Assessing Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Levels in Drinking Water of San Francisco, Agusan del Su | InformativeBD

Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña,  Romeo M. Del Rosario, and  Angelo Mark P. Walag, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Reseach Article about, Assessing Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Levels in Drinking Water of San Francisco, Agusan del Su. Entitled, Physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in the drinking water of San Francisco, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES). an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Concerned about the safety of public drinking water supply, this study delved into the drinking water system in San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. There were two areas of concern in this study: the physicochemical properties which include alkalinity, conductivity, pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity; and the heavy metal contaminants which include cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, and nickel. The physicochemical properties and chemical contaminants present in both untreated and treated water were described based on their measured levels and were evaluated using the PNSDW 2017 and WHO-GDWQ. The findings showed that there is a decrease of levels in conductivity, TSS, turbidity, and manganese after the water treatment. The levels of total hardness at 303.02 mg/L fail to conform to the PNSDW 2017 and WHO-GDWQ standards while the rest of the physicochemical properties (alkalinity, conductivity, pH, salinity, TDS, total hardness, TSS, and turbidity) are under the maximum allowable level (MAL). The levels of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Manganese, and Nickel are lower than the MAL value of the PNSDW 2017 and WHO-GDWQ. Manganese, which has no health-associated risk but might affect water acceptability, is measured at 0.008 mg/L and is lower than the MAL at 0.4000 mg/L in both standards. Generally, the water is not acceptable for drinking due to high levels of total hardness. Other mandatory parameters for microbiological quality are recommended to determine the suitability of the drinking water for human consumption.

Read more : Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso | InformativeBD

Introduction

Drinking water quality is one of the greatest factors affecting human health. However, the quality of the drinking water in many nations, particularly those that are developing, is not ideal, and this has led to an increase in the number of waterborne illnesses (Li and Wu, 2019).

Water pollution (surface and ground) may be considered as a naturally induced change in water quality or conditions induced directly by man’s numerous activities which render it unsuitable for food, human health, industry, agriculture, or leisure per suit (Dix, 1981). Toxic chemicals in water pose the greatest threat to the safety of drinking water and their effects are enormous and can cause damage to human health, crops, and aquatic organisms.

Synthetic chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides as well as fertilizer runoffs from agricultural farmlands and industrial discharge have the potential to impact negatively on human health since they block vital metabolic processes in the body. Runoffs from domestic houses, solid waste dumps, and commercial establishments may contain detergents and nutrients, which causes algae blooms in water bodies leading to eutrophication. Human waste excreta may contain a concentrated population of bacteria, pathogenic bacteria in untreated sewage, and may cause acute gastrointestinal illness. This phenomenon has rendered most surface water bodies polluted (Anim et al., 2010; Osei and Duker, 2008; Asante et al., 2008).

In the Philippines, water contamination of the surface water is due to exposure of chemicals which has been rampant, especially in areas exposed to industrial processes, such as but not limited to mining, agricultural processing, manufacturing, farming, and aquaculture according to Philippine Environment Monitor (Jalilov, 2017). Caraga, the mining capital of the Philippines, has more than 15 mining companies distributed in the region. Two of the mining companies are specifically located in Agusan del Sur which might have been affecting the Magdiwata Watershed which supplies water to the Municipality of San Francisco, Agusan del Sur (PSA, 2020).

The river network of Magdiwata Watershed extends from various municipalities of the province and is vulnerable to chemical contaminations. Periodic assessment of Magdiwata river networks has been conducted by the San Francisco Water District to ensure that the public water is free from waterborne microbes and chemical contaminants. However, external assessment, surveillance and/or monitoring must be done also to validate the test findings of the local supplier. Additional and external assessments for public drinking water support the integrity of water quality management.

As such, this research assessed the physicochemical properties and heavy metal contaminants in the public water system of San Francisco, Agusan del Sur before and after water treatment. Additionally, the assessment findings were evaluated against the existing and recent local and international drinking water standards which provided a picture of its general usability for drinking and utility purposes.

Reference

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Asante KA, Quarcoopome T, Amevenku FYK. 2008. Water quality of the Weija Reservoir after 28 years of impoundment. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 13, 1–7.

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Department of Health. 2017. Administrative Order No. 2017-0010 Re: Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017.

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Jalilov SM. 2017. Value of clean water resources: estimating the water quality improvement in Metro Manila, Philippines. Resources 7(1), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7010001.

