OpenCV. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset22925

Wijaya MC. 2022. Template Matching Using Improved Rotations Fourier Transform Method. International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications. https://doi.org/10.24425/ijet.2022.143898

Santana LFM., Pedra GM., Pires MP. 2019. Using Computer Vision for Aedes aegypti Egg Detection. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2726-2731. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS40897.2019.8968270

Yamashita R., Nishio M., Do RKG., Togashi K. 2018. Convolutional neural networks: An overview and application in radiology. In Insights into Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-018-0639-9

Source : Detecting and counting Aedes aegypti egg using iot-ovitrap with computer vision approach 

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Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back | InformativeBD

Abdul Waheed,  Habib Ahmad,  Fida. M. Abbasi,  Azhar H. Shah,  Hamid Ali,  F. S. Hamid, and Saqib Mumtaz,  from the different institute of  Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Battling Bacterial Blight: How Rice Varieties and Wild Species Fight Back. Entitled, Resistance Characterization of Cultivated Varieties and Rice Wild Species in Response to Bacterial Blight. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bacterial leaf blight (BB) of rice caused by (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) is converting into a critical threat almost in all rice growing countries of the world. In order to catagorize resistant sources to virulent isolates of BB, an experiment comprising 02 species of wild rice (Oryza sp.) and four most common cultivated varieties i.e., Bas-385 , Swat-1 , JP-5 and Fakhar Malakand of rice in Pakistan was conducted in the green house of Genetic Department Garden campus ,Hazara University in the rice growing season during 2012. Bacterial suspension of concentration 108 CFU/ml was prepared from mixture of (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae) prevailing in Khyber Puktunkhawa,Pakistan i.e., X00-1, X00-2 and X00-3. Clip method of artifical inoculation was used. Both tested wild relatives of rice O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon showed highly resistance to all the isolate. F3 genotypes Bas-385 x O. rufipogon was found highly susceptible to most of the isolates among all others genotypes. The use of resistant wild species O. rufipogon is therefore recommended in rice breeding program for transfer of bacterial blight resistant genes to cultivated varieties to enhance the relative characters.

Read more : Unraveling Maize Diseases: Insights into Major Leaf Blights and Damping-Off | InformativeBD

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known as a staple food for more than half of the world’s population (Chakravarthi & Naravaneni, 2006). Pakistan is an important rice growing and exporting country. Pakistani Basmati rice is famous for long grain aromatic character all over the world. International Rice Research Institute reported that, export share of Pakistani rice was 10 % of the total world rice trade (IRRI, 1993).

Many diseases of rice crop significantly reduce the yield and quality all over the world, among them the bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Akhtar, 2005) is the most destructive and critical disease of rice throughout the world (Mew, 1987). This disease was first observed by farmers in Japan during 1884-85 and its occurrence has been reported in Australia, Bangladesh, India, Mainland China, Malaysia, SriLanka, Thailand, Philippines, USA, West Africa and Vietnam (Ezuka & Kaku, 2000). Mew & Majid, 1977) reported its incidence in Pakistan and it was confirmed from all the provinces in a later study (Akhtar & Akram, 1987). Recently an alarming increase in BB incidence is observed in Pakistan especially in Punjab which is largest growing province of Pakistan and famous for rice cultivation (Khan et al., 2000 & Akhtar et al., 2003). Bacterial blight appears at all growth stages of rice and is manifested by either leaf blight or “Kresek” symptoms. The causal organism invades plants through water pores and wounds (Tabei & Mukoo, 1960). Since the water pores are located at the margins of upper parts of the leaf, the lesion starts from the leaf margins near its tip. As the disease progresses, the tiny water soaked lesions turns yellow, enlarges in size progressively and develop into an elongated irregular lesion with wavy margins. Bacterial ooze, which consists of small, yellowish, spherical masses, may sometimes be seen on the margins or veins of the freshly infected leaf under moist conditions. with the passage of time, the lesion may cover the entire blade, which turns white and later greyish owing saprophytic growth (Ou, 1985).

