Sustainable Mass Production of Moina sp.: Optimizing Outdoor Cultivation Systems | InformativeBD

Md Ali Amatul-Samahah, Mohd-Yusof Hanan, Muhamad-Zudaidy Jaapar, and Ahmad-Baihaqi Othman, from the different institute of the Malaysia. wrote a Research Article about, Sustainable Mass Production of Moina sp.: Optimizing Outdoor Cultivation Systems. entitled, Sustainable mass production of Moina sp. biomass using semi-open and open outdoor cultivation systems. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Due to their small size and high nutritional content, Moina sp. is an excellent food source for young fish such as Nile tilapia, African catfish, guppy, and carp. Moina sp. is increasingly being utilized as live feed in aquaculture, particularly in hatcheries. However, Moina sp. frequently obtained from contaminated environmental sources such as sewage with unsteady production. Thus, in order to use Moina sp. as a hygienic and sustainable source of livefeed, in this study, two culture system i.e. semi-open and open culture system, were developed and its production performance were analyzed. The highest production amount per cycle per tank for semi-open system was 733.3 ±251.7g and for the open system the highest production amount was 1463.7 ±348.2g. The mean for total biomass production in the semi-open system monthly was 6.26 ±0.92kg. Meanwhile, for the open culture system, almost five fold more production was recorded during the culture period which was 33.5 ±8.92kg. Based on the production performance of both culture system per metric tonne (MT) within the ten-month period of study, the total Moina sp. biomass produced per month per MT was almost comparable. In this study, the productions of both systems per tank per cycle in each system were consistent. The open culture system recorded significantly higher production of Moina sp. per culture cycle per tank compared to the semi-open system. The overall total productivity of each culture system every month, on the other hand, fluctuated slightly. Both culture system could be used to mass produced Moina sp. The study’s findings were crucial for the prospective mass production and sustainable of Moina sp as live feed in aquaculture.

Read more : Boosting Bean and Maize Yields: The Impact of Liming on Acidic Tea Soils | InformativeBD

Introduction

Moina sp. is a genus of freshwater crustacean increasingly used in aquaculture as live feed in various hatcheries. Moina sp. is commonly used as a live feed for freshwater fish, especially in the early stages of their development (Adeyemo et al., 1994; Suminto & Nugroho 2019). Among the species used as live feed are M. dubia (Adeyemo et al., 1994), M. micrura (Edeh et al., 2021), and M. macropa (Suksomnit et al., 2011; Islam et al., 2017). Moina sp. are small and easy to culture, making them an ideal food source for fry, juveniles and young fish. 

The small size and high nutritional value of Moina sp. make them an ideal food source for juvenile fish and other aquatic animals (Kadar et al., 2014; Saputra et al., 2018). Moina sp. can be fed with a variety of diets, including algae, yeast, and commercial dry feeds. Moina sp. are also easy to culture and can be produced in large quantities, making them a cost-effective alternative to other live feeds like brine shrimp or daphnia. The use of live feeds like Moina sp. can help to improve the survival and growth rate of fish in aquaculture operations. Furthermore, Moina sp. is a popular live food species for ornamental fish, especially for smaller fish like tetras, killifish, and bettas. They are small, easy to culture, and can provide a natural source of food for ornamental fish (De Silva et al., 2011; Kwon et al., 2013; Rathnayake et al., 2016. Moina sp. provides essential nutrients like protein, fats, and vitamins. Ornamental fish tend to be more active and interested in live food, as opposed to dried or frozen food (Srikrishnan et al., 2017; Rasdi et al., 2020; Eiras et al., 2022). 

Moina sp. can be cheaply found in filthy and contaminated environmental sources such as sewage ponds or local drainage systems that are especially prone to pathogenic bacteria. Obtaining Moina sp. from such a polluted environment poses a significant danger of the existence of disease-carrying organisms, which might introduce diseases and further disrupt fish fry production activities. Furthermore, Moina sp. output is frequently low, restricted, and unpredictable, making it insufficient to fulfill the expanding demand of the fish fry hatchery and ornamental fish sector. 

Thus, in order to use Moina sp. as a hygienic and sustainable source of livefeed, our study has developed two culture system namely, semi-open and open culture system. In this study we aimed to compare the production of each culture system in producing Moina sp. biomass.

Reference

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Afify AEMMR, El Baroty GS, El Baz FK, Abd El Baky HH, Murad SA. 2018. Scenedesmus obliquus: Antioxidant and antiviral activity of proteins hydrolyzed by three enzymes. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 16, 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.01.002

Chang CT, Benedict S, Whipps CM. 2019. Transmission of Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium marinum in laboratory zebrafish through live feeds. Journal of Fish Disease 42, 1425-1431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13071

Chen R, Xu N, Zhao F, Wu Y, Huang H, Yang Z. 2015. Temperature-dependent effect of food size on the reproductive performances of the small-sized cladoceran Moina micrura. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 59, 297-301. https://doi.org /10. 1016/j.bse.2015.02.013

De Silva, GWHPN, Jayamannee SC, Hewavitharana M. 2011. Cost reduction of brine shrimp by replacing of low cost live cultures (Moina, microworms) for freshwater fish Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Proceedings of the Research Symposium of Uva Wellasta 15-16.

Edeh IC, Nsofor CI, Ikeogu CF, Amobi MI, Ikechukwu CC, Ogbonnaya HF, Avwernoya F. 2021. Comparative study on the growth and survival of Heteroclarias fry fed on Artemia nauplii and Moina micrura. The Bioscientist 9, 1-8.

Eiras BJCF, Campelo, DAV, de Moura LB, de Sousa LM, Nunes IS, de Oliveira LCC, … da Costa RM. 2022. Feeding rate and frequency during the first feeding of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare-Schultze, 1823) and severum (Heros severus-Heckel, 1840) with Moina sp. Aquaculture 553, 738106.