Kotoky P, Sarma B. 2017. Comparison of treatment efficiencies of the water treatment plants of Guwahati City of Assam, India. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research 6(5), May 2017.

Lasheen MR, El-Kholy G, Sharaby CM, Elsherif IY, El-Wakeel ST. 2008. Assessment of selected heavy metals in some water treatment plants and household tap water in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19(3), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830810866473.

Li P, Wu J. 2019. Drinking water quality and public health. Expo Health 11, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00299-8.

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Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). 2020. The Caraga asset account for mineral resources: 2015-2018. Retrieved from  https://rssocaraga.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Caraga%20Asset%20Account%20for%20Mineral%20Resources%202015-2018.pdf.

San Francisco Water District (SFWD). 2020. San Francisco Water District’s technique and innovation.

Sastry S, Rao B, Nahata K. 2013. Study of parameters before and after treatment of municipal wastewater from an urban town. Global Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences 3(1), 41–48.

Water Quality Australia. 2013. Salinity and water quality. Retrieved from  https://www.waterquality.gov.au/issues/salinity.

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Source : Physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in the drinking water of SanFrancisco, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines 

 

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Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso | InformativeBD

Sawadogo O. Michel, Some Koussao, Ouedraogo M. Hamed, Tiama Djakaria, Tiendrebeogo Fidèle, Soro Monique, Tonde Wendmanegda Hermann, and Sawadogo Mahamadou, from the different institute of Burkina Faso. wrote a Reseach Article about, Phenotypic Assessment of Six Cassava Families Grown from Seed in Burkina Faso. Entitled, Phenotypic evaluation of six cassava families (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from seed in Burkina Faso. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Phenotypic markers are important in plant genetic characterisation studies. They are used in the present study to assess the phenotypic structuring of cassava genotypes obtained by biparental crossing. The plant material studied consists of 56 cassava genotypes from the third generation of vegetative reproduction following germination of seeds from six families resulting from crosses. To evaluate these genotypes, an Alpha lattice experimental design was used with three replicates and three blocks per replicate. Blocks I and II each contained 19 genotypes and block III 18 genotypes. Data was collected on 10 qualitative traits on leaves, stems and roots. All the variables evaluated presented several modalities. The frequencies showed that: the green-purple color (41%) was dominant for the apical leaf color characteristic. Stems color were predominantly light brown (30%). Green color (57%) was most common in the petioles. Genotypes showed more dichotomous ports (44%). In addition, the relative Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) was very high for all characters within genotypes (H’=0.90) and families (H’=0.66). The most polymorphic traits between genotypes were flowering ability (H’=1), stem color (H’=0.99), tuberous root texture (H’=0.97), apical leaf color (H’=0.96) and branching type (H’=0.93). The same index showed high intra-family diversity, family VI (H’= 0.83), family II (H’= 0.76), family IV (H’=0.69), family I (H’= 0.61), family III (H’= 0.53) and family V (H’= 0.52) showing high internal variability. ACH was used to structure the genetics into three phenotypic groups. This observed diversity can be used for cassava breeding in Burkina Faso.

Read more : Natural Patch Power:Moringa Pods and Katakataka Leaves vs. Staphylococcus aureus | InformativeBD

Introduction

Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766) is a perennial shrub 1 to 5 m high (Allem, 2002; Alves, 2002). It belongs to the class Dicotyledones, family Euphorbiaceae, genus Manihot and species Manihot esculenta Crantz (Isendahl, 2011; Soro, 2022). It has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=36 and a highly heterozygous genome (Alves, 2002). It is one of the most important tuberous root crops, highly valued for its starch content in tropical countries (N'Zué et al., 2014). Cassava is grown all over the world, particularly in West Africa (Agré et al., 2015). Cassava can be grown in areas with rainfall ranging from 500 mm to 8000 mm (François, 1989). Depending on the variety, production can be spread over a long period of the year, making the tuberous roots available when needed (François, 1989).