If plant ever produces panicles, it results in sterile immature grains, which are easily broken during milling. The reduction in yield in case of severe infection could be as high as 50% (Mew et al., 1993) whereas 10-12% yield reduction has been recorded in case of mild infection (Ou, 1985). The disease is also characterized by a systemic infection phase, which is manifested by acute wilting of young plants. This is commonly referred to as “Kresek” phase. The causal organism consists of straight rods, with a single polar flagellum, occurring singularly, in pairs and sometimes in chains as well and is also Gramnegative (Swings et al., 1990). The bacterium over winters either in weeds or in soil. Grains, straw and rice stubble are other possible sites of over wintering of the pathogen. During growing season, it enters the plants via natural opening or wounds where it survives and multiplies in plant’s vascular system, producing typical leaf blight symptoms.

Bacterial bight has the potential to become a destructive disease of rice in Pakistan. Generally, the use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method for controlling plant diseases. However, the available rice germplasm in the country is susceptible to virulent isolates of bacterial blight (Akhtar, 2005). Rice productivity is limited by several biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, there is an urgent need to wide extent the gene pool of cultivated rice. Rice wild species are an important source of variability for resistance to all major diseases, insects and pests, offered an important source of innovative resistance genes for rice crop improvement (Eizenga et al., 2009). Wide hybridization between Oryza sativa (AA genome) and wild species of rice is one of the important way to transfer genes to cultivated rice. Apart from other research innovation some useful important genes have successfully been transferred from wild species of rice into cultivated rice to date which include genes for resistance to grassy stunt virus, bacterial blight, brown plant hopper, blast (Brar and Khush, 1997). The present study was, therefore, aimed to identify sources of resistant genes to virulent isolates of bacterial blight in wild relatives for future use in rice breeding programs.

Reference

Adhikari TB, Vera CCM, Zhang Q, Nelson RJ, Skinner DZ, Mew TW, Leach JE. 1995. Genetic diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Asia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 61, 966-971.

Akhtar MA. 2005. Studies on genetic variation in Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae in relation to resistance in rice. In: 3rd annual progress report ALP-Project. Inst. Plg. and Env. Protect. National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, 31.

Akhtar MA, Zakria M, Abbassi FM, Masod MA. 2003. Incidence of bacterial blight of rice in Pakistan during 2002. Pakistan Journal Botany, 35(5), 993-997.

Akhtar MA, Akram M.1987. Incidence of bacterial blight of rice in the Punjab, Pakistan, IRRN, 5, 5.

Brar DS, Khush GS. 1997. Alien introgression in rice. Plant Mol. BioI. (35), 35-47.

Chakravarthi BK, Naravaneni R. 2006. SSR marker based DNA finger-printing and diversity study in rice (Oryza sativa L.). African Journal of Biotechnology. 5(9), 684-688.

Chaudry RC. 1996. Standard evaluation system for rice. Genetic Res. Cent. Intl. Rice Res. Institute. Manila, Philippines, 52.

Eizenga GC, Agrama HA, Lee FN, Jia Y. 2009. Exploring genetic diversity and potential novel disease resistance genes in a collection of rice (Oryza spp) wild relatives. Gen. Resource. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 56, 65-76.

Ezuka A, Kaku H, 2000. A historical review of bacterial blight of rice. National Inst. Agrobio. Res. Bull. Japan, 207.

IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1993. Rice Almanac. IRRI-WARDA-CIAT, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

Khan TZ, Gill MA, Khan MG. 2000. Screening of rice varieties/lines for resistance to bacterial leaf blight, Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology. 12(1),71-72.

Leach JE, Rhoads ML, VeraCruz CM, White FF, Mew TW, Leung H. 1992. Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with a repetitive DNA. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 58, 2188–2195.

Mew TW. 1987. Current status of future prospects of research on bacterial blight of rice. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 25: 359-382.

Mew TW, Majid A. 1977. Bacterial blight of rice in Pakistan. IRRN, 2, 5-7.

Mew TW, Alvarez AM, Leach JE, Swings J. 1993. Focus on bacterial blight of rice. Pl. Disease, 77, 5-12.

Nelson RJ, Baraoidan MR, VeraCruz CM, Yap IV, Leach JE, Mew TW, Leung H. 1994. Relationship between phylogeny and pathotype for the bacterial blight pathogen of rice. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 60, 3275-3283.