Hanan MY, Aznaliza Y, Muhamad Zudaidy J, Amatul-Samahah MA. 2022. A dataset representing the identification of three microalgae species isolated from freshwater areas at Glami Lemi River, Malaysia. Data in Brief 1, 108761. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108761

Hanan MY, Shafie TA, Yahya A, Abdullah N, Idrus AA. 2019. Intensive and hygenic Moina sp. Cultivation Manual (in Malay), Fisheries Research Institute Batu Maung, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.

Islam MR, Hassan MR, Begum M, Punom NJ, Begum MK, Sultana N, Rahman MS. 2017. Effects of feeding zooplankton, Moina macrocopa (Straus, 1820) on the growth of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i2.32910

Kadhar A, Kumar A, Ali J, John A. 2014. Studies on the survival and growth of fry of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1922) using live feed. Journal of Marine Biology 1, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842381

Kwon ON, Park KY, Park HG. 2013. The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and water flea Moina macrocopa as alternative foods for production of the fighting fish Betta splendens. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4, 393-398. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2013.0393

Nandini S, Mayeli SMR, Sarma SSS. 2004. Effect of stress on the life-table demography of Moina macrocopa. Hydrobiologia 526, 245-254. https:// doi.org /10.1023/B:HYDR.0000041597.96720.ff

Nandini S, Alonso-Soto R, Sarma SSS. 2012. Growth of Plankton (Scenedesmus acutus  (Chlorophyceae) and Moina macracopa (Cladocera) on Domestic Wastewater. Clean Soil Air Water 41, 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1002 /clen. 201000305

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Rasdi NW, Ramlee A, Abol-Munafi AB, Ikhwanuddin M, Azani N, Yuslan A, … Arshad A. 2020. The effect of enriched Cladocera on growth, survivability and body coloration of Siamese fighting fish. Journal of Environmental Biology 41, 1257-1263. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/5(SI)/MS_18

Rathnayake RMLW, Shirantha RRAR, Rupika GRH, Kithsiri HMP, Nayananjalie WAD. 2016. Evaluation of growth and breeding performances of Pethia reval (red fin barb), with different feeds under aquarium conditions. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 10, 191-195.

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Saputra A, Jusadi D, Suprayudi MA, Supriyono E, Sunarno MTD. 2018. Pengaruh frekuensi pemberian Moina sp. sebagai pakan awal pada pemeliharaan larva ikan Gabus, Channa striata dengan sistem air hijau. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 13, 239-249. https://doi.org/10.15578/jra.13.3.2018.239

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Suksomnit A, Saengphan N, Abella TA. 2011. A comparative study of hybrid catfish fry in concrete tank fed with fairy shrimp, Moina macrocopa, Artemia salina and commercial feed. Journal of Agricultural Technology 7, 1283-1289.

Suminto ATD, Nugroho RA. 2019. The effect of live feed Moina sp. with different dosage in the feeding regime to growth and survival rate of Baung (Hemibagrus nemurus) Jurnal Sains Akuakultur Tropis 3, 17-26. https://doi.org /10.14710 /sat.

Source :  Sustainable mass production of Moina sp. biomass using semi-open and open outdoor cultivation systems 

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Boosting Bean and Maize Yields: The Impact of Liming on Acidic Tea Soils | InformativeBD

Elisha NjueMugai, and James Njeru, from the different institute of the Kenya. wrote a Research Article about, Boosting Bean and Maize Yields: The Impact of Liming on Acidic Tea Soils. Entitled, Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil. This research paper published by the International Journalof Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.

Read more : Anticancer Potential of Turbinaria ornata: Insights from Cytotoxicity Assays | InformativeBD

Introduction

Strongly acid soils are very common in tea zones (Njeru et al., 2012). Soil is termed acidic when its pH goes below 5.5 (Sombroek, et al.,1984) . Below this pH value, the soil not only exhibits toxicity of aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn) but also is likely to suffer deficiency of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and molybdenum (Mo), hence becoming infertile chemically (Von Uexküll and Mutert, 1995). Bean yield has been shown to reduce significantly as a result of this infertility (mugai et al., 2008). The application of high-input soil management technologies like expensive mineral fertilizers to increase food crop yields may not be feasible due to the low income levels of the farmers. Therefore the best approach should be a moderate input technology, like soil liming, which does not attempt to eliminate the use of fertilizers but rather complements them and maximizes their efficiency. Appropriate liming of acid soils eliminates Al toxicity, leads to supply of Ca andmg, and mobilises the fixed soil P and Mo (Njeru et al., 2012; Mugai, 2008). This leads to increased yields without even application of expensive mineral fertilizers or with low applications of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) (Quaggio et al., 1995). 

On the other hand the effect of different liming levels on bean and maize yield on acid tea growing soil had not been investigated. It was therefore not possible to authoritatively recommend the lime level that could be applied in beans and maize crop in tea zones. The study was therefore conducted to determine the response and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a strongly acid tea zone soil.

Reference

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Mitchell CC. 1999. Soil Acidity and Liming (Overview), Department Crop and Soil Environmental Science,Clemson University. Available online at: http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/pdf

Mugai EN, Agong SG, Matsumoto H. 2008. The effect of liming an acid nitisol with either calcite or dolomite on two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties differing in aluminium tolerance. Journal of Agriculture Science and technology, 10(2), 9-34.

Njeru MJ, Mugai EN, Njoroge G, Nyende AB. 2012. The impact of liming on biodiversity in Embu tea zone landscapes: A case study of Kavutiri area. Afr. J. Hort. Sci 6, 61-71.

