Pistacia integrrima: Evaluating the Value of an Important Medicinal Plant | InformativeBD

Muhammad Shuaib,  Kashif Ali, Umar Zeb,  Firasat Hussain,  Muhammad Aurang Zeb, Saddam Hussain, and Fida Hussain, from the institute of China. wrote a Research article about, Pistacia integrrima: Evaluating the Value of an Important Medicinal Plant. Entitled, Evaluation of Pistacia integrrima; an important plant. This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Pistacia integrrima is a typical therapeutic plant belongs to family Anacardiaceae and local to Japan, China and found in the Northern regions of Pakistan commonly called KakrraSingi (Urdu) and Shanai (Pushto). It is used ethnomedicinally for a number of diseases include fever, cough, asthma, vomiting, Ascaris, Anorexia, Allergy, viral infections, diarrhea, snake and scorpion biting sting. The different parts of the plant roots, leaves, stems, barks, Galls and fruits contains various bioactive compounds like amino acid, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, aromadendrene, Pistacinin, Pistacin, Dihydromalvic acid, Pistacienoic acid, sitosterol, resin, essential oils, caprylic acid, camphene, cineol, sterals, dihydroqueretin and triterpenoids. Antimicrobial activity of chloroform and ethanol leaves extract from Pistacia integrrima reported in many research papers. The leave extract exhibited the fungi growth including Aspergillus flavus, Dreschlera turcica and Fusarium verticillioides. The plant is known to have many biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antioxidant, phytotoxic, cytotoxicity and antiasthmatic. The current review will cover biological activities, phytochemical evaluation, ethnomedicinal uses, ethnobotanical uses and aim to serve as a base for additional investigation and exploitation. The current review shows a gap needed further investigations and isolations of new compound, and its biological activities.

Read more : Palm Weevil Profile: Biology of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Pistacia integerrima belong to family Anacardiaceae and a native dioecious tree to China, Japan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India (Pant and Samant, 2010). The different researcher goal medicinal flora like the development of therapeutic compounds (Elisabetsky, 1991).

There is some disease in the world which cause much death killing almost 40000 people, a disease like diarrhea cause huge mortality among children’s (Piddock et al., 1991). Bacteria like Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus are most common species which are pathogenic to children (Singh 1992). In recent years drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world (Mulligen et al., 1992). Plant-based drugs are 120 worldwide and it is obtained from 95 plants.

About 250,000 flowering species and about 5000 flowers had pharmaceutical potential assessed. In East Asia, many plants are considered to have significant medicinal features i.e. antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial and analgesic functions because they contain a large variety of phytochemical i.e. monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and curcuminoids (Tang, 1992).

It is found and mostly grows at an altitude of 900- 2000m. Pistacia integrrima commonly called zebra wood but it has many vernacular names in Pakistan like Shania, Kakra, Khanjar, Thoak and India like Kakring, Kakra, Kakroi, Kakkar, Singhi, kakarsinghi (Orwa et al., 2009). Pistacia integrrima is a well prominent due to Galls that present on the leaves and petioles. These galls are like animals horn shaped. The galls are the store house of various secondary metabolites so; it has importance in Indian traditional medicine systems (Chopra et al., 1986).

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 Article source : Evaluation of Pistacia integrrima; an important plant 

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Palm Weevil Profile: Biology of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in Côte d’Ivoire | InformativeBD

Ehounou Prisca Gnanda, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire and  Ouali-N’goran San-Whouly Mauricette, from the institute of Côte d’Ivoire. wrote a Research article about, Palm Weevil Profile: Biology of Rhynchophorus phoenicis in Côte d’Ivoire. Entitled, Biological studies on palm tree weevil Rhynchophorus Phoenicis fabricius (Coleoptera; Curculionidae): An interest food bug in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB.  an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Larvae of the palm tree weevil Rhyncophorus phoenicis are consumed and sold on the markets in Côte d’Ivoire, their high prices, in fact a luxury product. In order, to consider possibilities of domestication to increase their availability and decrease the cost, the objective of the present work is to know the development cycle of this species. To do this, a breeding was conducted at the laboratory of Zoology and Animal Biology of the University Felix-Houphouet-Boigny. The rearing device consisted of cylindrical and rectangular plastic boxes. The individuals used come from cocoons collected from palms infested in the field. As soon as the imagoes appeared, pieces of palm trunk were placed in these boxes to serve as support for spawning and nutrition. The total cycle time is 108.51 ± 3.6 days and has 6 larval stages, a nymphal stage followed by adult stage. Female lifetime fecundity was 252.26 ± 3.61 eggs. Incubation period was 4.09 ± 0.53 days with fertility rate of 88.30%. The mean larval and pupal development period were 33, 24 ± 0.9 days and 25.42 ± 2.4 days, respectively. The average emergence rate of adults was 88.30 ± 2.04%. A significant difference was observed in adult life span (F = 28.08, P < 0.05).It is 68.86 ± 3.3 days in males and 54.71 ± 2.7 days in females. This work revealed the possibility of breeding R. phoenicis under controlled conditions. To avoid abusive harvests in already fragile ecosystem, breeding trials on other substrates would be possible.