Ou SH. 1985. Rice diseases. 2nd ed. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 61-96.

Sodhi M, Vikal Y, George MLC, Bala GS, Mangat GS, Garg M, Sidhu JS, Dhaliwal HS. 2003. DNA fingerprinting and virulence analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae isolates from Punjab, northern India. Euphytica. 130 (1) 107-115.

Swings J, Mooter MV, Vauterin L, Hoste B, Gills M, Mew TW, Kersters K. 1990.Reclassification of the causal agents of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae)and bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oeyzicol) of rice as pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae (ex. Ishiyama, 1922) sp. Now. Nom. Rev. International journal of systematic bacteriology. 40, 309-311.

Tabie H, Mukoo H. 1960. Anatomical studies of rice plant leaves affected with bacterial leaf blight, in particular reference to the structure of water exudation system. Scholarly articles for Bull National Institute Agricultural Science. 11, 37-43.

VeraCruz CM, Ardales DZ, Skinner JT, Nelson RJ, Louws FJ, Mew TW, Leach JE. 1996. Measurement of Haplotypic variation in Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae within a single field by rep PCR and RFLP analysis. Phytopathology. 86, 1352-1359.

Waheed M, Inamullah A, Habib A, Sirajuddin K. 2009. Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae. Pakistan. Journal of Bototany. 38(1) 193-203.

Article source : Resistance Characterization of Cultivated Varieties and Rice Wild Species in Response toBacterial Blight  

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Unraveling Maize Diseases: Insights into Major Leaf Blights and Damping-Off | InformativeBD

Md. Moshiur Rahman Akonda, Monira Yasmin, and Ismail Hossain, from the different institute of Bangladesh. wrote a Reseach Article about, Unraveling Maize Diseases: Insights into Major Leaf Blights and Damping-Off. Entitled, Study on etiology, incidence and severity of Southern corn leaf blight, curvularia leaf spot, sheath blight and damping off of maize. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the incidence and severity of different fungal diseases of maize occurred in the major maize growing regions (Bogra, Gaibandha, Mymensingh and Rangpur) of Bangladesh during January 2007 to March 2008. Incidence and severity of the diseases viz. southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis), curvularia leaf spot (Curvularia lunata), sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and damping off of seedlings (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp.) were recorded from a hybrid variety Pacific-984 and a high yielding variety Khai Vutta at seedling stage (30 DAS-Days After Sowing), vegetative growth stage (60 DAS) and silking stage (90 DAS) of the plant. The etiology of the diseases was also studied. Considering all growth stages of plant, the comparative analysis revealed that incidence and severity of the diseases varied from one district to another, but almost minimum levels of infection were observed in Rangpur followed by Bogra, Gaibandha and Mymensingh. The results also depicted that southern corn leaf blight and curvularia leaf spot were found at all the growth stages of plants, sheath blight was found at vegetative stage and silking stage, where as damping off symptoms were recorded only at seedling stage of maize plants. As the pathogens have negative influence on plant health as well as yield so, special attention should be given by the growers to minimize the fungal infections by promoting good agricultural practices in the maize growing districts of the country.

Read more : Winged Residents of theMangroves: Understanding Avifauna Diversity in Misamis Oriental | InformativeBD

Introduction

Maize (zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and ranks third next to wheat and rice (Aldrich et al., 1975). In Bangladesh, it has a good potential as a cereal crop due to its low cost of production, wide adaptability and diversified use. There has been continuous increase in the consumption of corn mainly owning to increase in the demand from meat and starch sector. There is growing requirement of maize from poultry sector where it is being used as feed. It is also fractionated by either dry or wet milling into food and industrial ingredients. Starch, the major constituent of the corn kernel, is used in its native form or after chemical or enzymatic modification, in foods and industrial products. Starch is also converted into glucose or fructose for use as food sweetener. Glucose can be fermented into ethanol for beverages or into many other chemicals. Recently, it has been discovered that corn can also be used in the production of biofuel (Deepavali and Nilima, 2013). However, maize kernels have high nutritive value containing 66.2% starch, 11.1% protein, 7.1% oil and 1.5% minerals. Besides, it contains 90mg carotene, 1.8mg niacin, 0.8mg thiamin and 0.1mg riboflavin per 100g grains (Chowdhury and Islam, 1993).