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Source : Liming leads to highbean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil 

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Anticancer Potential of Turbinaria ornata: Insights from Cytotoxicity Assays | InformativeBD

S. Parathasarathi, and M. Jeyaraj, from the different institute of the india. wrote a Research Article about, Anticancer Potential of Turbinaria ornata: Insights from Cytotoxicity Assays. Entitled, Insight application of cytotoxicity assay of Turbinaria Ornata (Brown seaweed) with reference to anticancer properties. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Turbinaria ornata is a species of marine brown seaweed and in the family Sargassaceae. They were freshly collected from Mandapam Coastal Area, Rameswaram Tamil Nadu, India and rinsed in seawater and packed in sterile bags for further proceedings to laboratory. Seaweeds have the potential to be utilized as renewable resources within the marine environment. An invitro study of Turbinaria ornata in cell lines were human HepG2 hepatic carcinoma cells, liver cancer cell line HepG2 preserved in RPMI-1640 medium at 37 °C Turbunaria ornata ethanolic extract (TOE) using cell viability assay and cytotoxic effect (Brown sea weed), The effect of TOE and standard anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX) (1µm/ml) on cell growth inhibition was assessed as percent cell viability where vehicle-treated cells were taken as 100% viable. The supernatant was removed and 50 µl of propanol was added and the plates were gently shaken to solubilize the formed formazan, MTT assay of yellow 3-(4, 5dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) HepG2 cells and treated with various concentration of TOE (25-200 μg/ml) and standard doxorubicin (1µm) for 24h. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TOE as the percentage survival of the cells. The fluorescence microscopy images of the untreated HepG2 cells (A). HepG2 cells treated with TOE (100µg) (B), TOE (200µg) (C) and DOX (D) for 24 hours. In the DAIP Staining, the yellow arrows indicate intact nucleus, green arrows, mitotic cells and the red arrows show the apoptotic cells. TOE at 100 and 200 μg showed apoptosis on HepG2 cells, which may in part account for the anticancer activity.

Read more : PCR vs. Conventional Methods: Diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis Infections | InformativeBD

Introduction

Turbinaria ornata (Sargassaceae) is important marine brown algae commonly available in coral reef crests. Seaweeds are proven to be abundant sources of polysaccharides and several bioactive compounds such as fucoids and sulphated polysaccharides (Unnikrishnan et al., 2014). These brown algae possess broad‐ spectrum biological properties including antibacterial, anticoagulant, anti‐ inflammatory; and antioxidant properties (Arivuselvan et al., 2011). Most importantly, bioactive sulphated polysaccharide‐fucoidan derived from Turbinaria ornata has immense pharmaceutical properties such as anticancer, antiviral, myocardial injury prevention hepatoprotective and neuro protective activities (Meenakshi, 2016). Brown macroalgae species are widely studied for their potential pharmaceutical uses. The brown seaweeds are studied because they are rich in fucoidan and fucoxanthin (Asai et al., 2004). It is necessary to examine additional types of brown macroalgae to assess their cytotoxic and antiangiogenic properties. Cellular proliferation is an important aspect of disease progression like cancer (Caroll, 2017). Cancer is a significant global public health issue, being considered as a severe and life- threatening disease. An uncontrolled proliferation of cells infiltrating the neighboring tissues and the development of a mass of abnormal cells define this condition. (Weinberg 2013). The etiology of cancer is usually multifactorial and the interaction of many factors causes cancer (Curtius et al., 2018).

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that has a significant global mortality rate and poses a formidable challenge in terms of finding a cure. The highest incidence of liver cancer is in Asia and Africa. More than 75% of liver cancer incidents were reported from Asian countries. Epidemics of liver cancers are increased around the world including India and the USA (Venook et al., 2010). A significant number of patients were also reported in Sri Lanka in past year. Based on the National Cancer registry published in 2020, there were 229 males (2.1%) and 92 females (0.8%) reported for HCC out of 11,773 cancer patients in 2012. Hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver that is predominant in developing countries (Cragg and Newman, 2005). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises due to hepatocellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species and the development of chronic inflammation associated with hepatocarcinogenesis (Owen et al., 2000). The human body responds in different manners to combat hepatocarcinogenesis. One such way is apoptosis or programmed cell death that maintains homestasis between cell death and cell proliferation. Apoptosis involves significant morphological alterations namely nuclear fragmentation and nuclear condensation, DNA mutilation as well as stimulation of apoptosis-tempting enzymes in different model (Subhash et al., 2023).

The seaweed extract‐based reduction using methanolic extract of brown macroalgae Turbinaria ornata through invitro anticancer by MTT against human breast carcinoma (MCF‐7) and against normal human breast epithelial cell lines (MCF‐10A) cells that acquire morphological changes are phagocytized by macrophages. Therefore, selective induction of apoptosis of cancer cells is one of the targets for the treatment of cancer (Kashif et al., 2018). Cancer stands as the second most prevalent cause of mortality worldwide. It is worth noting that nearly all artificial substances employed in cancer treatment are acknowledged for their toxicity which can result in significant harm to healthy cells (Mohan et al., 2011). Naturally existing compounds present in food and medicinal plants have the potential to act as substitutes for synthetically formulated anticancer drugs (Rao et al., 2007).Inhibiting the growth of cancer cells through the activation of apoptosis could offer a valuable strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Thus, there is growing attention in the use of natural products for treatment of various cancers and development of safer and more effective therapeutic agents (Mohan et al., 2011).

The marine ecosystem serves as an exceptional reservoir of bio-active natural compounds numerous of which possess distinctive structural characteristics absent in terrestrial natural compounds (CantilloCiau et al., 2010). Marine algae play a crucial role as a significant reservoir of innovative bioactive compounds, and the medicinal value of seaweeds has been documented in numerous countries worldwide. Brown algae (Sargassaceae) have been discovery of more than 500 new metabolites (Blunt et al., 2006). Nizamuddinia zanardinii (Schiffner) P.C. Silva is one of the brown algae distributed in oman sea (Qishn in Yemen, Chabahar and Tang in Iran) and there is chemical compounds of this algae the explained cytotoxic evaluation of 24-Hydroperoxy-24- vinyl cholesterol (HVC) which was isolated and identified from methanolic extract of N. zanardinii, using MTT assay on different cell lines followed by TUNEL assay (apoptotic induction in MCF-7 cells).