In recent years in Burkina Faso, climate variability has made farming very difficult. Crop diversification is very important to ensure food self-sufficiency. Tuber and root crops such as cassava can therefore be used to help achieve sustainable food security. In Burkina Faso, cassava production was estimated at around 17,081.25 tonnes in 2022 (FAOSTAT, 2024). As in all African countries, almost all cassava production in Burkina Faso is used for human and animal consumption (Amani et al., 2007). The tuberous roots are eaten raw or in the form of local dishes: boiled roots, grilled roots, placali, con'godê, attiéké and gari (Guira et al., 2017). In view of its food and nutritional potential, the quantities of cassava produced remain below national market demand, which in 2017 was estimated at around 124,917 tonnes of fresh tubers (Soro et al., 2022). In Burkina Faso, the major constraints to large-scale production are linked to several factors, namely: the long production cycle of six to 9 or even 12 months, the unsuitable quality of the soils used for its cultivation, which results in low root yields, the lack of suitable varieties, and the very narrow genetic base of cassava (Gmakouba et al., 2018). In order to meet consumer needs, production must be increased, and this requires efficient production technology based on the use of improved cassava varieties.

Exchanges of genetic material between producers mean that they end up with duplicates of the same cultivar (Soro et al., 2022). The reproduction of cassava, which is generally done by cuttings, leads to the spread of its bio-aggressors, which become more and more numerous and infest new fields. Studies carried out by Tiendrébéogo et al. (2009, 2012) reported the presence of Cassava Mosaic Diseases (CMD) in certain areas of Burkina Faso. Cassava is often grown under rainfed and irrigated systems in Burkina Faso. This is due to the earliness of the rains in relation to the length of the vegetative cycle and the poverty of the arable land, which means that average yields in farming areas are low, less than or equal to 15t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2024). In response to this situation, a great deal of research has been carried out by INERA through the introduction and evaluation of six (06) improved varieties, catalogued and popularised, TMS 4(2) 1425; TMS 91/02312; TMS 92/0067; TMS 92/0325; TMS 92/0427; TMS 94/0270) with potential yield (40/ha) (Gmakouba, 2018; Soro, 2022; MASA, 2014). But of these, only TMS 94/0270, commonly known as V5, is the most widely produced for its very good attiéké quality. To meet this challenge, new cassava varieties need to be developed, with a view to broadening the genetic base so as to obtain varieties that are tolerant to FGD, rich in beta-carotene, and with yields of up to 40 tonnes per hectare. It is therefore essential to assess the agro-morphological diversity of this cassava collection (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in order to better exploit the potential of these genotypes. This study was therefore carried out with the overall aim of determining the structure of the 56 genotypes obtained by biparental crossing. Specifically, the aim was (i) to determine the variability of genotypes through phenotypic traits and (ii) to identify the traits that best discriminate between genotypes and families.

Reference

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Gmakouba T, Some K, Traore ER, KpemouA KE, Zongo JD. 2018. Analyse de la diversité agromorphologique d’une collection de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) du Burkina Faso. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 12(1), 402–421. http://www.ifgdg.org.

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Source : Phenotypic evaluation of six cassava families (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from seed in Burkina Faso   

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Natural Patch Power: Moringa Pods and Katakataka Leaves vs. Staphylococcus aureus | InformativeBD

Cristine Joyce S. Buenaventura, Catherine B. Balaguer, Alexandrine Erica D. Barcelon, Ayessa Mae D. Cortes, Denise Mikaela A. Doroja, and Darylle Cesar G. Hilapo, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Reseach Article about, Natural Patch Power: Moringa Pods and Katakataka Leaves vs. Staphylococcus aureus. Entitled, Moringa pods (Moringa oleifera) and katakataka leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) extract as a natural-derived medical patch against Staphylococcus aureus. This research paper published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM). an open access scholarly research journal on Microbiology . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of Moringa pods (Moringa oleifera) and Katakataka leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) extracts on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a bacterium often causing skin infections. The researchers prepared ten treatments using a 95% ethyl alcohol solution and dried plants, which were then tested for their inhibitory effects on S. aureus growth. The results showed that treatments with Moringa pods extract, both alone and combined with a medical patch, significantly inhibited S. aureus growth, with zones of inhibition measuring 2.4cm and 2.7cm respectively. Conversely, Katakataka leaves extract showed little to no inhibition and even seemed to facilitate S. aureus growth. Statistical analysis using One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test revealed significant differences between treatments, with those containing a higher percentage of Moringa pods extract proving more effective. This suggests that Moringa pods extract could be a potent natural-derived medical patch against S. aureus.

