Agronomic Response of Rice Genotypes to Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease in Uganda | InformativeBD

 

Kanaabi Michael, Tusiime, Geoffrey, Tukamuhabwa, Phinehas, Zziwa, Simon,  JL Andaku, Lamo, and Jimmy, from the different institute of Uganda. wrote a Research Article about, Agronomic Response of Rice Genotypes to Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease in Uganda. Entitled, Characterizing agronomic response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda. This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR).  an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Bacterial leaf streak disease (Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzicola) is a devastating disease of rice that is endemic to Asia and parts of the West African coast. In 2014, researchers in Uganda confirmed the occurrence of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) in the country. Having been only recently confirmed in the country, the agronomic response of rice genotypes to the disease has not been studied and therefore the extent of damage to rice due to bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) has not yet been estimated. A study was conducted with the objective of characterizing the agronomic response of rice genotypes with varying levels of reaction to BLS. Spray inoculation was done 30 days after planting and data collected on BLS incidence and severity starting 15 days after inoculation, then every 10 days for the next 40 days. Data were also collected on yield and yield components at maturity. A strong positive correlation (r=0.99) was found to exist between BLS AUDPC and loss in 1000 grain weight. Regression of AUDPC against yield loss was found to be highly significant (P=0.002), with a high coefficient of determination (R2-0.98). The study revealed that BLS caused yield losses of 0.8-19.2% and losses in panicle fertility of 2.1-13.6%.

Read more : Enzyme-Producing Microbes: Isolation & Identification from Marine-Associated Plants | InformativeBD

Introduction

The occurrence of bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda was confirmed recently (Afolabi et al., 2014), although symptoms had been seen years earlier. According to Nino-Liu et al., (2006), the disease is endemic to Asia and parts of the West African coast where it first was reported in Nigeria in the early 1980s (Nino-Liu et al., 2006), then in Burkina Faso (Wonni et al., 2011), Madagascar (Poulin et al., 2014), Mali (Wonni et al., 2014) and Burundi (Afolabi et al., 2014a). The pathogen is seed born so it can be rapidly distributed to new areas through infected seed. Its dispersal is also aided by irrigation water and insects in addition to transimission through direct plant – plant contact. The pathogen gains entry into the leaf epidermis via the stomata although injury due to mechanical damage may also aid its entry. In Asia and the USA, BLS is of quarantine importance (NinoLiu et al., 2006). Chen et al., (2007) reported that in Asia, BLS causes yield losses of up to 60% on susceptible rice varieties.

Typically, successful infection of a plant host by a pathogen is a result of the interaction of a virulent pathogen with a susceptible host under favorable environmental conditions (John and Fielding, 2014). Diseases constrain rice production by causing losses in both the quality and quantity of harvested produce due to their negative impact on the plant’s physiological processes (Muller et al., 2010). Measuring or predicting the effect of a disease is vital in making disease management decisions. Much as the eventual effect is loss in yield, the agronomic components that bring about this need elucidation. This information is important for resistance breeding. It has long been established that resistance breeding is the most feasible approach to manage grain diseases. A field experiment was therefore set up to study the effect of BLS on grain yield and yield attributes of rice using rice genotypes with varying levels of susceptibility to BLS disease.

Reference

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Afolabi O, Milan B, Poulin L, Ongom J, Szurek B, Koebnik R, Silue D. 2014b. First Report of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola Causing Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice in Uganda. Plant Disease 98(11), 1579.

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Wonni I, Ouedraogo L, Verdier V. 2011. First report of bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola on Rice in Burkina Faso. Plant Disease 95, 72.

Wonni .I, Cottyn B, Detemmerman L, Dao S, Ouedraogo L, Sarra S, Tekete C, Poussier S, Corral R, Triplett L, Koita O, Koebnik R, Leach J, Szurek B, Maes M, Verdier V. 2014. Analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola population in Mali and Burkina Faso reveals a high level of genetic and pathogenic diversity. Phytopathology. 104(5), 520-31.

