Biocontrol of Oil Palm Pests Using Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana | InformativeBD

 

N’Guessan Ange Parfait, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. Tano Djè Kévin Christian, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire.Yao N’Guessan, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. and Tah Gueu TatianaThérèse et Dao Hassane, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research Article about, Biocontrol of Oil Palm Pests Using Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Entitled, Effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on adults of Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti and Mariau, 1999 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pest of oil palm (Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire). This research paper published by the, International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Coelaenomenodera lameensis is the main pest of oil palm in West Africa, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire. This species is a leaf miner which, by proliferating, causes enormous damage to oil palm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Met 358 and Met 359) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb 11) on C. lameensis adults. Trials were carried out under controlled infestation on an oil palm plot at the University Jean Lorougnon Guédé in Daloa. Male and female adults were captured and introduced into a muslin-covered cage containing leaflets. Each sex was divided into four batches: a 1st batch treated with Met 358, a 2nd batch treated with Met 359, a 3rd batch treated with Bb 11 and a 4th batch of controls. These adults were sprayed, 48 hours later, at the following concentrations 102; 104; 106; 108; 1010 and 1012 spores/ml for each fungal isolate (Met 358, Met 359 and Bb 11). Three replicates were carried out per treatment for each batch containing 40 adult males and 40 adult females. Concentrations of 1010 and 1012 spores/ml induced mortality rates of up to 100% in less than 7 days with the various fungi. These biopesticides could be an alternative to the abusive use of synthetic insecticides to reduce the damage caused by the pest C. lameensis.

Read more : Stocking Density and Calcium Diet: Effects on Achatina fulica Egg-Laying Performance | InformativeBD

 Introduction

Oil palm, grown for its oleaginous fruit in some twenty countries around the world, is the leading source of vegetable oil, accounting for 39% of vegetable oil production and 66% of marketed oils (Rival, 2020). In 2016, the oil palm sector recorded 65 million tons worldwide, 85% of which was supplied by Malaysia and Indonesia (Rival, 2020). In Côte d’Ivoire, the palm oil sector ranks 4th in the economy. It employs over a million people in the southern part of the forest zone and generates over 400 billion CFA francs in sales (D'Avignon, 2013), with production of 450,000 tons of crude palm oil a year (Cucumel, 2020). Côte d’Ivoire is the 2nd largest producer and 1st largest exporter in Africa. It also ranks 5th worldwide (Cucumel, 2020). 

Unfortunately, this crop, at all stages of development, is exposed to numerous phytosanitary problems. These include attacks by several pests, the most important of which is Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti et Mariau, 1999 (Anougba, 2022). During severe outbreaks, this insect causes extremely serious damage, leading to a drop in production of up to 30- 50% over a period of 2-3 years (Mariau, 2001; Coffi et al., 2012; Tano et al., 2013). Controlling this pest is therefore a necessity.

There are many methods of combating this insect: chemical and biological. Unfortunately, these methods have not yet succeeded in completely eliminating this pest (Kouassi et al., 2020). The massive use of synthetic insecticides creates numerous problems: environmental pollution and consequent human poisoning, the elimination of beneficial insects, the destruction of wildlife and the contamination of groundwater and rivers (HénaultEthier, 2015).

It would therefore be interesting to focus on other equally effective control methods that cause fewer ecotoxicological problems, including biological control of insect pests, which is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals worldwide (Lacey et al., 2015). This control involves the use of entomopathogenic fungi to control insect pest populations. They are responsible for infections in many insect species (Aby et al., 2022). Among these entomopathogenic fungi, particularly those belonging to the Metarhizium and Beauveria genera show great promise against insect pests (Mnyone et al., 2009; Lwetoijera et al., 2010; Mnyone et al., 2012).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Met 358 and Met 359) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb 11) on C. lameensis adults.