Read more: Controlling Fruit Fly in Bitter Gourd Using Sesame Leaf Extract | InformativeBD

Introduction

In order to keep the skin's physiological functions working, wound healing is a necessary procedure. Thus, if bacteria enter a wound and begin to multiply, an infection may develop, impeding the healing process of the wound (Leonard, 2023). The best technique for wound healing and infection control is dressing application. This lessens discomfort and improves the hypoxic environment's ability to promote healing (Nguyen et al., 2023). It also helps to maintain the environment's moisture content and temperature. Herbs have been utilized by humans for wound care since the dawn of time. According to a 2019 study by Doña et al., alternative medicine is becoming more popular due to the high cost of synthetic drugs and the possibility of genetic resistance developing in some microorganisms. Because of its uses in conventional medicine, the medicinal plant Kalanchoe pinnata is known to demonstrate antibacterial efficacy against a variety of diseases and their mechanisms of action, according to Tajudin et al. (2022).

The amazing tree of Moringa oleifera is rich in bioactive substances and a good source of pharmaceutical compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acid, and polyphenols, it is thought to have medical benefits like antioxidant, tissue protection, antiinflammatory, and analgesic (Chis et al., 2024). Natural polymers represent a potential class of materials for the development of skin wound dressings that can hasten the healing process and boost defense against infections (Ansari and Darvishi, 2024). Moreover, skin has extraordinary regenerating capabilities. When this regeneration process is occasionally disrupted and wounds heal slowly, patients face serious health risks because the available patches, dressings, and gauzes are insufficient to initiate a physiological wound healing process, which can lead to the formation of new lesions.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible application of Katakataka leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) and Moringa pods (Moringa oleifera) extract as a naturally derived antibacterial medical patch.

Reference

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Source : Moringa pods (Moringaoleifera) and katakataka leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata) extract as anatural-derived medical patch against Staphylococcus aureus  

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Controlling Fruit Fly in Bitter Gourd Using Sesame Leaf Extract | InformativeBD

Jonathan S. Balog, Lucila V. Rocha, Artemio A. Martin Jr., Raphy A. Sugue, and Archival B. Sabado, from the different institute of Philippines. wrote a Reseach Article about, Controlling Fruit Fly in Bitter Gourd Using Sesame Leaf Extract. Entitled, Control of fruit fly (Batrocera cucurbitae S.) with sesame leaf ethanolic extract in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.).This research paper published by the International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR). an open access scholarly research journal on Agronomy . under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

The increasing demand for eco-friendly agricultural practices has spurred interest in the development of botanical pesticides. The study aimed to investigate the effects of sesame leaf extract (ethanolic) to control insect pests of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. specifically fruit fly, Batrocera cucurbitae S. and to check its effect on the agronomics of the test crop. The study was conducted at Isabela State University – Cabagan campus for dry season C.Y. 2023 only. The treatments involved one negative control, one positive control (using commercial synthetic insecticide), pure sesame leaf extract and four treatments with varying concentration of sesame leaf ethanolic extract. Growth parameters (plant length), pest infestation rates, and yield components (number of fruits and average fruit weight) were measured. Results of the statistical analysis using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) software under Two-Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design revealed certain results. Hybrid variety consistently outclassed open pollinated variety on all agronomic parameters. The application of commercially available synthetic insecticide (T2) had recorded highest numbers in almost all parameters while plots applied with pure sesame leaf extract (T3) and sesame leaf ethanolic extract (T4-T7) also logged higher numbers compared to the untreated plants (T1) suggesting that the treatments employed had positive results. Economically, the use of 105ml/l sesame leaf ethanolic extract can be used hand-in-hand with commercial pesticide for better pest control especially fruit fly in bitter gourd. These results support the integration of botanical pesticides into sustainable agriculture and provide foundation for further explorations into naturally derived crop protection strategies.

Read more : Insect Diversity in Okra Cultivation in Man, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The vegetable Momordica charantia L., Cucurbitaceae, is known variously as bitter gourd, balsam pear, bitter melon, bitter cucumber, and African cucumber Bitter gourd (Behera et al., 2010) The genus Momordica is a native of the Paleotropics and comprises about 60 species. Bitter gourd grows in tropical and subtropical areas, including parts of East Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and South America, where it is used not only as a food but also as a medicine. The plant is monoecious, annual climber with long-stalked leaves and yellow, solitary male and female flowers borne on the leaf axils. The warty and oblong or elliptical-shaped fruit is botanically a ‘pepo.’ The plant grows well in a variety of soils and begins flowering about one month after planting (Asna et al., 2020). It has been part of the Filipino diet since time immemorial. All succulent parts of the plant have been consumed as viand by Filipino households to wit it has been shown to have essential nutrients that is beneficial to humans. Due to the medicinal properties of the plant, some companies have also made herbal supplements out of this crop. 