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Venook AP, Papandreou C, Furuse J, De Guevara LL. 2010. Incidence and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: a global and regional perspective. The Oncologist 15(4), 5–13.

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Source : Insight application of cytotoxicity assay of Turbinaria Ornata (Brown seaweed) with reference to anticancer properties

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PCR vs. Conventional Methods: Diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis Infections | InformativeBD

Dr. Kiranmai, and Dr. A. Neelima, from the different institute of the india. wrote a Research Article about, PCR vs. Conventional Methods: Diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis Infections. Entitled, Evaluation of pcr in the molecular diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in comparison with other conventional methods. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a common pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is estimated that worldwide 180 million people are infected annually. Trichomoniasis is associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. PCR has the advantage of high sensitivity, shorter time for diagnosis and the ability to detect nonviable or defective organism. In this study we used these three methods for evaluation of PCR in comparison with conventional methods like wet mount and culture in the detection of T. vaginalis in vaginal discharge. Three vaginal swab specimens were obtained from each of 200 cases, of the age group 18-40years, both symptomatic and asymptomatic females attending Gynaecology OPD(50) and Family planning OPD(50) at Gandhi hospital, Secunderabadand two FSW(Female sex workers) clinics (100) in highly concentrated areas of them in Hyderabad, for validation of various forms of Trichomonas vaginalis diagnostic procedures. One swab was immediately examined by wetmount microscopy, a second swab was placed in Wittington’s medium for cultivation, and other swab is placed in 2SP transport medium for PCR for T.vaginalis. A total of 58 samples positive in one or more tests were identified: 11 (5.5%) infections were detected by wet mount microscopy, and 30 (15%) positives in culture respectively. PCR was positive in 50 (25%) samples. PCR appears to be the most sensitive method with high detection rate and method of choice for detection of genital infections with T. vaginalis.

Read more : Geophysical Insights: Targeting Freshwater Aquifers in Coastal Sedimentary Formations | InformativeBD

Introduction

Worldwide, Trichomonas vaginalis causes approximately 180 million new infections per year, making it the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) agent. (Petrin et al., 1998; Kengue et al., 1994; Madico et al., 1998).

Infections in women can cause vaginitis, urethritis, and cervicitis, and complications include premature labor, lowbirth-weight offspring, and post abortion or post hysterectomy infection (Shaio, et al., 1997). It has been estimated that 10 to 50% of T. vaginalis infections in women are asymptomatic and in men the proportion may even be higher. (Burstein, G. R et al., 1999) This parasite has also been implicated as a cofactor in the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus and other nonulcerative STD agents. However, since the incidence of T. vaginalis infection is highest for groups with a high prevalence of other STDs, this latter hypothesis remains to be confirmed (Madico et al., 1998). In addition, a relationship between T. vaginalis infec-tion and cervical cancer has recently been suggested (Zhang et al., 1995). 

The most common tool for diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection is still microscopic examination of wet mount preparations, which has a sensitivity of approximately 38-60%. (Fouts et al., 1980) Microscopic examination of cultures of the parasite in specialized mediaimproves the sensitivity to 70-85% (Gelbart et al., 1990; Schmid et al., 1989). However, the quality of these diagnostic tests is strongly dependent on theskills and experience of the microscopist and also on the quality of the sample. Diagnosis traditionally depends on the microscopic observation of motile protozoa in vaginal discharge. Culture requires a special medium and the result takes up to 7 days. Diagnostic improvements have been suggested since years. Finally, molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization, oligonucleotide probing, and PCR have been developed. (Petrin et al., 1998; Kengue et al., 1994; Zhang et al., 1995; Muresu et al., 1994; Philips Heine et al 1997; Riley et al., 1992; Rubino et al., 1991).

To date, numerous T. vaginalis specific PCR assays have been described. Examples of targets include the ferridoxin gene, beta tubulin gene, highly repeated DNA sequencing and 18s ribosomal genes. (Riley et al., 1992; Kengue et al., 1994; Madico et al., 1998; Mayta et al., 2000). 

Marcia M. Hobbs et al., compared culture and PCR ELISA in urethral swabs, urine and semen for TV detection in male sexual partners of women with trichomoniasis identified by wet mount and culture. TV was detected more often in men with wet mount positive partners emphasizing the importance of partner evaluation and treatment. Even with a sensitive PCR assay, reliable detection of TV in male partners required multiple specimens.

Charlotte Gaydos et al., (2006), compared Gene Probe transcription mediated amplification TV research assay and real time PCR for TV detection using a Roche Light Cycler instrument with female self-obtained vaginal swab samples and male urine samples. The Gen Probe TMA assay is commercially available as an analyte specific reagent and offers laboratories a highly sensitive and specific assay for use clinically.

Rasoul Jamali et al., (2006), compared diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection using PCR method to culture and wet mount microscopy and concluded that PCR had high sensitivity and slightly less specificity than wet mount taking culture as the standard. 

This study was done to diagnose both symptomatic and asymptomatic female patients with Trichomonas vaginalis infection by Microscopy, Culture and PCR and to compare the efficacy of each of the above diagnostic modalities in terms of rapidity, sensitivity and specificity.

Reference

Ackers JP. 2003. Trichomonads In: Molecular medical parasitology, Marr JJ, Nilsen TW, Komuniecki RW. 1st Edition. Elsevier Science, Great Britain 137-50.