Read more : Microbial Allies: Molecular Insights into Bacteria of Healthy Porites lutea Corals |InformativeBD 

Introduction

The consumption of insects is a food practice that extends more and more in the world (FAO, 2013). Many African peoples consume large quantities even if the usually food tends to disappear gradually (van Huis et al., 2013; Halloran et al., 2014). The united Nations Food and Agriculture organization (FAO) promotes since several years the use of insects in food and feed (FAO, 2010). Indeed, the consumption of insects expands, diversifies the diet, and helps prevent nutritional deficiencies (Malaisse, 2004). In West Africa, both termites, locusts, lepidopteran caterpillars and beetles are eaten. The larval and adult stages of R. phoenicis Fabricius (1801) commonly referred to as the caterpillar of the palm tree, are consumed in Côte d'Ivoire (Ouali and Ehounou, 2017). In addition, the commercialization of this species constitutes an important source of income for traders. In most cases, the insects consumed are directly obtained by harvesting or collecting in a natural environment. However, the availability is related to seasonal variations. The farms are still marginal and require a rigorous development to ensure a supply of quality and quantity for nutrition (FAO, 2013). In terms of rearing, insects have higher rates of growth and feed conversion rates and can breed on small spaces with a low impact on the environment (FAO, 2009; van-Huis, 2013). Irregular supply of markets in the larvae makes it difficult to meet demand especially during the dry season. To compensate these ruptures seasonal in supply, it is necessary to produce this insect outside of its natural habitat. The objective of this study is to know some biological parameters of R. phoenicis. Specifically, it will determine incubation period, female fecundity, egg fertility, the survival rate, larval development time, longevity, sex ratio and emergence rate of adults.

Reference

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Mahmoud MA, Hammad SA, Mahfouz MAE.2015. Biological Studies on Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Middle East. Journal of Applied Sciences 1(5), 247-251.

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Yong KW, Aisyah AB, Wahizatul AA. 2015.Fecundity, Fertility and Survival of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae Reared on Sago Palm. Sains Malaysiana44(10), 1371–1375.

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Article source : Biological studies on palm tree weevil Rhynchophorus Phoenicis fabricius (Coleoptera; Curculionidae): An interest food bug in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

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Microbial Allies: Molecular Insights into Bacteria of Healthy Porites lutea Corals | InformativeBD

Muhammad Arif Asadi,  Bambang Semedi, Muliawati Handayani, and Umi Zakiyah, from the institute of Indonesia. wrote a Research article about, Microbial Allies: Molecular Insights into Bacteria of Healthy Porites lutea Corals. Entitled, Molecular characteristic of bacteria associated with healthy Porites lutea coral of South Malang Waters, Indonesia. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Coral reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystem yet highly vulnerable to diseases and climate change impacts in which approximately 30% of corals have been affected globally. Porites lutea is among the most widespread coral in Indonesia, yet it is also highly impacted by the diseases. This study aimed to isolate, molecularly characterize and identify the associated bacteria that dominated the healthy P. lutea. The coral sampling was using snorkeling while streak method was used for bacterial isolation and purification. Molecular identification consisted of DNA extraction, 16S rRNA PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene flow, and BLAST homology. Results showed that the bacterium associated with healthy P. lutea was closely related to Marinobacter xestospongiae, Marinobacter zheijiangensis, and Marinobacter mobililis with a similarity of 96%, 96%, and 95% respectively. The bacterium can be used as a candidate for further anti-pathogenic bacterial test and may be able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria of coral diseases particularly Pink Line Syndrome that highly impact P. lutea in many areas.

