Anticancer Potential of Turbinaria ornata: Insights from Cytotoxicity Assays | InformativeBD

S. Parathasarathi, and M. Jeyaraj, from the different institute of the india. wrote a Research Article about, Anticancer Potential of Turbinaria ornata: Insights from Cytotoxicity Assays. Entitled, Insight application of cytotoxicity assay of Turbinaria Ornata (Brown seaweed) with reference to anticancer properties. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Turbinaria ornata is a species of marine brown seaweed and in the family Sargassaceae. They were freshly collected from Mandapam Coastal Area, Rameswaram Tamil Nadu, India and rinsed in seawater and packed in sterile bags for further proceedings to laboratory. Seaweeds have the potential to be utilized as renewable resources within the marine environment. An invitro study of Turbinaria ornata in cell lines were human HepG2 hepatic carcinoma cells, liver cancer cell line HepG2 preserved in RPMI-1640 medium at 37 °C Turbunaria ornata ethanolic extract (TOE) using cell viability assay and cytotoxic effect (Brown sea weed), The effect of TOE and standard anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX) (1µm/ml) on cell growth inhibition was assessed as percent cell viability where vehicle-treated cells were taken as 100% viable. The supernatant was removed and 50 µl of propanol was added and the plates were gently shaken to solubilize the formed formazan, MTT assay of yellow 3-(4, 5dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) HepG2 cells and treated with various concentration of TOE (25-200 μg/ml) and standard doxorubicin (1µm) for 24h. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TOE as the percentage survival of the cells. The fluorescence microscopy images of the untreated HepG2 cells (A). HepG2 cells treated with TOE (100µg) (B), TOE (200µg) (C) and DOX (D) for 24 hours. In the DAIP Staining, the yellow arrows indicate intact nucleus, green arrows, mitotic cells and the red arrows show the apoptotic cells. TOE at 100 and 200 μg showed apoptosis on HepG2 cells, which may in part account for the anticancer activity.

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Introduction

Turbinaria ornata (Sargassaceae) is important marine brown algae commonly available in coral reef crests. Seaweeds are proven to be abundant sources of polysaccharides and several bioactive compounds such as fucoids and sulphated polysaccharides (Unnikrishnan et al., 2014). These brown algae possess broad‐ spectrum biological properties including antibacterial, anticoagulant, anti‐ inflammatory; and antioxidant properties (Arivuselvan et al., 2011). Most importantly, bioactive sulphated polysaccharide‐fucoidan derived from Turbinaria ornata has immense pharmaceutical properties such as anticancer, antiviral, myocardial injury prevention hepatoprotective and neuro protective activities (Meenakshi, 2016). Brown macroalgae species are widely studied for their potential pharmaceutical uses. The brown seaweeds are studied because they are rich in fucoidan and fucoxanthin (Asai et al., 2004). It is necessary to examine additional types of brown macroalgae to assess their cytotoxic and antiangiogenic properties. Cellular proliferation is an important aspect of disease progression like cancer (Caroll, 2017). Cancer is a significant global public health issue, being considered as a severe and life- threatening disease. An uncontrolled proliferation of cells infiltrating the neighboring tissues and the development of a mass of abnormal cells define this condition. (Weinberg 2013). The etiology of cancer is usually multifactorial and the interaction of many factors causes cancer (Curtius et al., 2018).

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that has a significant global mortality rate and poses a formidable challenge in terms of finding a cure. The highest incidence of liver cancer is in Asia and Africa. More than 75% of liver cancer incidents were reported from Asian countries. Epidemics of liver cancers are increased around the world including India and the USA (Venook et al., 2010). A significant number of patients were also reported in Sri Lanka in past year. Based on the National Cancer registry published in 2020, there were 229 males (2.1%) and 92 females (0.8%) reported for HCC out of 11,773 cancer patients in 2012. Hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver that is predominant in developing countries (Cragg and Newman, 2005). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises due to hepatocellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species and the development of chronic inflammation associated with hepatocarcinogenesis (Owen et al., 2000). The human body responds in different manners to combat hepatocarcinogenesis. One such way is apoptosis or programmed cell death that maintains homestasis between cell death and cell proliferation. Apoptosis involves significant morphological alterations namely nuclear fragmentation and nuclear condensation, DNA mutilation as well as stimulation of apoptosis-tempting enzymes in different model (Subhash et al., 2023).

The seaweed extract‐based reduction using methanolic extract of brown macroalgae Turbinaria ornata through invitro anticancer by MTT against human breast carcinoma (MCF‐7) and against normal human breast epithelial cell lines (MCF‐10A) cells that acquire morphological changes are phagocytized by macrophages. Therefore, selective induction of apoptosis of cancer cells is one of the targets for the treatment of cancer (Kashif et al., 2018). Cancer stands as the second most prevalent cause of mortality worldwide. It is worth noting that nearly all artificial substances employed in cancer treatment are acknowledged for their toxicity which can result in significant harm to healthy cells (Mohan et al., 2011). Naturally existing compounds present in food and medicinal plants have the potential to act as substitutes for synthetically formulated anticancer drugs (Rao et al., 2007).Inhibiting the growth of cancer cells through the activation of apoptosis could offer a valuable strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Thus, there is growing attention in the use of natural products for treatment of various cancers and development of safer and more effective therapeutic agents (Mohan et al., 2011).

The marine ecosystem serves as an exceptional reservoir of bio-active natural compounds numerous of which possess distinctive structural characteristics absent in terrestrial natural compounds (CantilloCiau et al., 2010). Marine algae play a crucial role as a significant reservoir of innovative bioactive compounds, and the medicinal value of seaweeds has been documented in numerous countries worldwide. Brown algae (Sargassaceae) have been discovery of more than 500 new metabolites (Blunt et al., 2006). Nizamuddinia zanardinii (Schiffner) P.C. Silva is one of the brown algae distributed in oman sea (Qishn in Yemen, Chabahar and Tang in Iran) and there is chemical compounds of this algae the explained cytotoxic evaluation of 24-Hydroperoxy-24- vinyl cholesterol (HVC) which was isolated and identified from methanolic extract of N. zanardinii, using MTT assay on different cell lines followed by TUNEL assay (apoptotic induction in MCF-7 cells).

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