Adu Sarkodie Y, Opoku BK, Danso KA. 2004. Comparision of Latex Agglutination, Wet preparation and Culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sex Transm Infect 80, 201-203.

Agarawal BM, Sandhya Agrawal Singh & Ghiza Rizvi. PK. 2000. Trichomonas vaginalis AnIndicator for Other Sexually Transmitted Infecting Agents. Indian J Med Microbiol 66, 241-243.

Angelika Stary, Angelika Kuchinka-Koch and Lilianna Teodorowicz. 2002. Detection of Trichomonas Vaginalis on Modified Columbia Agar in the Routine Laboratory. J ClinMicrobiol 40. 3277-3280.

Burstein GR, Zenilman JM. 1999. Nongonococcal urethritisa new paradigm. Clin. Infect. Dis S66-S73.

Charolotte Gaydos, Justin Hardick, Samuel Yang. 2003. Use of the Roche Light Cycler Instrument in a Real – Time PCR for Trichomonas vaginalis in Urine samples from Females and Males. J clinMicrobiol 41, 5619-5622.

Crucitti T, Van Dyck E, Tehe A, Abdellati S, Vuylsteke B, Buve A. Laga. M. 2003. Comparison of culture and different PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in self collected vaginal swab specimens. Sex. Transm. Infect 79:393–398.

Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. 1980. Trichomonas vaginalis: re-evaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J. Infect. Dis 141, 137-143.

Gelbart SM, Thomason JL, Osypowski PJ, Kellett AV, James JA, Broekhuizen FF. 1990. Growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in commercial culture media. J. Clin. Microbiol 28, 962-964.

Jane R Schwebke and Lisa Lawing F. 2002. Improved Detection by DNA Amplification of Trichomonas Vaginalis in Males. J clinMicrobiol 40, 3681-3683.

Kazemi B, Yasaee F, Bandehpour M, Seyed N, Mehrabi Y, Rajabnejad M, Mansouri M, Givrad S, Ghazi M, Baseri H. 2004. Diagnosis of Trichomonas infection by urine PCR analysis compared to wet mount microscopic screening. J. Med. Sci 4(3), 206-9.

Kengue P, Veas F, Vidal N, Rey JL, Cuny G. 1994. Trichomonas vaginalis repeated DNA target for highly sensitive and specific Polymerase Chain Reaction diagnosis. Cell. Mol.Biol. (Noisy-Le-Grand) 40, 819-831.

Madico G, Quinn T, Rompalo C, Mckee A, Jr KT, Gaydos CA. 1998. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J. Clin. Microbiol 36, 3205-3210.

Marcia M, Hobbs CorneliaKaydos- Daniels S, William Miller C. 2003. Validation of a Urine-Based PCR- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for use in clinical Research Settings To Detect Trichomonas Vaginalis in Men. J clinMicrobiol 41, 318-323.

Mayta H, Gilman RH, Calderon MM, Gottlifb A, Soto G, Tuero I, Sanchez S, Vivar A. 2000. 18S Ribosomal DNA-based PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol 38(7), 2683-87.

Muresu R, Rubino S, Rizzu P, Baldini A, Colombo M, Cappucinelli P. 1994. A new method for identification of Trichomonas vaginalis by fluorescent DNA in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol 32,1018-1022.

Patel SR, Wiese W, Patel SC, Ohl C, Byrd JC, Esterada CA. 2000. Systemic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol 8, 248-57.

Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G. 1998. Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev 11(2), 300-17.

Philips Heine R, Wiesenfeld HC, Sweet R L, Witkin SS. 1997. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of distal vaginal specimens: a less invasive strategy for detection ofTrichomonas vaginalis. J. Infect. Dis 24. 985-987.

Pillay A, Lewis J, Ballard RC. 2004. Evaluation of Xenostrip-TV, a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection. J clinMicrobiol 42, 3853-3856.

Rasoul Jamali Rita Zareikar Abdolhasankazemi J. 2006. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Using PCR Method Compared to Culture and Wet Mount Microscopy.Int Med 5, 1-15.

Riley DE, Roberts MC, Takayama T, Krieger JN. 1992. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol 30, 465-472.

Rubino S, Muresu R, Rappelli P, Fiori PL, Rizzu P, Erre G, Cappucinelli P. 1991. Molecular probe for identification of Trichomonas vaginalis DNA. J. Clin. Microbiol 29, 702-706.

Ryu JS, Chung HL, Min DY, Cho YH, Ro YS, Kim SR. 1999. Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis by polymerase chain reaction. Yonsei Med. J 40(1), 56-60.

Schmid GP, Matheny LC, Zaidi AA, Kraus SJ. 1989. Evaluation of six media for the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis from vaginal secretions. J. Clin. Microbiol 27, 1230-1233.

Shaio MF, Lin PR, Liu JY. 1997. Colorimetric one-tube nested PCR for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge. J. Clin. Microbiol 35, 132-138.

Swygard H, Seña AC, Hobbs MM, Cohen MS. 2004. Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management. Sex. Transm. Infect 80: 91-5.

Zhang ZF, Graham S, Yu SZ, Marshall J, Zielezny M, Chen YX, Sun M, Tang SL, Liao CS, Xu JL. 1995. Trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer. A prospective study in China. Ann. Epidemiol 5: 325–332.