Read more : Love and Life in the Loft: Breeding Biology of Domestic Pigeons in Haripur | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Coral reefs form some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth, often described as "rainforests of the sea" or as "ocean oases." The reefs are home to numerous marine species such as hard and soft corals, sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, fish, and even marine mammals (Fisher et al., 2015; Gross, 2013). In the marine ecosystem, coral reefs serve an important role in providing shelter, spawning and nursery grounds to a wide range of marine life (Fisher et al., 2015; Veron et al., 2009). Healthy reefs also generate income for local communities and support global economies through fisheries and coral reef tourism (Asadi and Andrimida, 2017).

Indonesia contains the highest diversity of coral reefs species. In the Bird’s Head Peninsula of Indonesian Papua alone, 574 species of corals live within the area (72% of the world’s total) (Veron et al., 2011). However, Indonesia's coral reefs are endangered due to destructive fishing practices as well as other anthropogenic threats such as sedimentation, organic pollution, and even destructive tourism activities (Putra et al., 2015). Moreover, the increasing sea surface temperature and the decreasing ocean pH due to the global rise of carbon dioxide elevate the damage of coral reefs ecosystem (Bruno, 2013; Orr et al., 2005). Those factors induce and contribute to the coral bleaching and the outbreak of coral diseases and subsequently increase death to corals over extensive areas (Séré et al., 2015; Weil et al., 2009).

The diseases of scleractinian corals were initially found in the Caribbean, and over the last 30 years, many Indo-Pacific corals have been affected with the diseases causing mortality and significant changes in coral community structures (Weil E et al., 2012). There are a few studies quantifying the coral diseases on Indonesian waters (Johan et al., 2015; Subhan et al., 2011). Moreover, molecular studies of the microorganisms that cause coral diseases and syndromes are even scarcer. In Karimunjawa waters, the molecular study of bacteria associated with Black Band Disease (BBD) on Acropora sp. coral showed that pathogenic microbial group was associated with the diseases (Sabdono and Radjasa, 2006).

Furthermore, to understand microorganisms that play a role in the White Band Disease (WBD) that infected Staghorn Coral Acropora cervicornis, Gignoux-Wolfsohn and Vollmer (2015) isolated and compared both the diseased and healthy-associated bacteria from the coral.

The healthy-associated bacteria may be able to produce bioactive agents with anti-pathogenic properties that could also protect against the diseaseassociated bacteria (Bakkiyaraj et al., 2013). This research aimed to isolate, molecularly characterize and identify the associated bacterium that dominated the healthy Porites lutea coral using 16S rRNA sequence analysis (Mignard and Flandrois, 2006). Moreover, P. lutea is the most abundant coral in the research area (Luthfi et al., 2016).

The species is also vulnerable to coral diseases like Pink Line Syndrome (Ravindran et al., 2015). Therefore, the study of the potential bacteria that could protect against coral disease is beneficial to reduce the impact of the disease on coral reefs ecosystem.

Reference

Asadi MA, Andrimida A. 2017. Economic valuation of coral reefs ecosystem of Bangsring, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. ECSOFiM 04, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2017.004.02.04

Bakkiyaraj D, Sivasankar C, Pandian, SK. 2013. Anti-pathogenic Potential of Coral Associated Bacteria Isolated from Gulf of Mannar Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian Journal of Microbiology 53, 111-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0342-3

Bruno JF. 2013. Coral Reefs: Building a Better Crystal Ball. Current Biology 23, R473-R475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.042

Case RJ, Boucher Y, Dahllöf I, Holmström C, Doolittle WF, Kjelleberg S. 2007. Use of 16S rRNA and rpoB Genes as Molecular Markers for Microbial Ecology Studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01177-06

Dove SG, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Ranganathan S. 2001. Major colour patterns of reef-building corals are due to a family of GFP-like proteins. Coral Reefs 19, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00006956

Fisher R, O’Leary RA, Low-Choy S, Mengersen K, Knowlton N, Brainard RE, Caley MJ. 2015. Species Richness on Coral Reefs and the Pursuit of Convergent Global Estimates. Current Biology 25, 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.022

Gignoux-Wolfsohn SA, Vollmer SV. 2015. Identification of Candidate Coral Pathogens on White Band Disease-Infected Staghorn Coral. PLoS ONE 10, e0134416. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.

