Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso | InformativeBD

Sawadogo O. Michel, Some Koussao, Ouedraogo M. Hamed, Tiama Djakaria, Tiendrebeogo Fidèle, Soro Monique, Tonde Wendmanegda Hermann, and Sawadogo Mahamadou, from the different institute of Burkina Faso. wrote a Reseach Article about, Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso. Entitled, Phenotypic evaluation of six cassava families (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from seed in Burkina Faso. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Phenotypic markers are important in plant genetic characterisation studies. They are used in the present study to assess the phenotypic structuring of cassava genotypes obtained by biparental crossing. The plant material studied consists of 56 cassava genotypes from the third generation of vegetative reproduction following germination of seeds from six families resulting from crosses. To evaluate these genotypes, an Alpha lattice experimental design was used with three replicates and three blocks per replicate. Blocks I and II each contained 19 genotypes and block III 18 genotypes. Data was collected on 10 qualitative traits on leaves, stems and roots. All the variables evaluated presented several modalities. The frequencies showed that: the green-purple color (41%) was dominant for the apical leaf color characteristic. Stems color were predominantly light brown (30%). Green color (57%) was most common in the petioles. Genotypes showed more dichotomous ports (44%). In addition, the relative Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) was very high for all characters within genotypes (H’=0.90) and families (H’=0.66). The most polymorphic traits between genotypes were flowering ability (H’=1), stem color (H’=0.99), tuberous root texture (H’=0.97), apical leaf color (H’=0.96) and branching type (H’=0.93). The same index showed high intra-family diversity, family VI (H’= 0.83), family II (H’= 0.76), family IV (H’=0.69), family I (H’= 0.61), family III (H’= 0.53) and family V (H’= 0.52) showing high internal variability. ACH was used to structure the genetics into three phenotypic groups. This observed diversity can be used for cassava breeding in Burkina Faso.

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Introduction

Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766) is a perennial shrub 1 to 5 m high (Allem, 2002; Alves, 2002). It belongs to the class Dicotyledones, family Euphorbiaceae, genus Manihot and species Manihot esculenta Crantz (Isendahl, 2011; Soro, 2022). It has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=36 and a highly heterozygous genome (Alves, 2002). It is one of the most important tuberous root crops, highly valued for its starch content in tropical countries (N'Zué et al., 2014). Cassava is grown all over the world, particularly in West Africa (Agré et al., 2015). Cassava can be grown in areas with rainfall ranging from 500 mm to 8000 mm (François, 1989). Depending on the variety, production can be spread over a long period of the year, making the tuberous roots available when needed (François, 1989).

In recent years in Burkina Faso, climate variability has made farming very difficult. Crop diversification is very important to ensure food self-sufficiency. Tuber and root crops such as cassava can therefore be used to help achieve sustainable food security. In Burkina Faso, cassava production was estimated at around 17,081.25 tonnes in 2022 (FAOSTAT, 2024). As in all African countries, almost all cassava production in Burkina Faso is used for human and animal consumption (Amani et al., 2007). The tuberous roots are eaten raw or in the form of local dishes: boiled roots, grilled roots, placali, con'godê, attiéké and gari (Guira et al., 2017). In view of its food and nutritional potential, the quantities of cassava produced remain below national market demand, which in 2017 was estimated at around 124,917 tonnes of fresh tubers (Soro et al., 2022). In Burkina Faso, the major constraints to large-scale production are linked to several factors, namely: the long production cycle of six to 9 or even 12 months, the unsuitable quality of the soils used for its cultivation, which results in low root yields, the lack of suitable varieties, and the very narrow genetic base of cassava (Gmakouba et al., 2018). In order to meet consumer needs, production must be increased, and this requires efficient production technology based on the use of improved cassava varieties.

Exchanges of genetic material between producers mean that they end up with duplicates of the same cultivar (Soro et al., 2022). The reproduction of cassava, which is generally done by cuttings, leads to the spread of its bio-aggressors, which become more and more numerous and infest new fields. Studies carried out by Tiendrébéogo et al. (2009, 2012) reported the presence of Cassava Mosaic Diseases (CMD) in certain areas of Burkina Faso. Cassava is often grown under rainfed and irrigated systems in Burkina Faso. This is due to the earliness of the rains in relation to the length of the vegetative cycle and the poverty of the arable land, which means that average yields in farming areas are low, less than or equal to 15t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2024). In response to this situation, a great deal of research has been carried out by INERA through the introduction and evaluation of six (06) improved varieties, catalogued and popularised, TMS 4(2) 1425; TMS 91/02312; TMS 92/0067; TMS 92/0325; TMS 92/0427; TMS 94/0270) with potential yield (40/ha) (Gmakouba, 2018; Soro, 2022; MASA, 2014). But of these, only TMS 94/0270, commonly known as V5, is the most widely produced for its very good attiéké quality. To meet this challenge, new cassava varieties need to be developed, with a view to broadening the genetic base so as to obtain varieties that are tolerant to FGD, rich in beta-carotene, and with yields of up to 40 tonnes per hectare. It is therefore essential to assess the agro-morphological diversity of this cassava collection (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in order to better exploit the potential of these genotypes. This study was therefore carried out with the overall aim of determining the structure of the 56 genotypes obtained by biparental crossing. Specifically, the aim was (i) to determine the variability of genotypes through phenotypic traits and (ii) to identify the traits that best discriminate between genotypes and families.