Source : Evaluation of pcr in the molecular diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection in comparison with other conventional methods 

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Geophysical Insights: Targeting Freshwater Aquifers in Coastal Sedimentary Formations | InformativeBD

 

S. Sundara Moorthy, and N. Jawahar Raj, from the different institute of india. wrote a Research Article about, Geophysical Insights: Targeting Freshwater Aquifers in Coastal Sedimentary Formations. entitled, Audio magneto telluric and geoelectric signatures of un-consolidated coastal sedimentary formations-an integrated geophysical approach for targeting freshwater phreatic aquifers. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences(JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

For exploring groundwater resources in any terrain, employing vertical electrical sounding [VES] technique is the common practice. This study pertains to comparing and correlating Audio magneto telluric [AMT] profiling with 1D vertical electrical sounding to prospect the groundwater potential pocket for an irrigation project in an unconsolidated coastal sedimentary terrain for targeting freshwater phreatic aquifers in saline environment. The area falls in Chinnamanulur village of Kilvelur block in Nagappattinam district, Tamil Nadu, South India. A borewell drilled to a depth of 150 feet was not successful as good sand aquifers could not be met. The area of investigation is with an extent of about twenty acres of agricultural land. There are two shallow tubewells of about 16 feet depth and with these two sources only water need is managed. The TDS [Total dissolved solids] of this well is 385 PPM [parts per million]. An attempt has been made to prospect the freshwater aquifers by an integrated geological, hydrogeological and geophysical approach with combined geoelectric and AMT sounding/scanning. Three two-dimensional audio magneto telluric imaging followed by three 1 dimensional vertical electrical soundings [1D VES] were conducted. A shallow sand aquifer zone could be explored and one pilot borehole was drilled engaging calyx drill to a depth of 30 meters. A good medium to coarse grained sand with a thickness of 10 meters was encountered from 18 to 28 meters below ground level. As the soil samples and water were tasted frequently for every two meters, found to be good without any brackish/salinity taste and no marine gastropod shells were encountered in soil samples, a tubewell of 178 mm diameter was bravely constructed to a depth of 29m without conducting electrical well logging. The well was developed and completed after 4 days. As the attempt, findings and results were encouraging and positive; the tubewell was constructed successfully and fruitfully.  The discharge of well is reported to be 63 liters per minute [LPM] and the quality of water is also good and fresh. It is recommended to test the water sample physiochemically tested for suitability for agriculture. 

Read more : Crafting Sustainability: Indigenous Artisanship in Yantok Chair Production | InformativeBD

Introduction

The Nagappattinam district and terrain is generally predominant with marine origin sediments with lot of in situ groundwater quality problems. Due to quality issues agriculturists did not take much risk in deep drilling to tap groundwater. The very shallow- shallow aquifers are generally good and fresh in nature. The deep and very deep aquifers are brackish to saline in general. It is reported that the tubewell constructed up to a depth of 37 meters for village water supply is with a TDS of 1480 PPM in the nearby vicinity. A comprehensive protected drinking water supply schemes [CWSS] have been implemented almost for all the rural villages of Nagappattinam district from Kollidam river mainly due to many quality issues and one among is, the excess iron and TDS contents of groundwater.

Geological and hydrogeological background The entire Nagappattinam district is plain terrain with a gentle slope towards east. The district falls in both Cauvery and Vennar sub basins. The terrain of the district is sedimentary underlain by various geological formations ranging in age from Pliocene to the recent alluviums and dominated by semi consolidated sedimentary Quaternary formations consisting of fluvial, fluvio-marine and marine facies. The Litho units are soils, fine to coarse grained sands, silts, clay, laterites, gravels etc. The geomorphic units being alluvial plains, deltaic plan and flood plains. Flood plain deposits are found near the river courses.

The major geological formations are alluviums, fluvio marine shale, silt, marine sands sandy clay. The geomorphic setup is the result of action of the major rivers, fluctuation in the sea level, tidal effects of Bay of Bengal and forces of wind. Depositional regime comprises of a coastal plain under marine influence, a flood plain of fluvial regime with an intermixing section of both fluvial and marine influences. Sand dunes and beach ridges are very common along the sea coast. Major part of the district is covered by black clayey soils. The district forms part of the Cauvery River basin and is drained by a network of rivers like Cauvery, Kollidam, Arasalar, Vettar and Pamniyar.

South- and south-central parts are drained by the distributaries of Vennar viz, Vettar, Pamniyar etc. The drainage pattern is sub dendritic.

Ground water occurs in all the geological formations ranging in age from lower Miocene to Recent, under unconfined, semi confined and confined conditions. The occurrence and movement of ground water are controlled by climate, topography, geomorphology, geology and structures etc. Groundwater is developed by shallow filter points for domestic, shallow tubewells of 2 to 3 numbers are coupled for agricultural purposes which are the common practice. The district receives maximum rainfall during Northeast monsoon period i.e. October to December. The average district rainfall is 1405.8 mm. In the post-monsoon period, the average water level ranges between 1.1 to 3.3 m and in the premonsoon period it varies from 2.1 to 5.5 m. iron and TDS are the two major parameters that renders most of the sources as non-potable. As per the central water commission [CWC] categorization of blocks, six blocks come under poor and saline category and of which Kilvelur, Keezhaiyur, Nagappattinam blocks are in this category.

Geophysical exploration Geophysical methods can be used to measure the spatial distribution of the physical properties of the subsurface specifically related to the depth of aquifer and its quality, and the subsurface lithology, structure. Geophysical methods, however, do not directly determine water quality or the geologic units. These must be interpreted from the distribution and magnitude of the physical properties interpreted from geophysical surveys. The application of Geophysical techniques to explore ground water is referred as Ground water geophysics or Hydro geophysics. Essentially the geophysical methods comprise of measurement and interpretation of signals from or induced physical phenomena generated as a result of the spatial changes in or more physical properties of sub terrain formation. The electrical resistivity is an intrinsic function of groundwater chemistry, and the degree of saline intrusion can be readily interpreted. Electrical methods also have the advantages of being non-intrusive, economical, and are relatively fast. DC resistivity methods can be used to measure the bulk resistivity of the subsurface. Bulk resistivity represents the resistivity of the entire subsurface, including both the solid and liquid phases. Electrical resistivity is the property which controls the amount of current that passes through a rock when a potential difference is applied, given by Ohms law, V=IR, (V) voltage, (I) current, (R) resistance. The resistivity of pore fluid depends upon the concentration of ions in the fluid. Saline water has high concentrations of total dissolved solids, mostly sodium and chloride ions, which are highly conductive. Therefore, water with high salinity has very low resistivity. DC resistivity introduces electrical currents into the ground through current electrodes in contact with the soil. The resulting electrical potential (voltage) is measured between two potential electrodes. 