In Isabela, the major producers of bitter gourd are the municipalities of Roxas, Aurora, Mallig, Reina Mercedes, and the Cauayan city according to the Department of Agriculture. 

Though according to the report of Philippine Statistics Authority, the regionwide production data states that the production volume of bitter gourd declines by 14% in 2020.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a commercially and nutritionally important market vegetable in Asia cultivated mainly by smallholder farmers (Dhillon et al., 2018). 

Households generally purchase vegetables three times a week and predominantly from the wet market. While most households consider price as their primary criteria for purchase, quality in use is considered important. Wives continue to play a major role in the decision to purchase, cook and serve vegetables. Stakeholders in the vegetable supply chain, including smallholder farmers can focus their strategies to develop a strong domestic market for vegetables through increased consumption, and better-quality management systems to defend their products against the threat of imports (Concepcion, 2005).

Insect pests are a major constraint for increasing the production and productivity of this Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Bitter gourds are attacked by several insect pests, among them the fruit fly is one of the most destructive insect-pests (Panday et al., 2008). Melon fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) are economically important pests of the cucurbits and are geographically distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world (Chinajariyawong et al., 2003), especially in most countries of South East Asia (Allwood et al., 1999). The extent of losses varies between 30 and 100% depending on the cucurbit species and the season (Pareek and Kavadia, 1995; Kapoor, 1993; Panday et al., 2009). The melon fly has been observed on 81 host plants, with watermelon being a highly-preferred host, and has been a major limiting factor in obtaining good-quality fruits and high yield (Nath and Bhushan, 2006). 

The term pesticide covers a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and others.

Ideally a pesticide must be lethal to the targeted pests, but not to non-target species, including man. Unfortunately, this is not the case, so the controversy of use and abuse of pesticides has surfaced. That is aside from the fact that the cause of pesticide is also an addition to the costs of production.

As a result of the recent efforts, made by the Environmental Protection Agency, to reduce the use of harmful insecticides, especially, organophosphates, organochlorines, some carbamates and pyrethroids, in the agricultural crops, the trend has now shifted towards an integrated pest management (IPM) for the control of tephritid fruit flies (Roger et al., 2010).

A study had found that the phytochemical result of leaf and stem ethanolic extract indicated the presence of certain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, diterpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids that were proved to be vital in the insecticidal activity of the extracts. Thus, the stem and leaf ethanolic extracts of sesame are effective botanical insecticides against C. tomentosicollis especially at 20.00 mg/l of the leaf extract. With this result, it may also be effective to fruit fly with the same geniality and may help reduce the use of pesticides for the sustainable agriculture.

Generally, the study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of sesame leaf ethanolic extract to control fruit fly (Batrocera cucurbitae S.) on bitter gourd fruits.

Specifically, it aims to evaluate the efficacy of sesame leaf ethanolic extract on fruit fly (Batrocera cucurbitae S.), assess effect of sesame leaf ethanolic extract on fruit fly (Batrocera cucurbitae S.) on the growth and yield of bitter gourd, determine the most effective level and best method of application of sesame plant ethanolic extract responsive to Batrocera cucurbitae S. in bitter gourd and analyze the cost and return of the different treatments.

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Asna AC, Joseph J, Joseph John K. 2020. Botanical description of bitter gourd. The bitter gourd genome, 7–31. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15062-4_2

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Singh B, Sharma S, Gupta R. 2008. Damage assessment and symptomatology of fruit fly infestation in cucurbit crops. Indian Journal of Entomology 70(2), 150–156.

Singh N, Singh BP, Singh SK. 2002. Phenotypic variability in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for fruit yield and quality. Indian Journal of Agriculture Science 72(1), 78–81.