Gross M. 2013. Hopes and fears for future of coral reefs. Current Biology 23, R635-R637. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.062

Johan O, Bengen DG, Zamani NP, Suharsono Sweet MJ. 2015. The Distribution and Abundance of Black Band Disease and White Syndrome in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 22, 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hjb.2015.09.001

Kawaguchi M, Nonaka K, Masuma R, Tomoda H. 2013. New method for isolating antibiotic-producing fungi. The Journal of Antibiotics 66, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2012.79

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Luthfi OM, Alviana PZ, Guntur G, Sunardi S, Jauhari A. 2016. Distribution of Massive Porites at Reef Flat in Kondang Merak, Malang, Indonesia. Research Journal of Life Science 3, 23-30.

Mignard S, Flandrois JP. 2006. 16S rRNA sequencing in routine bacterial identification: A 30-month experiment. Journal of Microbiological Methods 67, 574-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.mimet.2006.05.009

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Putra MIH, Afatta S, Wilson J, Muljadi A, Yusidarta I. 2015. Coral Reef Resilience in 17 Islands Marine Recreation Park, Riung-An Assessment of Functional Groups of Herbivorous Fish and Benthic Substrate. Procedia Environmental Sciences 23, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.035

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Article source : Molecular characteristic of bacteria associated with healthy Porites lutea coral of South Malang Waters, Indonesia 

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Love and Life in the Loft: Breeding Biology of Domestic Pigeons in Haripur | InformativeBD

Saira Bibi, Muhammad Fiaz khan, Shabir Ahmed, Aqsa Rehman, and Naveed Akhtar, from the  different institute of Pakistan. wrote a Research article about, Love and Life in the Loft: Breeding Biology of Domestic Pigeons in Haripur. Entitled, Breeding biology of domestic pigeon (Columba livia Feral) from Village Chhajjian, Haripur Pakistan. This research paper published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences | JBES. an open access scholarly research journal on Biodiversity. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Observations of individually marked pairs of brooders were conducted at the village where in about 10 houses were found to domesticate the feral pigeon were kept and breed. The total 170 nests were found during the study 101 of them were found to be active total number of the eggs observed in the nests were 200 eggs. 200 eggs were taken, the eggs width was found to be 202.8005±0.6, Egg length (mm) 3.9005±0.03, Egg weight (gm) 18.3±0.02. Egg length and width has no significant difference (P> 0.05). The incubation period was about 18 days and the chicks spent approximately four weeks in the nest before fledging. The highest number of fledglings observed in locality 4 where the % is 50.

Read more : Defending Soybean: Screening Kenyan Varieties Against Rust Disease | InformativeBD 

Introduction

Initially Pigeons were found wild in Mediterranean bordering countries, on cliffs and coasts of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. In North later on they were introduced and colonized, all over Europe including Central and South America (Baptista et al., 1997). In both temperate and tropical regions (Gompertz, 1957; Goodwin, 1960). They are now live mainly in urban environments and distributed worldwide (Haag-Wackernagel and Taube, 1998; Hatch, 2003). The species has a large range, with an estimated global occurrence of ten million km².

Feral Pigeon reproduces in all months of the year, even in winter (Johnston and Janiga, 1995). In spring and summer breeding activity is most intense, and in autumn and winter then it decreases markedly (Johnston and Janiga, 1995). During the period of gaining independence Survival can also be influenced by predation (Hetmański and Barkowska, 2008). food Access (Sol et al., 2000), and characteristic habitat (Sales and Janssens, 2003; Kim et al., 2008). During a season breeding strategy of the Feral Pigeon is based on having the greatest number of broods to produce many young (Hetmanski and Wolk, 2005). Laying small clutches and small eggs promoted by Several evolutionary strategies (Murakami et al., 1994), after losing one quickly beginning of another brood(Johnston and Janiga, 1995), with highly nutritious pigeon-milk feeding of their offspring (Xie et al., 2017), overlapping of clutches (Hetmanski and Wolk, 2005), and broods biparental care (Pimentel et al., 2005). Pigeon breeds oftenely throughout the year Though, during winter, only a few pairs breed (Hetmański, 2004). In many urban areas they may cause problems but in In villages people kept them as their Hobby as in my house in village since from 1998 up to now date. survival rate of the Some bird fledglings depend upon predation (Sol et al., 1998). But, we think that in Feral Pigeon it was not a significant factor because in the study area during the entire study period only irregular attacks on pigeons by cats Felis catus and Helogale parvula, eagels and also the pet dogs at night were observed but the householder than soon detected and shooted them to avoid the predation.