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Source : Effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on adultsof Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti and Mariau, 1999 (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) pest of oil palm (Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire)

 

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Stocking Density and Calcium Diet: Effects on Achatina fulica Egg-Laying Performance | InformativeBD

Jean Baptiste Aman, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. Soronikpo Soro, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. Jean Didié Memel, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. Kouassi Charles Kouadio, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire , and Otchoumou Atcho, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire.  wrote a Research Article about, Stocking Density and Calcium Diet: Effects on Achatina fulica Egg-Laying Performance. Entitled, The combined effect of stocking density and dietary calcium content on egg-laying performance of Achatina fulica. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate amount of dietary calcium to reduce the impact of density on laying performance in Achatina fulica. To do this, 1380 breeding animals were divided into 8 batches reared at different densities. For each rearing density, the breeding stock were classified into 4 sub-lots and fed diets differing in their calcium content. The reproductive performance of these breeders was determined and compared as a function of rearing density and dietary calcium level. The results showed that for a diet with a low calcium source content (10%), the density above 25 breeders per square metre led to a significant drop in the laying rate (13 ± 3.7% to 9.36 ± 4.13%) and the number of eggs per clutch (111.23 eggs/clutch to 98 eggs/clutch). However, for a diet with a high calcium source content (40%), the rearing density had virtually no impact on the reproductive performance of Achatina fulica. This study shows that, in order to make his facilities profitable, the farmer can place 40 breeders per square metre of rearing enclosure, provided that their feed contains sufficient calcium (40% oyster shell). 

Read more : Traditional Remedies for Diarrhea: Plant Inventory and Phytochemical Insights from Man, Côted’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Introduction

Snail meat is a real source of animal protein, with an average content of 74.6% (Fabguaro et al., 2006), as well as essential amino acids such as lysine, leucine and phenylalanine (Otchoumou et al., 2010). It is also a valuable source of macronutrients and income for many households (Brescia and Chardonnet, 2002). Faced with increased pressure from the harvesting of these molluscs in West Africa and the destruction of their natural habitats, snail farming appears to be a necessary solution to compensate for seasonal deficits and ensure the survival of this animal species in the face of human activity (Otchoumou, 1997). Achatinidae farming therefore aims to progressively reduce this pressure by developing rational production techniques, including the development of effective diets and the determination of adequate stocking densities (Karamoko et al., 2011, Aman et al., 2023) to improve growth and optimal reproduction in these animals. Several studies have shown that overcrowding results in slower snail growth and poor reproductive performance.

This has been justified by the fact that overcrowding in snails leads to changes in food quality (Thomas et al., 1975) resulting from an accumulation of faeces and mucus in the food (Dan and Bailey 1982). This has been justified by the fact that overcrowding in snails leads to changes in food quality (Thomas et al., 1975) resulting from an accumulation of faeces and mucus in the food (Dan & Bailey 1982). High densities also lead to an increase in the amount of mucus secreted, making it difficult for snails to move around in search of food and to exploit the environment. The aim of the breeder, in order to make his facilities profitable, is to place as many breeding animals as possible per square metre of breeding enclosure, provided that this density does not cause any disturbance to the animals.

It was therefore with the aim of helping breeders to find solutions to the problem of stocking density that this study was initiated. The main objective of this work is to minimise the effect of overcrowding on laying performance through dietary calcium levels.

Reference

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Otchoumou A, Dupont-Nivet M, Ocho AAL, Dosso H. 2010. Body proportions and chemical composition of wild and reared edible snails of Ivory Coast. Italian journal of food science 22(1), 1120-1770. https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/OBJ/9uyKU?_s=k7NhuhlPpJV4kz4ScH4SUB4WAa8%3D

Oosterhoff LM. 1977: Variation in growth rate as an ecological factor on the land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Linné). Netherlands Journal of zoology  27(1), 1-132. https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/14617403/Oosterhoff.PDF

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Thiengo SC, Faraco FA, Salgado NC, Cowie RH, Fernandez MA. 2007. Rapid spread of an invasive snail in South America: The giant African snail, Achatina fulica, in Brazil. Biological Invasions 9, 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9069-6

Source : The combined effect of stocking density and dietary calcium content on egg-laying performance ofAchatina fulica  