Reference

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Source : Phenotypic evaluation of six cassava families (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from seed in Burkina Faso   

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Physicochemical Properties of Locally Sourced Root Crop-Based Culture Media | InformativeBD

Vicky A. Agpasa, from the different institute of the Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Physicochemical Properties of Locally Sourced Root Crop-Based Culture Media. Entitled, Physicochemical characteristics of the formulated culture media using locally available root crops. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The study aimed to develop fungal culture media in dehydrated form utilizing selected locally available root crops such as cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), ube (Dioscorea alata L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Specifically, the objectives of the study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the formulated culture media such as the color, clarity, gel strength, ash, moisture, crude protein, crude fat and total carbohydrate contents. From the formulated combination, 39 grams of the formulated culture medium was suspended in 1000 ml of distilled water. The agar powder acted as a gelling agent for the medium. The resulting solution was boiled until all constituents were dissolved. It was autoclaved for 15 minutes at 121oC. The pH was adjusted based on the following requirement of the fungi: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4-6, Aspergillus niger 5.5 and Rhizopus stolonifer 7-8. The media was dispensed into sterile Petri dish, taking care to distribute equally at approximately 20-25ml per petri dish. Based on the findings of the study: (1) the formulated culture media possessed the necessary physicochemical characteristics of culture media for the culture of fungi; and (2) Cassava, sweet potato, ube, taro and potato with dextrose and agar powder showed comparable effects on the growth of fungi under the study. For future researches and studies, the following may be considered: (1) the formulated fungal culture media utilizing local rootcrops are recommended for the cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus niger; and (2) a study may be conducted on the shelf-life of the formulated fungal culture media.

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Introduction

Culture media play a pivotal role in any microbiology laboratory. They are widely employed for isolation, identification and sensitivity testing of different pathogenic microorganisms. Most of the laboratories usually prepare their own media for routine diagnostics as well as research purposes (Basu et al., 2005). Without high-quality media, the possibility of achieving accurate, reproducible and repeatable microbiological test results is reduced. A microbiological culture medium is a substance that encourages the growth, support, and survival of microorganisms.

Culture media contains nutrients, growth promoting factors, energy sources, buffer salts, minerals, metals, and gelling agents (for solid media). Culture media has been used by microbiologists since the nineteenth century. Even with the increased use of rapid methods the majority of techniques found in the pharmaceutical quality control laboratory require growth media. For the assessment of culture media, no one definitive standard exists.

Media containing high carbohydrate source, nitrogen source are required for the growth of fungi at pH range of 5 to 6, and a temperature range from 15 to 37˚C. There are two general types of fungal culture media: natural and synthetic. Natural media are composed of natural substrates, such as herbaceous or woody stems, seeds, leaves, corn meal, wheat germ, and oatmeal etc. Natural media are usually easy to prepare but they have the disadvantage of their unknown composition. Some examples include corn meal agar, potato dextrose agar, V-8 juice agar, and dung agar. Synthetic media, on the other hand, contain ingredients of known composition. These types of media can be duplicated with precision each time they are made and contain defined amounts of carbohydrates, nitrogen, and vitamin sources. Czapek- Dox medium, glucoseasparagine and Neurosporacrassa minimal medium fall in this category.

One of the standard approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections is the cultivation of the causative fungus and its subsequent identification.

For any fungus to be cultivated for any purpose, it is necessary to provide the appropriate biochemical and biophysical environments. The biochemical or nutritional environment is made available as culture medium (ASM, 2019).

However, these culture media are not readily available and expensive and thus their usage in small diagnostic laboratories has undoubtedly decreased. With this situation at hand, the protocols of proper disease diagnosis which involves the isolation and identification of the etiologic agent in a disease has been commonly disregarded.