The resistivity is defined as the resistance offered by a unit length of a substance of a unit area to the flow of electric current when the voltage is applied at the opposite faces (Fig. 1&2). 

The inverse of resistivity is termed as conductivity and the inverse of resistance is called conductance. Resistivity of a geological formation may be considered as a function of moisture content (porosity and water saturation) and salinity of the saturating water. The rocks containing high concentration of metallic minerals and saline water may show resistivities less than 1 ohmm to a few ohm-m. The resistivity of a formation can be used to know the nature of the formation and distinguish the saline and fresh water zones (Fig. 3).

Audidiomagneto telluric imaging Audidiomagneto telluric imaging is a geophysical technique coming under Electromagnetic method, based on theories of magneto telluric sounding method, MT method, AMT method, frequency sounding method, Natural Electrical Prospecting method and so on. It monitors abnormal variation of electrical resistivity, which is generated by different geological bodies.

Reference

Abderahman A. 2019. Magnetotelluric deep into groundwater exploration. B.Sc. Research Essay, Helwan University, Faculty of Science, Geology Department.

Badrinarayanan TS, Sundara Moorthy S, Jawahar Raj N. 2022. Geo-electric approach to mapping of groundwater contamination of shallow and deep coastal aquifers – a case study. IJRAR 9(1), February 2022. www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P-ISSN: 2349-5138).

Badrinarayanan TS. 2010. True resistivity contours to explore the shallow phreatic aquifer in coastal plains of Padur, Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu. Unpublished paper.

Badrinarayanan TS. A report on geoelectrical investigation to delineate the fresh and saltwater interface and subsurface lithology in the tsunami-affected coastal villages of Nagappattinam district, Tamil Nadu, under UGC-aided project: “A long-term comparative study of groundwater quality and modeling in tsunami-affected areas of Nagappattinam district, Tamil Nadu under UGC project.” Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.

CGWB. 2008. Central Ground Water Board, Southeastern Coastal Region, Chennai. District Groundwater Brochure, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu. November 2008.

Chidambaram S, Ramanathan AL, Vasudevan S, Manivannan R. 2008. Study on the impact of tsunami on shallow groundwater from Portonovo to Poompuhar using geoelectrical techniques, Southeast coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 37(2), 121–131.

Elango L, Gnanasundar D. 1999. Groundwater quality assessment of a coastal aquifer using geoelectrical techniques. Journal of Environmental Hydrology 7, Paper 2, January 1999.

Ezhisaivallabi. Adappa Watershed. Ph.D. Thesis.

Operation Manual of ADMT-300S. Natural Electrical Prospecting Instrument Water Detector, Shanghai Aidu Energy Technology Co. Ltd., China. Website: www.aiduny.com.

Ramanujachari KR, Gangadhar Rao T. 2005. A monograph on groundwater exploration by resistivity, SP, and well-logging techniques.

Ravindran AA, Kingston JV, Premshiya KH. 2020. Mitigation-dredging in seabed geotechnical engineering study using marine 2D ERI and textural characteristics in Thengapattanam Harbour, South India. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: An International Journal. ISSN 0960-3182.

Senthil Kumar GR, Badrinarayanan TS, Ahilan J. Delineation and correlation of fresh and saltwater interface of shallow coastal phreatic aquifer by surface and subsurface geoelectrical investigations.

Source : Audio magneto telluricand geoelectric signatures of un-consolidated coastal sedimentary formations-an integrated geophysical approach for targeting freshwater phreatic aquifers 

 

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Crafting Sustainability: Indigenous Artisanship in Yantok Chair Production | InformativeBD

Jandy S. Danzalan, from the institute of the Philippines. wrote a Research Article about, Crafting Sustainability: Indigenous Artisanship in Yantok Chair Production. Entitled, Exploring the throne: Creative indigenous artisanship and notes to sustainable Yantok chair production.  This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

There is overwhelming literature that explores the Yogad Tribe community. However, scant research focuses on their Yantok chair production, specifically on how the artisans shared creativity, indigenous knowledge, and ways of facilitating creative indigenous artisanship against the ubiquitous synthetic Yantok chair in the market. While the study of creativity requires an in-depth analysis of the subject, including how cognitive innovation transpires, it is still interesting to understand and operate these constructs in the study. I plan to problematize how indigenous knowledge or practice and cognitive innovation interplay within the community of Yogad artisans in their Yantok chair production. Subscribing to creativity and cognitive innovation tenets, I conducted this focused ethnographic study that spans a month to make headway in proving the creativity of Yantok chairs. It is likewise a fitting agenda to discuss inputs that empower the community to rekindle and sustain their passion in their industry.

Read more : Shea Caterpillar Flourin Tilapia Feed: Impact on Growth Performance | InformativeBD

 Introduction

The Yantok chair has been considered the premium rattan product of the indigenous artisanship of the Yogad Tribe, an indigenous community known for Yantok chair production in the Philippines. While there has been extensive research exploring the Yoga Tribe, especially on their language (Davis et al., 2007; Grande, 2008), rituals, and literature (Galot, 1988; Sabio, 2016; Toquero, 2008), and education (Quirante, 2018), there is a glaring absence of empirical research focusing on their shared creativity, indigenous knowledge, and ways of facilitating the creative indigenous artisanship against the dominating synthetic and imitation of the Yantok chair in the market.