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Traditional Remedies for Diarrhea: Plant Inventory and Phytochemical Insights from Man, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Ta Bi Irié Honoré, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. Aké-Assi Emma , from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire . and N’guessan Koffi, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research Article about, Traditional Remedies for Diarrhea: Plant Inventory and Phytochemical Insights from Man, Côte d’Ivoire. entitled, Plants used against diarrhea in traditional medicine of Man, western Côte d’Ivoire: Inventory and phytochemical screening. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Diarrhea is a public health problem in Côte d’Ivoire. To contribute to the fight against the disease, this study was undertaken in the city of Man from January 2 to May 31, 2024 with traditional practitioners in the city. It allowed us to interview 88 people practicing in this field of traditional medicine. The study inventoried 30 plants belonging to 17 botanical families with a dominance of Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The leaves, leafy stems, roots and whole plants are the parts of the plants used in anti-diarrheal treatments. These plant organs are prepared by decoction, maceration, kneading and trituration. The medicinal recipes are administered as decoction orally and as purge anally. The plant species cited during this study are: Amphicarpaea bracteata (FCe = 0.58) and Ocimum gratissimum (FCe = 0.49). A phytochemical screening was carried out on the aqueous extracts of these two plants to search the scientific basis of their anti-diarrheal properties. These tri-phytochemical tests indicated the presence of sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. These chemical groups could justify the use of these plants in traditional medicine. These two plant species should therefore be the subject of more in-depth pharmacological tests for the implementation of new molecules against diarrhea.

Read more : Tracking and Characterizing Sclerotium rolfsii in Bell Pepper Root Rot on Pothohar Plateau |InformativeBD

Introduction

Current knowledge places the beginning of humanity at 7 million years ago (Guy, 2009). Since then, man has used plants (Ta et al., 2023). This observation is linked to the use of plants in various areas of life, such as housing, food and health (N'guessan, 2008). The relationships between man and plants have led to the emergence of several sciences: ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnopharmacology. Ethnopharmacology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of all materials of plant, animal or mineral origin and the knowledge or practices related to them, which vernacular cultures implement to modify the states of living organisms for therapeutic, curative, preventive or diagnostic purposes (Fleurentin, 2012). It is also called traditional medicine which is based on empirical knowledges and pratices. Today, the use of plants for health is widespread not only in developing countries but also in developed societies (Doh et al., 2023). Like other countries, the traditional medicine of Côte d’Ivoire, offers remedies for all human pathologies even if they are curable for modern medicine. The conditions treated are diverse: asthma, diabetes, high blood pressure and especially diarrhea, the subject of this study. Diarrhea is a transit disorder characterized by soft or liquid stools, in abnormally high quantities or with an increased frequency of occurrence (Randremanana, 2012). It can be caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic infections. Diarrhea is the third leading cause of death at any age (Assogba, 2012) and the 5th leading cause of premature death in the world (WHO, 2014). In Côte d'Ivoire, diarrhea is a public health problem. However, the management of diarrheal diseases is limited by the inaccessibility of certain populations to hospitals and the high cost of pharmaceutical drugs (Ambé et al., 2015). In Man, the site of this study, diarrheal diseases are the 2nd cause of consultation after malaria. Faced to this worrying health situation, the use of plants becomes an appropriate solution. This study is part of this perspective. It is therefore a contribution to the search for new plants of anti-diarrheal properties. It lists the plants proposed by traditional practitioners of Man against diarrhea and seeks the scientific basis for their use through a phytochemical screening.

Reference

Aké CB, Ta BIH, Koné MW. 2019. Some minerals of nutritional and therapeutical importance from the leaves and stems of Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn. (Piperaceae) GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Science 8, 104–108.

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Aké-Assi L. 2011. Compendium of African medicine and pharmacopoeia: some plants traditionally used in primary health care coverage. NEI-CEDA Edition, Abidjan (Côte-d’Ivoire), 157p.

Ambé ASA, Ouattara D, Tiebre MS, Vroh BTA, Zirihi GN, N’Guessan KE. 2015. Diversity of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diarrhea in the markets of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 26, 4081-4096.

Assogba AL, Ehui E, Maïga MF, N’Guetta NEE, Randremanana RV, Sehonou J, Seukap E. 2012. Initiation against diarrheal and enteric diseases in Africa: a contribution to the fight against cholera. Medicine of Black Africa. 7p.

Béné K, Fofie NBY, Camara D, Kanga Y, Yapi AB, Yapo YC, Zirihi GN. 2016. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the Department of Transua, District of Zanzan (Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 27(2), 4230 – 4250.