As a consequence, there is unnecessary and inadequate administration of medications that would possibly result to the development of resistance by these microorganisms. Analyzing such circumstances, simple culture media in dehydrated form with low cost using abundant naturally occurring resources such sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava, (Manihot esculenta), ube (Dioscorea alata L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) shall be formulated. Generally, the study aimed to develop fungal culture media in dehydrated form utilizing selected locally available root crops such as cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), ube (Dioscorea alata L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Specifically, the objectives of the study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the formulated culture media such as the color, clarity, gel strength, ash, moisture, crude protein, crude fat and total carbohydrate contents.

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Basu S, Bose C, Ojha N, Das N, Das J, Pal M, Khurana S. 2015. Evolution of bacterial and fungal growth media. Bioinformation 11(4), 182-184. Retrieved on December 6, 2019 from https:// ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479053

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Ebuehi OAT, Babalola O, Ahmed Z. 2018. Phytochemical, nutritive and anti-nutritive composition of cassava (Manihot esculenta L) tubers and leaves. Nigerian Food Journal 23(1), 40-46. Nigerian Institute of Food 68 Science and Technology. Retrieved on April 22, 2020 from https://www.ajol. info//index.php/nifoj/article/view

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Wang S, Nie S, Zhu F. 2016. Chemical constituents and health effects of sweet potato. Food Res Int. 2016 Nov; 89(Pt 1), 90-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres. 2016.08.032. Retrieved on April 22, 2020 from https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28460992

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Source : Physicochemical characteristics of the formulated culture media using locally available root crops 

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Impact of Mineral and Organic Fertilization on Agronomic Traits of Cassava Seedlings in Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire | InformativeBD

Serge Kouadio N'gonian , Auguste-Denise Mambé Boye, Kévin Junior Borel Aka, and Elie Konan Yobouet, from the different institute of the Pakistan. wrote a research article about, Impact of Mineral and Organic Fertilization on Agronomic Traits of Cassava Seedlings in Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire. entitled, Influence of mineral and organic fertilization on some agronomic parameters of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) seedlings in Daloa (Centre-West, Côte d’Ivoire). This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and AgriculturalResearch (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher. 

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on some agronomic parameters of cassava nursery plants Bocou 1 and Yavo (Manihot esculenta Crantz). For this purpose, 1200 cassava plants were produced on 10 substrates based on soil supplemented with chicken droppings, sawdust, carbonized rice husks and NPK 10 18 18. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized Fisher block design on two 880 m2 subplots 6 m apart. The planting density was 1 m x 1 m with three replications per treatment, i.e. 600 plants per cassava variety. The manures used were chicken manure, charred rice husks and NPK 10-18. Results showed that treatments T2S6 (T2: Carbonized rice husks; S6: Substrate 6) and T2S3 (T2: Carbonized rice husks; S3: Substrate 3) induced better plant growth than the other treatments for the two cassava varieties studied. The highest yields were obtained with treatments T3S2 (T3: NPK 10 18 18; S2: Substrate 2) (456.83 t/ha) and T2S8 (T2: Carbonized rice husks; S8: Substrate 8) (423.25 t/ha) at Bocou 1 and Yavo, respectively. The results of this study will help optimize cassava production in Côte d’Ivoire and improve the purchasing power and livings standard of producers.

Read more : Soil Examination and Measurement in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Pakistan I InformativeBD

Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a tropical plant cultivated mainly for its starch-rich tuberized roots (IITA, 1990). Cassava is a recognized abundant and inexpensive source of food energy (Bruijn and Fresco, 1989). With the strong demographic growth and the rapid expansion of cassava cultivation, there has been a sharp increase in the area cultivated and a continuous exploitation of the soil.

The continuous cultivation of soils causes a rapid degradation of their fertility, which translates into a decrease in agricultural yields (Feller & Milleville, 1997; Traoré et al., 2007). One promising approach is to provide soils with different types of organic matter and mineral fertilizers in order to increase the availability of soil nutrients (Palm et al., 1997).

In general, the use of mineral and organic fertilizers on food crops in rural areas remains insignificant given the low purchasing power of the farmer. Mineral fertilizer is used on only 5.17 percent of the land on small family farms, compared to 5.21 percent on large farms (Troupa and Koné, 2003). In addition, organic fertilizer in the form of manure is only used in a tiny proportion of less than 2%, regardless of the type of farm (Troupa and Koné, 2003).

However, cassava is known to be a soil-depleting plant in terms of the mineral mobilization required for its cultivation. Moreover, at the end of the cycle, the fixed assets of a production of 25t.ha-1 of tuberous cassava roots are high and correspond on average to 151 units of N, 52 units of P2O5, 245 units of K2O, 120 units of CaO and 48 units ofmgO (Pouzet, 1988; Raffaillac and Nedelec, 1984). Thus, it seems appropriate to optimize the production of speculative surplus value through mineral and organic fertilization. Hence the objective of this study, which is to evaluate the impact of mineral and organic fertilization on certain agronomic descriptors of cassava nursery plants.