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Source : Characterizing agronomic response of rice genotypes to bacterial leaf streak disease in Uganda 

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Enzyme-Producing Microbes: Isolation & Identification from Marine-Associated Plants | InformativeBD

J. Valli, from the different institute of India. K. Kanimozhi, from the different institute of India. V. Ambikapathy, from the different institute of India . and A. Panneerselvam, from the different institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Enzyme-Producing Microbes: Isolation & Identification from Marine-Associated Plants. Entitled, Isolation and identification with different enzyme production from marine associated plants. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The current research focuses on the diversity and screening of endophytic fungi found within three distinct marine-associated plants, which reside inside the host plant without causing any observable negative impact on them like Avicennia marina, Suaeda maritima, Salicornia brachiata. The maximum number of colonies was isolated from Avicennia marina, and Salicornia brachiata followed by Suaeda maritima. The eighteen fungi were identified such  as Aspergillus conicus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. luchuensis, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, A. ustus, Alternaria geophylla, Alternaria tenuis, Choanephora cucurbitarum, Curvularia geniculata, Fusarium falcatum, Helminthosporium sativum, Neonectria ranularia, Nigrospora sphaerica, Penicillium janthenellum, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifer by  morphological  characters were significantly resulted. The fungal strains were screened by amylase, cellulase, lipase, and protease production. Among them only fungal strain were maximum (A. niger) and minimum zone of inhibition (Choanephora cucurbitarum) were observed in protease production followed by amylase. Maximum produced cellulase (A. ochraceus) and minimum zone of inhibition (Rhizopus stolonifer) followed by lipase. Totally these (Aspergillus conicus, A. ochraceus) two fungi are present in all enzyme production. However, these endophytic fungi were excellent biological activities for future endeavor.

Read more : Enzyme Production and Potassium Solubilization by Rhizobacteria from Piper betle Fields in Guntur,India | InformativeBD

Introduction

Endophytic fungi that live inside the tissues of living plants are under - explored group of microorganisms (Akinloye et al., 2002). There are believed to be at least a million of various kinds of endophytic fungi. Recently, there has been a surge in interest surrounding them due to their ability to safeguard their host against infections, insect pests, and even domestic herbivores.

(Arnold et al., 2003 and Arnold et al., 2001) almost all the plant species (400,000) harbor one or more endophytic organisms, (Choedon et al., 2006) Only a select group of plants have been extensively examined in terms of endophytic biodiversity and potential for generating bioactive secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi usually exist slowly with their host just under certain conditions they can turn into facultative pathogens. Endophytic fungi are naturally found within plants’ tissues and cause no detectable disease symptoms in the plant. However, it is believed to possess supporting ecological and physiological benefits for the plant (Iyabo et al., 2023). One of the most important functions of endophytic fungus is to start the biological degradation of a host plant that's dead or dying, which is essential to nutrient recycling (Clay and Schardl, 2002). The coast protection, storage of carbon, and buffering of seawater from terrestrial pollutants are only some of the biological benefits that marshes, which are transitional places between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems provide. They ecological services additionally serve to improve the health of water. Because these are able to absorb a lot of wind and wave energy, salt marshes along the coast contribute to reducing storm damage (Traut, 2005). All plants in nature have a symbiotic relationship with fungi, that is essential for their capacity to fight off numerous illnesses and biotic and abiotic stresses in order survive and grow (Selim et al., 2012; Evans, 2007).

Ecosystems that inhabit mangrove forests are fascinating and complex (Feller et al., 2010). Mangrove plants are salt-tolerant plants that act as important sources in the marine food chain. In addition, they create novel metabolites that are native to the environment and have many of important economic and ecological functions (Bandarnayake, 2002). The Salicornia species are small, succulent-like plants with erect lateral branches and a jointed horizontal main stem that grows to be usually less than 30 cm tall. The plant may appear to be lacking leaves due to the small, scale-like leaves (Schulz et al., 2002; Strobel and Daisy, 2003). Endophytic fungi have been discovered as possible sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. Fungal endophytes are a polyphyletic category of predominantly ascomycetous fungi that dwell within wholesome host tissues during at least one phase of their life cycle and without affecting any visible symptoms of disease or negative effects on their hosts (Sandrawati et al., 2020). In this context, microorganisms of unique and unexplored ecological niches such as endophytes that inhabit such biotopes, containing marine plants like algae, sea-grass, driftwood, and mangrove plants (Esraa et al., 2021).