Doh KS, Ta BIH, Yapo YCV, N’guessan K. 2023. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity assessment of leaves from Piliostigma thonningii (Fabaceae), a plant used in traditional medicine against diabetes in Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 12, 19-23.

Fleurentin J. 2012. Ethnopharmacology in the service of therapeutics: sources and methods. Hegel 2, 13-18.

Guy L. 2009. Edible plants, harvesting and recipes of the 4 seasons. Edition Debaisieux, 174p.

Kouadio KB, Kablan ALC, Ahoua ARC, Konan DJ, Oussou KR, Attioua KB, Dongui BK. 2021. Phytochemical screening, determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids, and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaves of Turraea heterophylla Smith (Meliaceae). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 33(2), 405-413.

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N’guessan K, Tra-Bi FH, Koné MW. 2009. Ethnopharmacological studies of antimalarial plants used in traditional medicine among the Abbey and Krobou of Agboville (Côte d’Ivoire). Ethnopharmacology 44, 42-50.

N’Guessan K. 2008. Medicinal plants and traditional medical practices among the Abbey and Krobou peoples of the Agboville Department (Côte d’Ivoire). State Doctorate Thesis in Natural Sciences, Specialty Ethnobotany, University of Cocody-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), UFR Biosciences, Botany Laboratory, 235 p.

Randremanana R. 2012. Environmental impacts on childhood diarrhea in Madagascar: Campylobacter risk analysis. Doctoral Thesis from the University of Grenoble. 164 p.

Sidio SR, N’Guessan K. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to combat gastroenterological disorders among populations in the Gagnoa Department, in the Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Applied Biosciences 15, 320 – 343.

Soro TY, Néné-bi AS, Zahoui OS, Yapi A, Traoré F. 2015. Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Ximenia americana (Linnaeus) (Olacaceae). Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 24, 3802-3813.

Ta BIH, Doh KS, Yéo S, Aké-Assi E, N’guessan K. 2023. Study of the acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) and Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae), two plants frequently cited in traditional medicine in Ivory Coast. Ivorian Review of Sciences and Technologies 42, 349-362.

Ta BIH, N’Guessan K. 2021. Ethnopharmacological study of hypotensive plants found in the markets of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies 32, 522-530.

WHO. 2014. World Health Statistics, Geneva (Switzerland). 12p.

Source : Plants used against diarrhea in traditional medicine of Man, western Côte d’Ivoire: Inventory and phytochemical screening

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Tracking and Characterizing Sclerotium rolfsii in Bell Pepper Root Rot on Pothohar Plateau | InformativeBD

Aliya Tariq, from the institute of Pakistan. Farah Naz, from the institute of Pakistan. Chaudhary Abdul Rauf , from the institute of Pakistan . and Muhammad Azam Khan, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Tracking and Characterizing Sclerotium rolfsii in Bell Pepper Root Rot on Pothohar Plateau. entitled, Surveillance and morpho-molecular characterization of Sclerotium rolfsii causing root rot of bell pepper in Pothohar Plateau, Pakistan. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Sclerotium rolfsii is widely distributed and economically important soil-borne pathogen causing root rot and southern blight in bell pepper. During 2015-16 and 2016-17 cropping season, farmer’s fields/greenhouses/low plastic tunnels of bell pepper were surveyed to assess the percent disease incidence in Pothohar Plateau (Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jhelum, Attock and Islamabad territory) Punjab, Pakistan. The mean disease incidence at seeding stage in greenhouses varied from 0% to 8% with the average 4.1%. In low plastic tunnels at seeding stage the mean incidence was 0% to 15.5% with the average 7.4%. At maturity stage in greenhouses, the mean incidence varied from 0% to 12% with the average 4.5%. However, the mean incidence at maturity stage in open fields varied from 7% to 26.9% with the average 14.4%.Morphological characterization of 50 recovered isolates of Sclerotium rolfsiis howed silky-white or white to light cream colonies with submerged, thin flat, medium fluffy and fluffy texture. The sclerotia were round, shiny, cream to brown or dark brown and developed at aerial hyphae or surface. The formation of sclerotia was scattered throughout the plate or formed at peripheral ring of Petri dish. The hyphae were hyaline, thin walled and have infrequent cross walls with clamp connections. Mycelial branching was at right angle and developed hyphae were slightly constricted at the branch origin. The DNA of 5 highly virulent isolates were extracted and amplified using Large Subunit gene (LSU). The sequences share 99-100% similarity with S. rolfsii reference isolates and submitted to GenBank (accession numbers MG195620 to MG195624 respectively). S. rolfsiiwas ascertained as the causal agent, based on morphological & molecular evidence, which suggests further investigation for the management of this potential threat to bell pepper production in Pakistan. 

