Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Christine Ahou Kouame, Daniel Kouamé Kra, Yeyeh Marie Noël Toualy, Hortense Atta Diallo, and Arsène Irié Zoro Bi,  from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Disease-causing phytoplasmas are transmitted by insect. Their distribution and transmission of the diseases with which they are associated are strongly linked to the feeding habits and biology of the insect vectors and the conditions of the host plants. This study was carried out in Côte d’Ivoire, specifically in the Grand-Lahou locality (an area endemic to phytoplasma disease), with a view to identifying the insect carriers and vectors of cassava phytoplasma. Insects were collected from the leaves. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 150 insect specimens and indirect diagnosis was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the universal primer pair P1/P7 followed by AwkaSR/GH813f (specific primers). The molecular tests (PCR) carried out on these insects identified a probable carrier of the specie Bemisia tabaci.

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Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an annual plant found in tropical countries. It is grown for its protein- and vitamin-rich leaves (Dostie et al., 1999). Cassava also guarantees food security for small-scale subsistence farmers. It plays an important role in sub- Saharan Africa in efforts to alleviate the food crisis and poverty.

In Côte d'Ivoire, cassava is the second most important food crop after yam, with annual production estimated at 6,961,619 tons in 2021 (FAO, 2022). In addition, tuberous cassava roots are also the raw material for a wide range of transformations, resulting in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products (Dixon et al., 2003).

Despite its ease of adaptation to different agroecological zones, cassava cultivation is hampered by several constraints that greatly reduce cassava production worldwide. These include fungal, bacterial and especially viral diseases. In addition to the damage caused by pests (Ambang et al., 2007), diseases other than those observed and common infect cassava throughout the world. These include phytoplasma diseases (Alvarez et al., 2013). Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotic bacteria associated with disease in many cultivated and noncultivated plant species worldwide (Lee et al., 2000), living and reproducing in the phloem tissues of plants, as well as in the salivary glands and other tissues of certain hemipteran insects. These insects are mainly phytoplasma-vector leafhoppers in plants (Caasi-Lit et al., 2018).

However, phytoplasma disease remains the least studied infection in cultivated plants in Côte d'Ivoire. Studies conducted on phytoplasma diseases have shown that phytoplasma is present in cassava (Kra et al., 2017). Thus, knowledge of the mode of infection of phytoplasma disease presents an important challenge as it will help to understand the biology of the pathogen and the identification of the vector carrier of cassava phytoplasma. It will also lead to better management of cassava phytoplasma diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, phytoplasma diseases are mainly transmitted through the use of infected plant material and via vectors. The most important vectors of horizontal transmission are insects. An entomofauna population lives on cassava, in particular sucking biters. Among these insects, the Bemisia tabaci species is a major vector of viral diseases and pests of cassava (James et al., 2000). The identification of insect genera capable of carrying the phytoplasma associated with the disease is a key issue in the management of phytoplasma diseases. However, the carrier insect must be able to transmit the phytoplasma to the host plant before it develops symptoms of the disease. Identifying phytoplasmacarrying and transmitting insects in cassava makes it possible to target the insect vector for effective control of the phytoplasma disease. Like virus diseases, phytoplasma is a pathogen that is spread by insect vectors (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006).

Control of phytoplasma is directed against the insect vector of this agent. To improve management of cassava phytoplasma disease in Côte d'Ivoire, the main objective of this study was to identify the vector associated with the disease.

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 Source : Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d’Ivoire