Reference

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Sandrawati N, Hati SP, Yunita F, Putra AE, Ismed F, Tallei TE, Hertiani T, Handayani D. 2020. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of marine sponge-derived fungal extracts isolated from Dactylospongia sp. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 10, 28-33.

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Source :  Isolation and identification with different enzyme production from marine associated plants

 

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Enzyme Production and Potassium Solubilization by Rhizobacteria from Piper betle Fields in Guntur, India | InformativeBD

M. Roja Susmitha, and K. Ammani, from the different institute of India. wrote a Research Article about, Enzyme Production and Potassium Solubilization by Rhizobacteria from Piper betle Fields in Guntur, India. Entitled, A study on synthesis of amylase, cellulase L-asparaginase enzymes and potassium solubulizing efficiency of rhizobacteria from the Piper betle fields of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. This research paper published by the International Journalof Biosciences (IJB).  an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract 

The present study was aimed to screen the potassium solubilizing rhizobacteria from Betel vine plant (Piper betle) of Guntur district (Nutakki, Revendrapadu), Andhra Pradesh, India.  In present study nutrient agar and Aleksandrov medium (A) were used for the isolation of rhizobacteria. A total of 15 rhizobial strains designated as ASN-1 to ASN-15 were isolated.  All the strains were tested for their efficiency in synthesizing amylase, cellulase L-asparaginase enzymes.  Apart from these all the strains are also tested for their Potassium solubulizing efficacy. Highly potent strain was based on its morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics (16s r RNA sequencing). Of all the rhizobial strains, ASN-5 showed high potassium solubilization efficiency 15 mm at 25 μg/ml on Aleksandrov  medium after 72 h of incubation at 28±2 ⁰C. Beside potassium solubilization strain ASN-5 is able to produce amylase, cellulase and L-asparaginase enzymes. The potential strain was characterized as Bacillus endophyticus ASN-5 (MW537708).

Read more : Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Snacks from Dried Mango, Pineapple, and Banana | InformativeBD

Introduction

Potassium (K) is the third major essential macronutrient after Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) for plant growth, development, metabolism (Protein synthesis, Photosynthesis) and Resistance to diseases (Sardans et al., 2012). It was considered as a major constituent within all living cells. With insufficient potassium levels, the plants will grow slowly, produce small seeds, have poorly developed roots and have lower yields. Though the Potassium was an abundant element in soil only 1-2% of this is available to plants as natural or synthetic fertilizers and the rest being bound with other minerals and therefore unavailable to plants. In soil, K is present in several forms such as exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K and soluble K. The soluble potassium concentrations in the soil are usually very low and above 90% of potassium in the soil exist in the form of silicate minerals and insoluble rocks (Archana et al., 2012; Bahadur et al., 2014). 

Rhizosphere microflora especially bacteria have been found to dissolve potassium from insoluble potassium.The popular rhizosphere bacteria includes Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Acidothiobacillus, Bacillus and Paenibacillus etc., has been reported to release potassium in accessible form from potassiumbearing minerals in soils (Dixon and Weed, 1989; Jain et al., 2022). The potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) werefound to dissolve potassium and other nutrients (aluminium and silicon) from insoluble Kbearing minerals by excreting organic acids which directly dissolved rock K.

Moreover, because of imbalanced fertilizer application, K-deficiency is becoming major barrier in crop productionand need to have an alternative source of K for plant uptake and to maintain K levels in soils for sustainable crop production (Meena et al., 2014). Since, Soil microbes have been reported to play a key role in the natural K cycle and therefore, potassium solubilizing microbes present in the soil could make potassium was available for plants uptake (Khan et al., 2007). Currently, the application of K solubilizing bacteria as biofertilizer or bio control agents for agriculture improvement can reduce the use of agrochemicals, enhance soil fertility and support eco-friendly crop production (Han et al., 2006; Matias et al., 2019).