Read more : Machine Learning Predicts Thrips Occurrence in Tomatoes Under Weather Variations | InformativeBD

Introduction

Capsicum (chili and bell pepper) contributes a major share among vegetables in Pakistan. Sclerotium rolfsii is a soil borne fungal pathogen of bell pepper that associated to cause white mold, southern blight and stem rot. On global perspective, estimated yield loss of 1-60% and 10-20 million dollars have been linked with S. rolfsii(Kator et al., 2015).

The disease favors in moist conditions and temperature above 29°C. Affected plants may emerged singly or grouped in circular patches with early symptoms appeared as water-soaked spots on crown part and lower stem at or near the soil line. Diseased foliage turns pale green, with chlorosis and wilting and sudden death. A dense whitish fungal hypha appeared on the crown and lower stem.

The dark brown sclerotia were later produced and serve as inoculums for the next crop (Remesal et al., 2010; Xie and Vallad, 2016).

Sclerotium root rot of bell pepper are presently, causing significant losses in Pakistan. Although some work has been conducted on the incidence and management of disease in Pakistan (Jabeenet al., 2014; Javaid and Iqbal, 2014), but these studies carry limited details regarding incidence of disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to document theincidence of root rot caused by S. rolfsii, characterization of isolates employing morphomolecular tools andidentification of pathogenic behavior of isolates.

Reference

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Jabeen N, Javaid A, AhmedE, Sharif A. 2014. Management of causal organism of collar rot of bell pepper (Sclerotium rolfsii) by organic solvents extracts of Datura metel fruit. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 26(1), 15-20.

Javaid A, Iqbal D. 2014. Management of collar rot of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by extracts and dry biomass of Coronopus didymus shoot. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 30(3), 164-172.

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Source : Surveillance and morpho-molecular characterization of Sclerotium rolfsii causing root rot ofbell pepper in Pothohar Plateau, Pakistan 

 

 

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Machine Learning Predicts Thrips Occurrence in Tomatoes Under Weather Variations | InformativeBD

Satish Kumar Yadav,  from the institute of India. D. Pawar, from the institute of India. Latika Yadav , from the institute of India. and Saurabh Tripathi, from the institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Machine Learning Predicts Thrips Occurrence in Tomatoes Under Weather Variations. Entitled, Predictive Analysis of Occurrence of Thrips in Tomato Subject to Weather Parameters Using Machine Learning Techniques. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences | INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Thrips (Thripidae) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India is modelled based on field data sets generated during six kharif seasons [2011-18]. The weather variables considered are maximum & minimum temperature (MaxT & MinT) (0C), morning and evening humidity (RHM & RHE) (%), sunshine hours (SS) (hr/d), wind velocity (Wind) (km/hr), total rainfall (RF) (mm) and rainy days (RD). Thrips incidence was higher during 2012 and lowest in 2014. Correlation analyses significant positive influence of maximum temperature and negative influence of wind of one lags, RHM both current and one lags, rainfall one lag of negative influence on thrips. Machine learning techniques namelyAn empirical comparison of the above models [support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF) and the other statistical models e.g., multiple linear regression (MLR), ridge regression (RR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and elastic net (EN)] is based on root mean square error (RMSE). It is observed that, for thrips, the RMSE values of RF and LASSO are less as compared to other competing models. Diebold-Mariano (D-M) test was applied for comparison of forecasting performance among the applied models. It is observed that, predictive accuracy of RF and LASSO is higher than that of other models.