We also did not find any indication of going birds outside areas besides there keeping areas or present in wild condition (Ferman et al., 2010).

No scientific work is done before in Pakistan so far, on the breeding biology of domestic pigeon, so it is a first kind of paper related to Breeding Biology of domestic pigeon in Pakistan. The aim of this research is to present Breeding timing and nest characteristics including, nest architecture, Clutch size and egg characteristics including egg dimensions (breadth, diameter, weight and egg shape index). Breeding success and failures in domestic pigeons also the timing of the beginning of the breeding period and of its final conclusion in specific pairs, to define the duration of the reproduction period in the population studied.

Reference

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Ferman L, Peter H, Montalti D. 2010. A study of feral pigeon Columba livia var. in urban and suburban areas in the city of Jena, Germany. Arxius de Miscellània Zoològica 8, 1-8.

Gompertz T. 1957. Some Observations on the Feral Pigeon in London (With Addendum: Two cases of polyneuritis in Feral Pigeons. Derek Goodwin). Bird Study 4(1), 2-13.

Goodwin D. 1960. Comparative ecology of pigeons in inner London. British Birds 53(5), 201-212.

Haag-Wackernagel D, Taube D. 1998. Vom heiligen Vogel der Liebesgöttin zur Strassentaube. Verlag Schwabe & Co. AG, Basel.

Hatch SA. 2003. Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring. Biological Conservation 111(3), 317-329.

Hetmański T. 2004. Timing of breeding in the Feral Pigeon Columba livia F. domestica in Słupsk (NW Poland). Acta Ornithologica 39(2), 105-110.

Hetmanski T, Barkowska M. 2007. Density and age of breeding pairs influence feral pigeon, Columba livia reproduction. Folia Zoologica 56(1), 71.

Hetmański T, Barkowska M. 2008. Breeding parameters and recruitment in feral pigeons Columba livia F. domestica. Acta ornithologica, 43(2), 159-166.

Hetmanski T, Wolk E. 2005. The effect of environmental factors and nesting conditions on clutch overlap in the feral pigeon Columba livia F. urbana (Gm.). Polish Journal of Ecology 53(4), 523-534.

Johnston RF, Janiga M. 1995. Feral pigeons, Oxford University Press on Demand.

Kim LM, King DJ, Guzman H, Tesh RB, da Rosa APT, Bueno R, Dennett JA, Afonso CL. 2008. Biological and phylogenetic characterization of pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 circulating in wild North American pigeons and doves. Journal of clinical microbiology 46(10), 3303-3310.

Lack DL. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds.

Murakami N, Nakamura H, Nishi R, Marumoto N, Nasu T. 1994. Comparison of circadian oscillation of melatonin release in pineal cells of house sparrow, pigeon and Japanese quail, using cell perfusion systems. Brain research 651(1-2), 209-214.

Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D. 2005. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological economics 52(3), 273-288.

Sales J, Janssens G. 2003. Nutrition of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). World’s poultry science journal 59(2), 221-232.

Sol D, Jovani R, Torres J. 2000. Geographical variation in blood parasites in feral pigeons: The role of vectors. Ecography 23(3), 307-314.

Sol D, Santos DM, Garcia J, Cuadrado M. 1998. Competition for food in urban pigeons: The cost of being juvenile. Condor 298-304.

Xie P, Wang XP, Bu Z, Zou XT. 2017. Differential expression of fatty acid transporters and fatty acid synthesis-related genes in crop tissues of male and female pigeons (Columba livia domestica) during incubation and chick rearing. British poultry science 58(5), 594-602.

 Article source : Breeding biology of domestic pigeon (Columba livia Feral) from Village Chhajjian, Haripur Pakistan 

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Defending Soybean: Screening Kenyan Varieties Against Rust Disease | InformativeBD

H.A. Ogot,  S.A. Okoth,  G.O. Obiero, and J.M. Mahasi,  from the  different institute of Kenya. wrote a Research article about, Defending Soybean: Screening Kenyan Varieties Against Rust Disease. Entitled, Screening of selected kenyan soybean varieties for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Soybean rust). This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. an open access scholarly research journal on Biosciences. under the affiliation of the International Network For Natural Sciences| INNSpub. an open access multidisciplinary research journal publisher.