Suppose one were to argue that both are creative, I advise against the sole use of subjective measures, taking the presence of a spectator (Colton et al., 2011) but rather observe creativity as "relative to a context and a norm" that necessitates both "effectiveness relative to the given norm and originality relative to the given context" (Colin, 2017, p. 29). It is equally important to ask the epistemological question of knowing creativity and what it constitutes. However, addressing this question leads to the problematization of the valuation of creativity that depends on various dimensions (Kristensen et al., 2017). For this very reason, I had much interest in exploring this subject while thinking about how this study could best contribute to resuscitating in advance the soon-to-be dying industry and intangible heritage of the Yoga Tribe in the Northern Philippines. 

Considered the 'cream of the crop' among the other rattan wood products of the Yogads, the Yantok chair has established great prominence in the province of Echague in Isabela and neighboring provinces. Like how a throne is visualized, the artisans ensure that Yantok chairs are made with magnificence and aesthetic elegance. These distinct features are not only for its architectural designs as they are likewise engineered with durability despite lightness and cultural imprints, arguably constituted by other significant aspects of cognitive innovation, indigenous knowledge, and cultural processes ((Denham and Punt, 2017). The Yantok chair production has proven its economic significance in the region. However, while the Yantok chair soared high to fame, internal and external pressing issues exist, including but not limited to the competition against the synthetic chair embodying similar designs and the decreasing young generation following the traditions of Yantok chair production.

Understanding the dynamics of indigenous knowledge, cognitive innovation, and sustainability within the Yogad artisan community warrants a deeper exploration, considering the gaps in current research. Prior studies have touched on aspects of indigenous practices (Mellegard and Boonstra, 2020), and highlighted the importance of cognitive innovation (Denham and Punt, 2017) and creativity (Colin, 2017) in various contexts. However, a comprehensive investigation specifically focused on how these elements intersect within the Yogad artisan community remains notably absent.

While some literature acknowledges the significance of indigenous knowledge in craftsmanship Mellegard and Boonstra (2020), a nuanced understanding of how it interacts with cognitive innovation to foster creativity within this community remains an unexplored terrain. Moreover, while sustainability has been discussed broadly, its application tailored to empower communities like Yogad artisans in sustaining their craft has received limited attention.

Hence, this study aims to fill this crucial gap by delving into the intricate interplay between indigenous knowledge, cognitive innovation, and sustainability within the Yogad artisan community. By examining these dynamics, the study seeks to shed light on how these factors influence and shape the creativity and longevity of traditional craftsmanship. Ultimately, the findings aim to offer practical insights and strategies that can empower the Yogad artisans to revitalize and sustain their passion and industry.

Reference

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Colton S, Charnley J, Pease A. 2011. Computational creativity theory: The FACE and IDEA descriptive models. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computational Creativity, 90–95. https://computationalcreativity.net/iccc2011/proceedings/index.html

Davis PW, Baker JW, Spitz WL, Baek M. 1997. The grammar of Yogad: A functional explanation. LINCOM Europa.

Denham SL, Punt M. 2017. Cognitive innovation: A view from the bridge. Leonardo 50(2), 184–185. DOI: 10.1162/LEON_a_01386.

Galot GL. 1988. Ang panitikang bayan ng mga Yogad: Isang pagsusuri. Saint Mary’s University.

Grande EJ. 2008. The mother tongue proficiency of the Yogas. UP Los Baños Journal 6(1), 43-49.

Gummerum M, Denham SL. 2014. Cognitive innovation: From cell to society. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 10(4), 586–588. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v10i4.879.

Knoblauch H. 2005. Focused ethnography. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 6. http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/20/43

Kristensen M, Loesche F, Maranan D. 2017. We are navigating Cognitive Innovation. AVANT The Journal of The Philosophical-Interdisciplinary Vanguard 8(Special Issue), 45-55. DOI: 10.26913/80s02017.0111.0005

Maranan D. 2017. Response to “Academic Carelessness, Bootstrapping, and the Cybernetic Investigator.” AVANT The Journal of The Philosophical-Interdisciplinary Vanguard 8(Special Issue), 43. DOI: 10.26913/80s02017.0111.0004

Marchand T. 2013. Knowledge in hand: Explorations of brain, hand, and tool. Retrieved from https://visa2013.sciencesconf.org/conference/visa2013/pages/Marchand_2012.pdf

Mellegard V, Boonstra WJ. 2020. Craftsmanship as a carrier of indigenous and local ecological knowledge: Photographic insights from Sámi Duodji and archipelago fishing. Society & Natural Resources 33(10), 1252-1272. DOI: 10.1080/08941920.2020.1729911

Punt M, Denham S. 2017. Cognitive Innovation, Irony, and Collaboration. AVANT The Journal of The Philosophical-Interdisciplinary Vanguard 8(Special Issue), 17-23. DOI: 10.26913/80s02017.0111.0002

Quirante C. 2018. The future of Yogad: An appreciative inquiry on mother tongue-based multilingual education classroom practices in the Philippines (Master’s thesis, Carleton University, Ontario, Canada). Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/QuiranteYogad

Rudolph J, Leedy PD, Ormrod JE. 2015. Practical research. Planning and design. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Sabio DGS. 2016. Yoga folk songs of Echague: Reflections of life and love. Paper presented at the Asian Conference on Literature, Librarianship & Archival Science, Kobe, Japan. https://tinyurl.com/YogadFolk

Toquero ES. 2005. Yoga rituals and festivals in Isabela: Their implication to development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of La Salette, Santiago City, Isabela.

Wiggins GA. 2006. Searching for computational creativity. New Generation Computing 24(3), 209–222. DOI: 10.1007/BF03037332

Source : Exploring the throne:Creative indigenous artisanship and notes to sustainable Yantok chair production 

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