Read more : Post-Harvest Conservation Methods for Solenostemon rotundifolius Seedlings: An EffectivenessStudy | InformativeBD

Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular produced and extensively consumed vegetable crops in the world (Grandillo et al., 1999). It is one of the most important vegetable crops in India that can be eaten raw in salads or as an ingredient in many dishes and in drinks (Alam et al., 2007). Tomatoes and tomato-based foods provide a wide variety of nutrients and many health-related benefits to the body. In regions where it is being cultivated and consumed, it constitutes a very essential part of people’s diet. Tomatoes production accounts for about 4.8 million hectares of harvested land area globally with an estimated production of 165 million tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2017). China leads world tomato production with about 50 million tonnes followed by India with 17.8 million tonnes. Tomato production can serve as a source of income for most rural and peri-urban producers in most developing countries. Despite all the numerous benefits from the crop, many challenges are making its production unprofitable in most developing countries, especially those in Africa. The challenges faced by producers are seen either in production, post-harvest, marketing or a combination of any of them. The purpose of this paper is to look at the postharvest challenges that result in losses and recommend some low-cost intermediate technologies needed to remedy the situation. Accounting for about 8.23% of the total vegetable production in the country. Tremendous progress has been made in tomato production during the past four and half decades. At present, India is the fourth largest producer of tomato, accounting for 6.8% of the world production and the second largest in terms of acreage, accounting for 11.9% of area under tomato in the world. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is widely distributed and has caused serious losses in the yield of this and many other crops in Australia, India, Nepal, China, Thailand, and USA. Early infections cause the most severe damage and can lead to total crop loss. Epidemics of insect-transmitted plant viruses in agricultural ecosystems require the interaction of 3 basic components: the host plant of the virus, the insect vector and the plant pathogenic virus. While this triad sounds quite straight forward, the relationships and interactions occurring between and among the basic triad components and the environment are complex and dynamic, frequently defying complete understanding by scientists and agricultural practitioners worldwide. Many plant viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors (Nault, 1997). TSWV, the type species of the genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae (Murphy et al., 1995), is exclusively transmitted by several thrips species in a propagative manner (German et al., 1992; Ammar, 1994; Goldbach and Peters, 1994). Tomatoes are susceptible to more than 200 diseases. Important achievements in chemical, biological, cultural and genetic control methods have greatly reduced economic losses and sometimes have eliminated them. Viral diseases are a special case since they cannot be controlled by chemical treatments. Crop protection must then rely on genetic resistance or on disease avoidance. TSWV was first reported in India in tomato in 1964 (Todd et al., 1975). The occurrence of TSWV on a legume in India was first recorded in 1968 (Reddy et al., 1968). Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) cause serious problems in the cultivation of a wide range of greenhouse and field crops. They create major damage on plants by causing reduction in plant growth, deformation of plant organs, and cosmetic damage in the form of silver scars on leaves and flowers. Thrips cause direct damage during feeding, plants should be released by breaking the leaf, fountain and fruits cells, leaving behind silvery patches and fruit sores to reduce plant yields and tomato market shortage (Riley and Pappu, 2004; Staford et al., 2011). And these are dependent on weather conditions (Verhage et al., 2017; Harvey et al., 2018). Thus, there is a need for the development of predictive models for the incidence of pests and diseases that can improve the interpretation of the crop cycle according to the weather, incorporating weather-soil-plant factors (Malau et al., 2018; Badnakhe et al., 2018). Machine learning is a method that works with data analysis and seeks to automate the construction of analytical models (Shekoofa et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016). It is a field of computer science that works with the recognition of patterns using computational learning theory in artificial intelligence (Sahoo et al., 2017). Machine learning algorithms are very promising for faster, more dependent variables and the meteorological elements are the independent variables of the models. Elastic Net (EN), a penalized variable selection approach that combines both ridge penalty and LASSO penalty. Different forecasting techniques e.g., Multiple Linear Regression (MLR); K Neighbors Regressor (KNN); Random Forest Regressor (RFT), and Artificial Neural Networks– Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), EN, LASSO are applied. The ridge method of MLR is utilized. This method avoids poor conditioning of the matrix of the repressor variables, controlling the inflation and the general instability found in least squares estimators. Ridge avoids the multicollinearity problem without having to exclude repressor variables, so it has no information loss.

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Source : Predictive Analysis of Occurrence of Thrips in Tomato Subject to Weather Parameters Using Machine Learning Techniques  

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