In view of beneficial role of K in agriculture sector, the present research was focused on isolation and screening of efficient potassium solubilizing bacterial strains from rhizosphere soil of Piper betle at Guntur district (Nutakki and Revendrapadu villages), Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Jain D, Saheewala H, Sanadhaya S, Joshi A, Bhojiya AA, Verma AK, Mohanty SR. 2022. Potassium solubilizing microorganisms as soil health engineers: An insight into molecular mechanism. In Rhizosphere Engineering 199-214. Academic Press.

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Matthew T, Shivakumar S. 2021. Cellulosimicrobium funkei: A Novel Bacterium in Potassium Solubilization from Soil in Bangalore. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research 7(2), 29-37.

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Pranay K, Padmadeo SR, Jha V, Prasad B. 2019. Screening and identification of amylase producing strains of Bacillus. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 7(4), 5-2.

Rajawat MVS, Singh S, Tyagi SP, Saxena AK. 2016. A modified plate assay for rapid screening of potassium-solubilizing bacteria. Pedosphere 26(5), 768-773.

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Wakil SM, Adelegan AA. 2015. Screening, production and optimization of L-asparaginase from soil bacteria isolated in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 11, 39-51.

Source : A study on synthesis ofamylase, cellulase L-asparaginase enzymes and potassium solubulizing efficiencyof rhizobacteria from the Piper betle fields of Guntur District, AndhraPradesh, India 

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Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Snacks from Dried Mango, Pineapple, and Banana | InformativeBD

Joseph Runyogote, from the different institute of Tanzania. wrote a Research Article about, Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Snacks from Dried Mango, Pineapple, and Banana. Entitled, Formulation and quality assessment of snacks made from dried mango, pineapple and banana fruits. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop snacks based on electrical cabinet and tunnel solar dried mango (Mangifera indica cv. Dodo), pineapple (Ananas comonsuss cv. Smooth cayenne) and bananas (Musa acuminate cv. Kisukari). The developed snacks include; dried fruits and fruit leather. The products were assessed for their safety, nutritional and shelf-life stability, whereby a factorial design was used to determine their effects on proximate, vitamin A and C, water activity and microbial load. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in proximate composition, vitamins (A and C), microbial load and water activities. Most of the samples dried by solar tunnel dryer had higher proximate composition as compared to electrical dryer. It was also observed that samples dried by solar tunnel dryer had higher content of vitamin A and C than the samples which were dried by electrical cabinet dryer. However, from the results there were insignificant differences (p>0.05) on minerals for both drying methods in which potassium was the most abundant mineral while iron was the least abundant mineral. All the developed snakes at different processing methods were observed to have shelf-life stability for the four months studied in all samples. In general, solar tunnel drying method was the best technique as it retained most of the required nutrients compared to an electrical cabinet drier and it was observed to have a minimal running cost which can be affordable by small scale producers in developing countries.

Read more : Impact of Ionic and Heavy Metal Stress on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Ajuga bracteosaCalli | InformativeBD

Introduction

Fruits play an important role in human nutrition and health, particularly as sources of vitamin C, thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, minerals, phytochemicals and dietary fiber (Wargovich, 2000). Other vital nutrients supplied by fruits and include; riboflavin, zinc, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. The health benefit of fruits is associated with the presence of these valuable nutrients. The distribution of antioxidant capacity in fruits varies greatly depending on the type of fruit and location of the fruit itself (Runyogote et al., 2021). With this variation of some nutritional contents in fruits it is better to consume a variety of them rather than limiting consumption to a few with the highest antioxidant capacity (Kalt, 2002). However, despite these merits, fruits are seasonal and highly perishable leading to enormous post-harvest losses. Lack of handling and processing knowledge and facilities are among many factors for their greater losses. Only less than 10% of the produced fruits are being processed in the country leading to both nutrition and economic losses (MACF, 2009).