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) is a highly nutritious plant which plays an important role in the world’s  economy, however soybean rust  disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a major challange to the soybean industry.  The disease among other constraints  has significatly  affected crop yields in most soybean growing countries.  In this study  Seven  varieties of soybean (Nyala, Bossier, SB19, Hill, SB8, Gazelle and TGx1987-32F) commoly  grown by farmers  in Kenya were tested in the green house for resistance to soybean rust.  The varieties TGx1987- 32F and SB8 showed  resistant reactions  characterized by  red brown lesion with low level of disease severity,  low lesion number,  low sporulation level and low area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value.  The other five varieties; Nyala, Bossier, SB19, Hill and Gazelle showed susceptible  reactions to  soybean rust producing tan lesion with profuse sporulation and high disease severity level. The Soybean varieties with low lesion densities, low disease severity and low sporulation level may be possible sources of rust resistance genes that can be used in breeding programs to produce rust resistant varieties.

Read more : Nitrogen Choices Matter: Boosting Sunflower Oil Content in Morogoro | InformativeBD 

Introduction

The production of soybean in Kenya is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. Some of the constraints include, low yielding varieties, lack of markets, poor agronomic practices, lack of awareness for its potential, competition with other legumes, drought, water logging, and pest and disease attacks (Hartman et al., 2011). Other factors include lack of varieties which are tolerant midseason moisture stress and high yielding varieties tolerant to low phosphorus (FAO, 2005). Among the biotic factors affecting soybean production diseases are of great concern because of their final impact on yield. There are a number of diseases that infect soybean worldwide the most common disease are Anthracnose, bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, soybean rust, bean pod mottle virus, brown stem rot, charcoal rot , frog eye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematode and soybean mosaic virus among others (Ploper,1997).

Soybean rust caused Phakopsora pachyrhizi as been identified among other diseases as the major challenge to soybean production worldwide. Phakopsora pachyrhizi belongs to the fungal phylum Basidiomycota, class Urediniomycetes and order Uredinales, which produce uredinia, on “dome-like” structures that give rise to asexual urediniospores. Hair-like hyaline hyphae called paraphyses grow inside uredinia. Paraphyses and sporophores are base structures for urediniosopore production (Bromfield, 1984). P. meibomiae is less aggressive while P. pachyrhizi is more aggressive and infects over 95 species of plants from more than 42 genera, including soybean and related Glycine species (Bromfield, 1984). The most susceptible host of P. pachyrhizi is kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi), a weed species that is commonly found in the United States of America. Other common hosts are medic (Medicago arborea L.), lupine (Lupinus hirsutus L.), sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam), vetch (Vicia dasycarpa Ten), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lima and butter beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) (Bromfield, 1984). Soybean rust infection process begins in the low to mid-canopy and moves up the plant. The infection process starts with urediniospores germination to produce a single germ tube that grows across the leaf surface, until an appressorium is formed. Penetration of epidermal cells is direct through the cuticle by an appressorial peg (Miles et al., 2005). During the infection process intracellular invasion of the leaf occurs once hyphae are formed within the mesophyll layer. Within 5 to 7 days volcano shaped uredinia with round ostioles are produced which release urediniospores on the abaxial surface completing the asexual reproduction cycle (Goellner et al., 2010).

The rapid spread of the disease in the continent of Africa has led to major decline in soybean yield (Levy, 2005, Oloka et al., 2008). Losses due to soybean rust can be significantly high. In South Africa losses of 10- 80% have been reported and in areas under monocropping system the losses can be as high as 100%. India has experienced losses of 10-90%, Japan 40% and Taiwan has reported losses of 23-90% in (Hartman et al., 1999). It is therefore important that the major production constraints be addressed so as to improve the crop yield to be able to meet the market demands and sustain the production industries. To control the spread of the rust disease chemical fungicides and cultural practices are used howerever the use fungicides to control the disease commercial plantings significantly increases production costs it is therefore not a feasible option in small scale soybean plantings especially in developing countries (Miles et al., 2003). Furthermore the fungicides are expensive and are not very effective at preventing epidemics as Bonde et al., (2006) noted yield losses of up to 50% under severe rust epidemics with chemical control. Other legumes that also form an integral part of the cropping system such as cowpea, pigeon pea and common beans are functional alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi which makes control a great challenge (Anon, 2007; Slaminko et al., 2008). Cultural practices like destruction of alternate hosts, timely irrigation, early planting and growing early maturing cultivars can also reduce the incidence of the disease (Akinsanmi et al., 2001). However, the rapid spread by wind-borne urediniospores and the large number of host species increases chances of soybean rust survival making cultural practices relatively ineffective (Hartman et al., 2005).