The average yield of corn in the world is 4.31 ton/ha (FAO, 1999). In Bangladesh corn was cultivated in 66,801 ha of land and production was 35,600 ton having the average yield 5.33 ton /ha during the year 2005 (BBS, 2006). Recently, government of Bangladesh has given special emphasis on its extensive cultivation, especially in the char areas where the land remains almost fallow during the winter.

Many factors such as environmental conditions, yield potential, soil fertility, genetics of particular hybrids, and the synergistic action of different diseases and insects all impact yield loss and cannot be evaluated with any precision, especially over a large geographic area (White, 1999). As many as 112 diseases are known to occur on corn in the corn growing countries.

Of all the diseases, more than 70s are seed borne (USDA, 1960). Among the diseases, southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis), curvularia leaf spot (Curvularia lunata), stalk rot (Zibberella zeae), sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani), damping off of seedlings (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp.), bacterial leaf blight (Pseudomonas avenae), bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Zeae) and maize dwarf mosaic of maize are common in Bangladesh. Seasonal yield loss is significantly correlated with disease incidence and severity of maize (Zhang et al., 1999). Though it is a food crop of economic significance so, by knowing the causes of disease and damaging effects of a disease at particular growth stage of plant will provide basic information to the growers to initiate appropriate management strategies on time to minimize the yield loss. In view of above-mentioned facts, the present research has been undertaken to study the etiology of the diseases and to record the incidence and severity of maize diseases at specific growth stages of plants in the existing maize fields of the farmer.

Reference

Aldrich SR, Scott WO, Leng ER. 1975. Modern corn production. 2nd edition, United States of America pp. 1-5.

Atac. 1984. Survey of fungus disease of second crop maize in the Mediterranean region. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 24(3), 137-147.

BBS. 2006. Monthly Statistical Bulletin. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of Bangladesh 54.

Brekalo J, Palaversic JB, Rojic M. 1991. Monitoring the occurrence and severity of maize disease in Croatia from 1985 to 1989. Zastita Bilja 42 (1) 51-60.

Chowdhury MK, Isalm MA. 1993. Production and uses of maize (in Bengali). Published by On-Farm Res. Div. Bangladesh Agril. Res. Inst., Joydebpur, Gazipur 1-189.

Deepavali S, Nilima WK. 2013. Incidence of Seedborne Mycoflora on Maize and its Effect on Seed Germination, Int. J. Current Research 5(12), 4151-4155.

Egein MI, Arinze AE. 2001. A new fusarial disease of maize in Nigeria. Whurr Publishers, London, UK. Tropical Science 41(3), 133-136.

Esteves A. 1984. Incidence of diseases under field conditions on maize (Zea mays) cultivars in Dourados. Fitopatologia Brasileira 9(1), 155-160.

FAO. 1999. Production Year Book. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome 53, 70-79.

Harlapur SI, Mruthunjaya CW, Anahosur KH, Muralikrishna S. 2000. A report survey and surveillance of maize diseases in north Karnataka. All India Co-ordinated Maize Improvement project, Agricultural Research Station, Arabhavi-591318, India. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13(3), 75.

Kar AK. 2006. Assessment of losses due to maydis leaf blight disease of maize in Orissa. Bhubaneswar, India. Society for Plant Protection and Environment. Journal of Plant Protection and Environment 3(2), 120-121.

Tang CR, Jie C, Shan JM, Dao ZQ, Gang S. 2000. The etiology of corn sheath blight in Liaoning Province. Chinese Society for Plant Pathology, Beijing, China. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 30(4), 319-326.

USDA. 1960. Index of Plant Disease in the United States. Agricultural Hand Book. No 165, 531.

White DG. 1999. Compendium of Corn Diseases. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society. 3 rd edition 1-54.

Zhang DF, He-Pei X, Xiu WY, Ting MJ. 1999. Damage and control index of maize leaf spot (Curvularia lunata). Henan Vocation-Technical Normal College, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China. Plant protection 25(4), 12-15.

Article source : Study on etiology,incidence and severity of Southern corn leaf blight, curvularia leaf spot,sheath blight and damping off of maize 

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