The market for dehydrated fruits is important for most countries worldwide (Funebo and Ohlsson, 1998). Dehydration is one of the techniques that offers a means of preserving foods in a stable and safe condition as it reduces water activity and extends shelf-life much longer than that of fresh fruits. Different foods such as cereals, fruits and vegetables, may be dried using different methods depending on the purpose of drying and the availability of technology. The drying methods available range from those harnessing solar energy as a source of energy to modern mechanical and electrical methods using fuel and electricity as sources (Makanjuola et al., 2013). Open sun drying is the oldest and most common method that has been used in preservation of agricultural produces in developing countries. However, the methods have been associated with in-built quality problem due to environmental and biological effect. Solar drying seems to be the best alternative as it produces product quickly and in hygienic manner with substantial retention of valuable nutrients (Mongi, 2013). Furthermore, solar drying is seen as a means of providing opportunities for value addition and income generation from marketing produce in local, regional and inter-national markets. Therefore, the study was carried out to formulate snacks based on solar and electrical dried banana, pineapple and mango fruits in Tanzania.

Reference

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Source : Formulation and quality assessment of snacks made from dried mango, pineapple and banana fruits  

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Impact of Ionic and Heavy Metal Stress on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Ajuga bracteosa Calli | InformativeBD

Roby Gul, from the institute of Pakistan. Gul-Lalay, from the institute of Pakistan. Safdar Hussain Shah, from the institute of Pakistan. Saad Hussain Shah, from the institute of Pakistan. And Fazal Umer, from the institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research Article about, Impact of Ionic and Heavy Metal Stress on Secondary Metabolite Accumulation in Ajuga bracteosa Calli. Entitled, Effects of ionic and heavy metal stress on secondary metabolites accumulation in calli of Ajuga Bracteosa L.. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences(IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Ajuga bracteosa L, a medicinal plant that contains numerous phytochemicals, is becoming endangered worldwide due to the lack of knowledge and overexploitation. Research efforts are necessary for its conservation, preservation, and secondary metabolite production. In this study, an attempt was made to develop calli from this plant and evaluate the effects of abiotic stresses, i.e., NaCl and Cd(NO3)2, on the relative growth rate, total phenolic contents (TPC), proline contents, sugar contents, total flavonoid contents (TFC), alpha-amino acids, and antioxidant activity of A. bracteosa at the cellular (calli) level. NaCl and Cd (NO3)2 reduced the biomass production in terms of relative growth rate (RGR) but enhanced metabolite accumulation. The highest total phenolic contents (40µg/g), proline contents (0.9µg/g), total sugar contents (90mM/g), and total flavonoid contents (5mg/g) were recorded at 150mM NaCl, while the maximum total antioxidant activity (900µM/g) was measured at 50mM NaCl. On the other hand, the lowest amino acid contents (5µM), phenolic contents (27µg), and proline contents (0.5µg) were found at 50mM NaCl. Similarly, the highest level of Cd(NO3)2 stress (8mM) resulted in insignificantly increased production of phenolics (22µg/g), proline (0.9µg/g), total sugars (92mM), alpha-amino acids (7µM), and total antioxidant activity (850µM). This study not only provides an ex-situ conservation strategy for a highly exploited medicinal herb but can also be used as a commercial production methodology for valuable secondary metabolites.

Read more : Morphological, Phyto-Physicochemical, and Nutritional Traits of Seaweeds in Cagayan |InformativeBD

Introduction

All plants either cultivated or wild ones having active ingredients, which are used for therapeutic purpose, are called medicinal plants. The classification of plants into medicinal plants, poisonous plants, arable plants, ornamental, weeds etc. is always based on a human element and reflect a certain attitude, a purpose or a goal or economic interests (Imre, 2012). In broad sense, any plant is considered as medicinal herb, including fruits, vegetables, and arable plants. Humans depend on plants for various purposes like, food, medicines and shelter (Morgan et al., 1981). Now days due to overexploitation, overgrazing and lack of knowledge lot of plants species becomes endangered (Sher et al., 2008). Round about 10% flora and 709 plants in Pakistan are endangered (Shinwari et al., 2010), among these 580 are flowering plants (Khan et al., 2011). From medicinal plants approximately 25% of modern medicines are directly or indirectly derived. Distributions of these plants are worldwide but they are mostly abundant in tropical regions. These plants are abundant in Himalaya and upper Gangetic plans (Singh et al., 2006; Israili et al., 2009).