Planting of disease resistant cultivars is the most viable way to manage soybean rust disease. To identify rust resistant cultivars soybean plants must be screened for resistance to diverse pathogen populations (Twizeyimana et al., 2007). This study therefore aims at screening selected soybean varieties commonly grown in Kenya for resistance to soybean rust isolates under green house conditions.

Reference

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Anon. 2007. Hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the Casual Organism of Soybean Rust in South America. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) Newsletter for International Collaboration JIRCAS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Bonde M, Nester S, Austin C. 2006. Evaluation of virulence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae isolates. Plant Disease 90, 708–16.

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FAO. 2005. Food and Agricultural Organization. Online http://fao.org/ag

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Garcia A, Calvo E, de Souza Kiihl  R, Harada A, Hiromoto D, Vieira L. 2008. Molecular mapping of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) resistance genes: discovery of a novel locus and alleles. Theoretical Applied Genetics 117, 545-553.

Goellner K, Loehrer M, Langenbach C, Conrath U, Koch E, Schaffrath U. 2010. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Molecular Plant Pathology 11, 169-177.

Hartman GL, Bonde MR, Miles MR, Frederick RD. 2004. Variation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates on soybean. The Proceedings: VII World Soybean Research Conference, Foz do Iguassue, PR, Brazil: 440-446.

Hartman GL, Miles  MR, Frederick  RD. 2005a. Breeding for resistance to soybean rust. Plant Dis. 89, 664–666.

Hartman GL, Miles MR, Frederick RD. 2005b. Historical viewpoint and soybean resistance to soybean rust. In Proceedings of the 2005 Illinois Crop Protection Conference, pp. 16 – 20. Available Online at: www.ipm.uiuc.edu/education/proceedings/index.html

Hartman GL, West ED, Herman TK. 2011. Crops that feed the World Soybean worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests. Food Security 3, 5-17.

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JIRCAS. 2016. Laboratory manual for studies on soybean rust resistance available at http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/english/manual/soybean_rust/JIRCAS_manual_soybean_rust.pdf

Kumudini S, Prior E, Omielan J, Tollenaar T. 2008. Impact of Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection on soybean leaf photosynthesis and radiation absorption. Crop Science 48, 2343-2350.

Levy C. 2005. Epidemiological and chemical control of soybean rust in southern Africa. American. Phytopathological journal 89(4), 669-674.

Njoroge NJ, Owouche JO, Oyoo ME. 2015. Evaluation of soybean [Glycine max(L.)Merr.] genotypes for  agronomic and quality traits  in Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural  Research 10(12), p 1474- 1479,  http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9168

Oloka HK, Tukumahabwa P, Sengooba T,  Shanmagasundram S. 2008. Reaction of exotic soybean germplasm to Phakopsora pachyhrizi in Uganda. Plant Disease 92(11), 1493-1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-11-1493

Pham TA, Miles MR, Frederick RD, Hill CB, Hartman GL. 2009. Differential responses of resistant soybean entries to isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Disease 93, 224-228.

Mahasi JM, Vanlauwe B, Mursoy RC, Mbehero P, Mukalama J. 2009. Increasing productivity of soybean in Western Kenya through evaluation and farmers participatory variety selection, pp. 326-334 12th KARI biannual conference, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Miles  MR, Bonde  MR, Nester SE, Berner DK, Frederick RD, Hartman GL. 2011. Characterizing resistance to  Phakopsora  pachyrhizi in soybean.  Plant Dis. 95, 577-581.

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Slaminko TL, Miles MR, Frederick  RD, Bonde MR, Hartman GL. 2008. New legume hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi based on greenhouse evaluations. Plant Disease 92, 767-771.

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Twizeyimana M, Ojiambo PS, Ikotun T, Paul C, Hartman GL, Bandyopadhyay R. 2007 Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaf evaluations of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 91, 1161-1169.

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Yamanaka N, Yamaoka Y, Kato M, Lemos NG, Passianotto, ALL, Santos JVM, Benitez ER, Abdelnoor RV, Soares  RM,  Suenaga K. 2010. Development of classification criteria for resistance to soybean rust and differences in virulence among Japanese and Brazilian rust populations. Tropical Plant Pathology 35, 153-162.

Article source : Screening of selected kenyan soybean varieties for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Soybean rust) 

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