More specifically, it is to evaluate the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the cover rate and vigor of cassava plants and to determine the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the production parameters of cassava nursery plants.

Reference

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Bakayoko S, Nindjin C, Dao D, Tschannen A, Girardin O, Assa A. 2007. Organic fertilizer and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) productivity in Côte d’Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine 19(3), 271-279.

Bakayoko S, Tschannen A, Nindjin C, Dao D, Girardin O, Assa A. 2009. Impact of water stress on fresh tuber yield and dry matter content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). African Journal of Agricultural Research 4, 021-027.

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Source : Influence of mineraland organic fertilization on some agronomic parameters of Cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) seedlings in Daloa (Centre-West, Côte d’Ivoire)    

 

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Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Christine Ahou Kouame, Daniel Kouamé Kra, Yeyeh Marie Noël Toualy, Hortense Atta Diallo, and Arsène Irié Zoro Bi,  from the different institute of the Côte d'Ivoire. wrote a research article about, Cassava Phytoplasma Insect Identification in Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | NNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Disease-causing phytoplasmas are transmitted by insect. Their distribution and transmission of the diseases with which they are associated are strongly linked to the feeding habits and biology of the insect vectors and the conditions of the host plants. This study was carried out in Côte d’Ivoire, specifically in the Grand-Lahou locality (an area endemic to phytoplasma disease), with a view to identifying the insect carriers and vectors of cassava phytoplasma. Insects were collected from the leaves. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 150 insect specimens and indirect diagnosis was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the universal primer pair P1/P7 followed by AwkaSR/GH813f (specific primers). The molecular tests (PCR) carried out on these insects identified a probable carrier of the specie Bemisia tabaci.

Read more : New Distribution Records: Holcocerus gloriosus and Bagrada amoenula in Al Ain, UAE |InformativeBD

Introduction

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an annual plant found in tropical countries. It is grown for its protein- and vitamin-rich leaves (Dostie et al., 1999). Cassava also guarantees food security for small-scale subsistence farmers. It plays an important role in sub- Saharan Africa in efforts to alleviate the food crisis and poverty.

In Côte d'Ivoire, cassava is the second most important food crop after yam, with annual production estimated at 6,961,619 tons in 2021 (FAO, 2022). In addition, tuberous cassava roots are also the raw material for a wide range of transformations, resulting in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products (Dixon et al., 2003).

Despite its ease of adaptation to different agroecological zones, cassava cultivation is hampered by several constraints that greatly reduce cassava production worldwide. These include fungal, bacterial and especially viral diseases. In addition to the damage caused by pests (Ambang et al., 2007), diseases other than those observed and common infect cassava throughout the world. These include phytoplasma diseases (Alvarez et al., 2013). Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotic bacteria associated with disease in many cultivated and noncultivated plant species worldwide (Lee et al., 2000), living and reproducing in the phloem tissues of plants, as well as in the salivary glands and other tissues of certain hemipteran insects. These insects are mainly phytoplasma-vector leafhoppers in plants (Caasi-Lit et al., 2018).

However, phytoplasma disease remains the least studied infection in cultivated plants in Côte d'Ivoire. Studies conducted on phytoplasma diseases have shown that phytoplasma is present in cassava (Kra et al., 2017). Thus, knowledge of the mode of infection of phytoplasma disease presents an important challenge as it will help to understand the biology of the pathogen and the identification of the vector carrier of cassava phytoplasma. It will also lead to better management of cassava phytoplasma diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, phytoplasma diseases are mainly transmitted through the use of infected plant material and via vectors. The most important vectors of horizontal transmission are insects. An entomofauna population lives on cassava, in particular sucking biters. Among these insects, the Bemisia tabaci species is a major vector of viral diseases and pests of cassava (James et al., 2000). The identification of insect genera capable of carrying the phytoplasma associated with the disease is a key issue in the management of phytoplasma diseases. However, the carrier insect must be able to transmit the phytoplasma to the host plant before it develops symptoms of the disease. Identifying phytoplasmacarrying and transmitting insects in cassava makes it possible to target the insect vector for effective control of the phytoplasma disease. Like virus diseases, phytoplasma is a pathogen that is spread by insect vectors (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006).

Control of phytoplasma is directed against the insect vector of this agent. To improve management of cassava phytoplasma disease in Côte d'Ivoire, the main objective of this study was to identify the vector associated with the disease.

Reference

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 Source : Identification of the cassava phytoplasma insect in Côte d’Ivoire

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