Ajuga bracteosa L, a medicinal plant is locally called Butey, in English “Bungle”, in Sansikrit “Nilkanthi” and in Kashmir “Jan-I adam”. In Northern areas of Pakistan due to its sour taste, it is called kauri booti (Jan et al., 2014). A. bracteosa contains numerous phytochemicals such as flavonol glycosides, iridiod, glycosides, neo-clerodane diterpenoids, phytoecdysones and ergosterol-5, 8-endoperoxide (Castro, 2011; Kayani et al., 2016). From A.bracteosa wall, phenolic compound Ajuganane which is a new compound along with three other compound 7- hydroxy-3,6,3’,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, 3,4’- dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone and urasolic were isolated (Hussain et al., 2012). Mostly A. bracteosa are used for treatment of hepatitis in Taiwan (Hsieh et al., 2011). It is used for the treatment of gout, palsy, amenorrhea and rheumatism (Kaithwas et al., 2012). For treating malaria, it is also used in many countries (Chandal and Bagai, 2011). A. bracteosa is also used for treatment of different diseases like, neuro inflammatory diseases, pneumonia, gout and hepatitis in Asian countries (Nisar et al., 2014).

In India the plant leaves, flowers and barks are used for treatment of diabetes, cancer and malaria etc. (Pal et al., 2014). Leaves extracts are used for headache, throats and ear infection, acne, pimples and also used as blood purifier etc. (Bisht et al., 2013). Plant extract is also used against gastric ulcer, protozoa infection, liver fibrosis, hypoglycemia, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-arthritic, anti-plasmodial, immunoregulatory and insecticidal. The root juice of plant is used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhea; leaves are used as a substituent for quinine for treatment of fever (Pal and Pawar, 2011).

Similarly, different medicinal activity of A. bracteosa like, antibacterial, astringent and anthelmintic is considered in folk medicine. In KPK, an ethno botanic survey of 92 medicinal plants was done, in which A. bracteosa, due to its high medicinal value (antijaundice, antiasthma, ant cough and cooling agent) listed at the top (Ibrar et al., 2015). Studies investigated the anticoagulant, anti-depressant, antioxidant an inflammatory activities of A. bracteosa. A. bracteosa adventitious root also contains Gallic acid, Rutin, Catechin, Myricetin and apigenin (Ali et al., 2018). Due to over exploitation of medicinal plants from last decades’ important plants are at the risk of extinction. A.bracteosa has rated as an endangered flowering medicinal plant species belongs to family L miaceae. It contains 170 genera of medicinal herb, and is mostly found in temperate regions (Hafeez et al., 2017).

Plant tissue culture an important component of biotechnology, generally used for micro propagation, production of virus free plants, rapid multiplication of clones, suspension culture, embryo culture and organ culture etc. One of the most important uses of this technology is to induce and multiply callus culture for extraction of secondary metabolites (active ingredients) (Hussain et al., 2011). Abiotic stresses like, salt, temperature, light, drought and heavy metals etc. affect secondary metabolites production like phenol, proline, flavonoid and amino acids etc. (Akula and Ravishankar, 2011). However, in some plant species heavy metals alter the nature of secondary metabolites (Nasim and Dhir, 2010).

The current study was designed with the following objectives:

1. To induced and multiply callus culture of A. bracteosa.

 2. To determine the antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites i-e phenols, flavonoids, proline, amino acids, total sugar contents in response to ionic and heavy metal stress (NaCl and Cd(NO3)2).

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Source : Effects of ionic and heavy metal stress on secondary metabolites accumulation in calli of Ajuga Bracteosa L. 

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