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Source : Control of fruit fly (Batrocera cucurbitae S.) with sesame leaf ethanolic extract in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

 

 

 

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Insect Diversity in Okra Cultivation in Man, Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Diabate Dohouonan, Coulibaly Tenon, N’guessan Ehikpa Naomie Melin , and Tano Yao, from the different institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Reseach Article about, Insect Diversity in Okra Cultivation in Man, Côte d’Ivoire. Entitled, Diversity and abundance of insects found on okra Abelmonchus esculentus cultivation in Man, Côte d’Ivoire. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB). an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Abelmonchus esculentus is an important source of vitamins and minerals. However, okra plants were damaged by insect pests. This study carried out to evaluate the diversity of insects on okra plants in Man locality, for better pest management. Insects were recorded from 21th to 70th Day After Sowing, on Clemson spineless okra sown on March 2nd, 2024. A total of 12 species belonging to 6 orders (Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera) were collected. The relative abundances of insect pests, predators, parasitoids and pollinators were 55.13%, 17.95%, 7.26% and 19.66% respectively during the vegetative phase, and 69.34%, 17.33%, 5.78% and 7.55% during the reproductive phase, respectively. The Hemiptera Amrasca biguttula, Podagrica decolorata, Dysdercus voelkeri, Bemisia tabaci, Lepidoptera Plutella xylostella and, Orthopterans Oecanthus fultonis, Locusta migratoria and Criotettix bispinosus are pests. Sarcophaga sp (Diptera) is a parasitoid and Brachymyrmex patagonicus (Hymenoptera) is a pollinators. The Coleoptera Coccinella septempunctata, Coccinella cheilomenes and Alticini sp are predators. During the vegetative stage, B. patagonicus (42.09%) and A. biguttula (29.93%) were the most abundant. During the reproductive stage, the highest number of A. biguttula (47.6%), P. decolorata (15.13%), D. voelkeri (13.57%) and B. patagonicus (11.59%) were recorded. Shannon and Margalef indices were higher during the reproductive stage (1.645, 1.602) than those of the vegetative stage (1.589, 1.477). The equitability indices are similar (0.66) for both phases. Knowledge of okra entomofauna will help for integrated pest management.

Read more : Gongronema latifolium Extract Mitigates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats | InformativeBD

Introduction

Okra Abelmonchus esculentus accounts for around 1.5% of total vegetable production worldwide (Sathish et al., 2013). It is rich in protein, vitamins and minerals (Krishna et al., 2022). In West Africa, this crop ranks second after tomatoes (Birlouez, 2020). In Côte d'Ivoire, A. esculentus production is estimated at 185,800 tonnes per year (Soro et al., 2016).

This crop supplements the population's nutritional needs, which consist exclusively of carbohydrates (Diabaté, 2016). The fruit is rich in calcium, iron, carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins (Khomsug et al., 2010). It is widely consumed in Côte d'Ivoire, particularly in the Tonkpi region. In the Tonkpi region, all parts of the okra except the roots are consumed. It is therefore of vital importance to the people of this region. Okra is also used in traditional medicine and industry (Marius et al., 1997). However, okra is attacked by a large number of insect pests, which limit its production. On the other hand, this crop is home to auxiliary insects that help pollinate the plant and limit the outbreak of insect pests. Insect pests consume okra leaves and leave holes in them, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and lower yields (Soro et al., 2016; Diabaté et al., 2024). These insects also attack okra fruits, reducing their market value and negatively influencing food security (AsareBediako et al., 2014 ; Birlouez, 2020 ; Zhussip et al., 2024). Biting-sucking insects, in particular Amrasca biguttula, Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii, are major pests of okra and are responsible for over 17% of yield loss (Mandal et al., 2006; Sarkar et al., 2015). To increase okra yields, farmers use pesticides whose doses and application times are not respected. This has led to the emergence of insect resistance to a wide range of insecticides (Srinivas et al., 2004; Diabaté, 2016; Bade and Bhamare, 2023). Pest management requires a good knowledge of the organisms for targeted control. The general objective of this study was to assess the diversity of insects infested with the okra crop established in the locality of Man, for better pest management. The aim is to determine the insects that are present on okra during the vegetative and reproductive phases.

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Krishna B, Kumar R, Choudhary JS, Kumar R, Hans H. 2022. Insect pests in okra agro-ecosystem and their integrated management. Indian Horticulture, 30–34.

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Zhussip M, Akhmetov K, Burkitbaeva U, Amanova G, Mazhenova L. 2024. Contribution to the diversity of leaf miners of silver birch, Betula pendula Roth in North-Eastern Kazakhstan. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10(3), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.589.

Source : Diversity and abundance of insects found on okra Abelmonchus esculentus cultivation in Man, Côted’Ivoire  

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